基于SPEI的南水北调中线水源区干旱时空特征

利用多种统计方法对南水北调中线水源区降水和气温序列进行趋势诊断,识别了不同气象站点序列的时空变化趋势;以标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)为干旱指标,建立考虑降水和气温共同对干旱过程影响的评价模型,研究分析了水源区不同时间尺度和分期(汛期、非汛期和全年期)干旱过程动态变化特征。分析表明:降水量呈现不显著的下降趋势,气温总体呈现显著性上升趋势;短时间尺度SPEI对降水和气温变化更加敏感,随着时间尺度增大,SPEI值变化更加平缓;非汛期和全年期水源区发生严重干旱的概率增大,不同气象站点3个不同时期发生特旱或重旱的年份与历史发生干旱的资料相一致;干旱严重程度从上游到下游逐渐衰减,整个汉江上游和西北部地区干旱发生频次略高于下游和南部地区;对比标准化降水指标(SPI)计算结果,SPEI指数较SPI指数补充考虑了降水和气温对干旱过程的综合影响,可作为SPI指数的一个重要补充分析手段,可应用于描述南水北调中线水源区不同时间尺度的干旱特征。     

Application of a hybrid multiscalar indicator in drought identification in Beijing and Guangzhou,China

The Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) is physically based with multivariate concepts, but requires complicated calibration and cannot easily be used for multiscale comparison. Standardized drought indices (SDIs), such as the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), are multiscalar and convenient for spatiotemporal comparison, but they are still challenged by their lack of physical basis. In this study, a hybrid multiscalar indicator, the standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI), was used to examine drought properties of two meteorological stations (the Beijing and Guangzhou stations) in China, which have completely different drought climatologies. The results of our case study show that the SPDI is correlated with the well-established drought indices (SPI, SPEI, and PDSI) and presents generally consistent drought/wetness conditions against multiple indicators and literature records. Relative to the PDSI, the SPDI demonstrates invariable statistical characteristics and better comparable drought/wetness frequencies over time and space. Moreover, characteristics of major drought events (drought class, and onset and end times) indicated by the SPDI are generally comparable to those detected by the PDSI. As a physically-based standardized multiscalar drought indicator, the SPDI can be regarded as an effective development of the Palmer drought indices, providing additional choices and tools for practical drought monitoring and assessment.     

鄱阳湖干旱多尺度特征及其与月均水位的相关性

以鄱阳湖13个气象站1957~2013年的逐月降水量、平均气温、各站点纬度和同期水位站逐月平均水位为实验数据,分别计算1、3、6、12、24、48个月尺度下标准降水指数(SPI)和标准降水蒸散指数(SPEI)时间序列,并利用Morlet小波分析理论,分析了该序列多时间尺度变化特征。基于Mann-Kendall检验,分析了鄱阳湖气象干旱趋势特征;利用Spearman秩相关系数,研究了不同时间尺度SPI和SPEI序列与月平均水位的相关关系。研究表明,鄱阳湖流域SPI和SPEI序列存在约68个月变化的主周期,两个主要特征时间尺度变化的强分布;气象干旱与湖水位的相关关系随时间尺度的增大而减弱。     

Analysis of spatio-temporal evolution of droughts in Luanhe River Basin using different drought indices

Based on the monthly precipitation and air temperature from 1960 to 1989 in the Luanhe River Basin, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) and standardized precipitation index(SPI) at three- and six-month time scales and the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index(sc-PDSI) were calculated to evaluate droughts in the study area. Temporal variations of the drought severity from 1960 to1989 were analyzed and compared based on the results of different drought indices, and some typical drought events were identified. Spatial distributions of the drought severity according to the indices were also plotted and investigated. The results reveal the following: the performances of different drought indices are closely associated with the drought duration and the dominant factors of droughts; the SPEI is more accurate than the SPI when both evaporation and precipitation play important roles in drought events; the drought severity shown by the sc-PDSI is generally milder than the actual drought severity from 1960 to 1989; and the evolution of the droughts is usually delayed according to the scPDSI. This study provides valuable references for building drought early warning and mitigation systems in the Luanhe River Basin.     

Drought variability and its connection with large-scale atmospheric circulations in Haihe River Basin

Drought is one of the most widespread and devastating extreme climate events when water availability is significantly below normal levels for a long period. In recent years, the Haihe River Basin has been threatened by intensified droughts. Therefore, characterization of droughts in the basin is of great importance for sustainable water resources management. In this study, two multi-scalar drought indices, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) with potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Penmane Monteith equation and the standardized precipitation index(SPI), were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of drought characteristics from 1961 to 2017 in the Haihe River Basin. In addition, the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns were used to further explore the potential links between drought trends and climatic anomalies. An increasing tendency in drought duration was detected over the Haihe River Basin with frequent drought events occurring in the period from 1997 to 2003. The results derived from both SPEI and SPI demonstrated that summer droughts were significantly intensified. The analysis of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns indicated that the intensified summer droughts could be attributed to the positive geopotential height anomalies in Asian mid-high latitudes and the insufficient water vapor fluxes transported from the south.     

