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一啤酒生产酵母对麦汁中糖类的利用啤酒生产上常用的酵母是啤酒酵母(用于顶面发酵)及卡氏酵母(用于底面发酵),有时亦用其它酵母属的,如用酒香酵母属的酵母种来进行啤酒生产。啤酒酵母和卡氏酵母能同样地发酵单糖和双糖,它们对葡萄糖、果糖及蔗糖的发酵作用迅速;对麦芽糖的发酵作用比较缓慢,对麦芽三糖的发酵作用更慢,对麦芽四糖以上的葡聚糖则不发酵。 相似文献
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酵母管理存在于整个发酵过程,微小的变化都可以引起酵母性能的改变。本文结合生产实际,总结影响酵母活力的因素如下:1麦汁组分 麦汁的营养成分对啤酒酵母的代谢非常重要。麦汁中的Zn2+主要来源于麦芽,而麦芽中的锌主要存在于麦粒的外层, 相似文献
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在发酵过程中,蜡质高粱麦汁α-氨基氮及其发酵液中的高级醇含量,可以通过向麦汁中接种普通酵母或接种用酵母-麦芽培养基培养的酵母来进行.控制上蜡质高梁生产的麦汁与普通麦汁的α-氨基氮含量相近。发酵罐顶空的氧浓度由发酵初期的20%。经72小时发酵后,下降到不足1%,这表明:发酵环境逐渐由有氧转变为无氧。两种麦汁产生丙醇,异丁醇,戊醇以及异戊醇所消耗的α-氨基氮量也相近。发酵时间超过144小时后,丙醇,异丁醇,戊醇以及异戊醇的含量变化趋势也相同,异丁醇含量最低。向麦汁中接种用麦汁培养的酵母或添加用酵母-麦芽培养基培养的酵母,分别经过24小时和36小时开始产生丙醇。最终的乙醇和高级醇含量控制在储藏啤酒的要求范围内,用大麦麦芽和蜡质高粱粉生产的麦汁不但可以为啤酒酵母提供充足的营养,而且可以和工业麦汁相比。目前,已经有使用提纯的蜡质高粱粉作为辅料生产储藏啤酒的实例。 相似文献
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在发酵过程中,蜡质高粱麦汁的α-氨基氮及其发酵液中的高级醇含量,可以通过向麦汁中接种普通酵母或接种用酵母-麦芽培养基培养的酵母来进行控制。由蜡质高梁生产的麦汁与普通麦汁的α-氨基氮含量相近。发酵罐顶空的氧浓度由发酵初期的20%,经72小时发酵后,下降到不足1%,这表明:发酵环境逐渐由有氧转变为无氧。两种麦汁产生丙醇、异丁醇、戊醇以及异戊醇所消耗的α-氨基氮量也相近。发酵时间超过144小时后,丙醇、异丁醇、戊醇以及异戊醇的含量变化趋势也相同,异丁醇含量最低。向麦汁中接种用麦汁培养的酵母或添加用酵母-麦芽培养基培养的酵母,分别经过24小时和36小时开始产生丙醇。最终的乙醇和高级醇含量控制在储藏啤酒的要求范围内。用大麦麦芽和蜡质高梁粉生产的麦汁不但可以为啤酒酵母提供充足的营养,而且可以和工业麦汁相比。目前,已经有使用提纯的蜡质高梁粉作为辅料生产储藏啤酒的实例。 相似文献
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广义地讲,啤酒酿造是利用麦芽中的酶系将固体原料转换成液体,然后通过酵母生长、代谢而获得最终产品的过程。狭义地讲,啤酒酿造是具有开放系统特点的酵母在一定的环境水平下,从其环境中吸收营养物质进行自身生长、繁殖,并排放出代谢产物的过程。如果生产啤酒酵母质量是稳定的,就其他因素而言,无论是麦汁的营养组成、还是溶解氧含量及发酵温度的高低,对酵母的生长、繁殖状况都有强烈的影响。这其中,麦汁成分的稳定是最难以实现的。由于麦芽中的各种酶系直接参与麦汁制备过程的生化 相似文献
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Objectives
To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.Design
Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.Main outcome measure
Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.Results
The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.Conclusions
In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.6 Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.7 In Ukraine, two studies3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine. 相似文献16.
了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。 相似文献
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R. B. Sashidhar Y. Ramakrishna Ramesh V. Bhat 《Journal of Stored Products Research》1992,28(4):257-260
Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low. 相似文献
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目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45%,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50%和8.22%,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02%、1.11%和0.87%.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33%,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84%,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67%,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00%,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11%.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管. 相似文献