不同干旱指数在唐山地区旱情评价中的应用

基于唐山地区1957—2011年的气象资料,比较分析标准化降水指数（S SPI）、标准化降水蒸散发指数（S SPEI）和帕默尔水文干旱指数（P PHDI）3种不同干旱指数的相关性,并评价了各个指数在唐山地区连旱期间的适用性。结果表明：各时间尺度（年、季、月）的S SPI和S SPEI均显著相关;P PHDI与年尺度的S SPI和S SPEI均显著相关。P PHDI对长期干旱判断效果明显优于短期干旱。年尺度S SPEI和S SPI对干旱事件识别效果比较接近,二者对长期干旱判断偏涝,对短期干旱判断效果明显优于P PHDI。在气温偏低的年份,季尺度的S SPI能很好地反映旱情的严重程度,在气候变暖的背景下,季尺度S SPEI比S SPI更能准确地判断和评价旱情。     

Regional Drought Assessment Based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI)

Regional drought assessment is conventionally based on drought indices for the identification of drought intensity, duration and areal extent. In this study, a new index, the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) is proposed together with the well known Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the method of deciles. The new index exhibits significant advantages over the other indices by including apart from precipitation, an additional meteorological parameter, the potential evapotranspiration. The drought assessment is achieved using the above indices in two river basins, namely Mornos and Nestos basins in Greece. It is concluded that although the RDI generally responds in a similar fashion to the SPI (and to a lesser extent to the deciles), it is more sensitive and suitable in cases of a changing environment.     

Effect of Air Temperature on Historical Trend of Long-Term Droughts in Different Climates of Iran

Effective monitoring of drought plays an important role in water resources planning and management, especially under global warming effect. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of air temperature on historical long-term droughts in regions with diverse climates in Iran. To this end, monthly air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) data were gathered from 15 longest record meteorological stations in Iran covering the period 1951–2014. Long-term meteorological droughts behavior was quantified using two different drought indices, i.e. the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Linear and non-linear trends in T, P, SPI and SPEI were evaluated using non-parametric and parametric statistical approaches such as non-modified and modified Mann-Kendall Test, Theil-Sen approach, and simple regression. The results indicated that the significant trends for temperature are approximately all increasing (0.2 °C to 0.5 °C per decade), and for precipitation are mostly decreasing (?7.2 mm to ?14.8 mm per decade). It was also indicated that long-term drought intensities monitored by the SPI and SPEI have had significant downward trend (drought intensification with time) at most stations of interest. The observed trends in the SPI series can be worsen if air temperature (in addition to precipitation) participates in drought monitoring as SPEI. In arid and extra arid climates, it was observed that temperature has strong effects on historical drought characteristics when comparing the SPI and SPEI series. Due to the determinative role of temperature in mostly dry regions like Iran, the study suggests using the SPEI rather than SPI for more effective monitoring of droughts.     

Drought Monitoring by Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) in Iran

Drought is one of the most important natural hazards in Iran and frequently affects a large number of people, causing tremendous economic losses, environmental damages and social hardships. Especially, drought has a strong impact on water resources in Iran. This situation has made more considerations toward the study and management of drought. The present study is focused on two important indices; SPI and RDI, for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months time scales in 40 meteorological synoptic stations in Iran. In the case of RDI computation, potential evapotranspiration was an important factor toward drought monitoring. So, evapotranspiration was calculated by Penman-Monteith equation. The correlation of RDI and SPI was also surveyed. Drought severity maps for SPI and RDI were also presented in the driest year (1999–2000). The present results have shown that the correlation of SPI and RDI was more considerable in the 3, 6 and 9 months than longer time scales. Furthermore, drought severity maps have shown that during 1999–2000, the central, eastern and south-eastern parts of Iran faced extremely dry conditions. While, according to SPI and RDI trends, other parts of the country suffered from severe drought. The SPI and RDI methods showed approximately similar results for the effect of drought on different regions of Iran. Since, RDI resolved more climatic parameters, such as evapotranspiration, into account which had an important role in water resource losses in the Iranian basins, it was worthwhile to consider RDI in drought monitoring in Iran, too.     

西南地区气象干旱向水文干旱传播的特征

为了解西南地区气象干旱向水文干旱传播的特征,采用西南地区1968—2017年101个气象站观测资料和8个水文站月径流资料,计算了标准化降雨蒸散发指数(SPEI)和标椎化径流指数(SRI),基于皮尔逊相关系数(PCC)确定了干旱响应时间并结合游程理论识别、融合和剔除干旱事件,构建了线性干旱传播模型并确定了西南地区部分流域气象干旱向水文干旱传播的触发阈值。结果表明：西南地区干旱响应时间为2～7月;水文干旱敏感度分布与气象干旱传播率分布较为一致;干旱烈度传播阈值较小的流域,水文干旱事件历时更长。     

南水北调中线水源区和受水区干旱遭遇风险评估

基于 1961—2019 年气象观测数据和 CMIP6 模式数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数（standardized?precipitation evapotranspiration?index,SPEI）计算南水北调中线水源区和受水区的干旱指数,并利用经验正交分析法、主成分分 析法和 Copula 函数法,对水源区与受水区的干旱演变规律进行分析,揭示干旱遭遇的联合概率分布,并对未来干 旱遭遇进行预估。研究结果表明：水源区和受水区干旱事件遭遇频繁,1965—1971 年和 1987—2005 年均出现较 为严重的干旱遭遇事件,同时在 1970 年代中后期至 1985 年前后,出现了长期明显的区域差异性;水源区和受水区 中旱和重旱的联合重现期分别约为 18 年一遇（5.51%）和 123 年一遇（0.81%）,两地同时出现极端干旱的重现期约 为 323 年一遇（0.31%）;不同气候情景下以年尺度 SPEI 指数,对南水北调中线水源区和受水区的未来干旱事件预 估表明,未来水源区和受水区在 SSP1-2.6 情景下干旱遭遇次数相对较少,而在 SSP2-4.5 情景下的 2034—2036 年、 2044—2045 年以及在 SSP5-8.5 情景下的 2032—2033 年、2068—2070 年,将有可能发生较严重的干旱遭遇事 件。     

Drought Severity Assessment Based on Bivariate Probability Analysis

Conventionally drought severity is assessed based on drought indices. Recently the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) was proposed to assess drought severity based on the precipitation to potential evapotranspiration ratio (P/PET). In this paper RDI is studied as a bivariate index under a set of assumptions and simplifications. The paper presents a simple computational procedure for estimating the P/PET ratio for selected reference periods varying from 3 to 12 months, for any return period of drought. Alternatively, based on this procedure, the severity of any drought episode is rationally assessed. A bivariate probability analysis is employed based on the assumption that P and PET values are normally distributed and often negatively correlated. Examples for the application of the proposed procedure are presented using data from several meteorological stations in Greece. It is shown that the assumption of normality of both P and PET holds for long periods at all examined stations.     

CRU产品在中国大陆的干旱事件时间性效用评估

基于 1980-2016年 CGDPA(China gauge-based precipitation daily analysis dataset)和 PM-Ep(potential evapotranspiration calculated by Penman-Monteith)资料,以标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI...     

基于多模式情景的长江中下游未来气象干旱时空演变特征分析

为了分析未来时期(2020-2099年)长江中下游区域气象干旱演变特征,选取跨行业影响模式比较计划(ISI-MIP)的4个全球气候模式,基于不同代表性浓度路径(RCP)的排放情景(RCP-2.6、RCP-6.0和RCP-8.5),分别计算了标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化蒸散发指数(SPEI),探讨了两种指数对研究区气...     

关中地区气象水文综合干旱指数及干旱时空特征

根据陕西关中地区22个气象站和3个水文站1961—2016年的气象水文资料,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)与径流干旱指数(SDI),运用Gumbel Copula函数构建了气象水文综合干旱指数(MHDI),探讨了MHDI的适用性,并分析了气象水文综合干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:MHDI综合了SPEI与SDI的优点,可同时表征月尺度和年尺度的气象干旱与水文干旱;关中地区MHDI序列值有明显的下降趋势,干旱情况逐年加剧;MDHI序列存在变异,年尺度变异点集中于1986年和1990年;年尺度的序列值主周期多集中在20～22 a;泾河流域干旱发生频率最低,为19.11%,北洛河流域干旱发生频率最高,为47.97%,渭河流域干旱发生频率介于两者之间,为26.42%。     

Comparing SPI and RDI Applied at Local Scale as Influenced by Climate

Drought and wetness events were studied in the Northeast Algeria with SPI and RDI. The study area includes a variety of climatic conditions, ranging from humid in the North, close to the Mediterranean Sea, to arid in the South, near the Sahara Desert. SPI only uses precipitation data while RDI uses a ratio between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The latter was computed with the Thornthwaite equation, thus using temperature data only. Monthly precipitation data were obtained from 123 rainfall stations and monthly temperature data were obtained from CFSR reanalysis gridded temperature data. Both data sets cover the period 1979–80 to 2013–14. Using ordinary kriging, the gridded temperature data was interpolated to all the locations having precipitation data, thus providing to compute SPI and RDI with the same observed rainfall data for the 3-, 6- and 12-month time scales. SPI and RDI were therefore compared at station level and results and have shown that both indices revealed more sensitive to drought when applied in the semi-arid and arid zones. Differently, more wetness events were detected by RDI in the more humid locations. Comparing both indices, they show a coherent and similar behavior, however RDI shows smaller differences among climate zones and time-scales, which is an advantage relative to the SPI and is likely due to including PET in RDI.     

干旱指数在四川省的适用性分析

干旱灾害频发严重制约着四川省的农业发展,为合理分析四川省干旱情况,干旱指数的选择尤为重要。本文基于四川省39个气象站点1960年-2013年的气象资料,分别计算1961年、1994年、2006年和2009年-2010年各站点相对湿润指数M、气象干旱综合指数CI、标准化降水指数SPI和标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,利用Arcgis反距离插值法进行空间插值,并与中国气象灾害大典记录的四川省典型年干旱情况进行对比分析,进而评价四种干旱指数在四川省的适用性。结果表明:对于1961年夏旱,M指数和CI指数均表现出无旱或轻旱,SPI指数结果较实际情况偏小,SPEI指数监测出了干旱的重灾区,效果在四个干旱指标中最好;1994年夏伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数出现了空报,对川东地区和川西高原的监测结果偏小,SPEI指数在达县、巴中一带结果偏小,而SPI指数在成都、绵阳一带的结果偏小。2006年伏旱,M指数监测结果偏小;CI指数比M指数效果稍好,但结果仍然偏小;SPI指数和SPEI指数监测出的干旱特征与实际一致;2009年-2010年的冬春连旱,SPEI指数效果最好,M指数次之,SPI指数效果最差。SPEI指数最能反映四川省典型干旱年干旱的空间分布特征。     

基于新型综合干旱指数的珠江流域未来干旱变化特征研究

综合干旱指数构建及评估未来综合干旱特征变化具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.本文基于Copula函数,联合降水及VIC模型模拟的蒸散发、径流和土壤水等水文气象要素,构建了一种能综合表征气象-水文-农业干旱特征的新型综合干旱指数(CSDI),并以珠江流域为例进行应用,分析了未来气候变化情景下研究区综合干旱的变化特征.结果表明...     

长江上游气温、降水和干旱的变化趋势研究

基于长江上游1962~2012年的85个气象观测站的实测数据,统计分析了该区域气温和降水的变化趋势,并结合SPEI(standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index)指数评价分析了干旱的变化趋势。研究结果表明:长江上游年平均气温呈现上升的趋势,增温率为0.195℃/10a,秋、冬平均气温呈现明显的上升趋势;多年平均气温最高的地区集中在长江上游的南部和东部,西北部最低;多年平均年降水量变化趋势不显著,降水季节性变化差异比较大,春季和冬季的降水量呈现上升的趋势;多年平均年降水主要集中在东部地区,西北部最低。SPEI指数的分析结果显示,长江上游区域干旱状况整体呈现加剧的趋势,干旱次数和干旱程度均加剧,长江上游东部地区干旱趋势最为严重,西北部地区呈现变湿趋势。     

基于动态权重系数法的区域综合干旱指标研究

为揭示区域总体干旱程度及其变化特征,以长株潭地区为研究区,在标准化降水指数(SPI)、标准化水位指数(SZI)、标准化区域水资源短缺指数(SSDI)基础上,利用动态权重系数法构建区域干旱综合指标MIDI,结合历史受旱面积率、因旱减少供水量等旱情统计资料,对MIDI的适用性进行分析验证。以长株潭地区11个气象站、12个水文站近几十年实测资料为例,分别采用游程理论和Copula函数法识别干旱事件,并计算其发生频率,采用多尺度统计分析法,对区域综合干旱的演变特征进行分析。研究结果表明:SPI、SZI、SSDI对于不同水源、行业类型干旱评价各具优势,SPI、SSDI年干旱累积烈度与长株潭地区农业受旱面积率相关性相对较高;SZI年干旱累积烈度与城镇因旱减少供水量相关性较高,更适用于依靠地表径流为主要供水水源的城镇干旱地区评价。本研究提出的动态权重系数法,综合考虑了区域产业结构的年际变化、产业需水规律的季节性变化等因素,可反映不同阶段各单项指标干旱对于旱情的主导作用,适用于多种水源和产业类型的区域旱情综合评价;从月、季和年3种时间尺度,分析了长株潭地区MIDI综合干旱的变化特征,结果表明长株潭地区近20 a来极端干旱发生频次呈现波动增加趋势。