不同交货策略下装配式供应链协同供货优化研究

在对制造商完全承担提前期压缩费用的交货策略1和制造商与供应商共同承担提前期压缩费用的交货策略2进行描述和分析后,建立不同交货策略下基于两供应商—单制造商的装配式供应链协同供货模型。根据策略1分析基于两供应商—单制造商的装配式供应链stackelberg对策优化模型,给出各自最优决策及相应求解算法;根据策略2建立基于两供应商—单制造商的装配式供应链联合库存模型,给出求解最优决策的算法。分析策略2优于策略1下的可控提前期费用分担系数,并给出分担系数的范围,在此基础上建立基于改进期望效用理论的不对称Nash协商协调策略。通过数例对两种策略进行比较分析并确定有效的费用分担系数。     

供应商产出随机下基于风险共享的供应链协同模型

为降低供应链上游的供应风险,研究了供应商随机产出下两供应商-单制造商系统在溢出库存惩罚下的风险共享协同模型。分析了集中决策下供应链系统最优批量决策,以及溢出库存惩罚下供应商和制造商各自的最优批量决策;证明了在存在溢出库存惩罚下,供应商和供应商、供应商和制造商之间存在纳什均衡,且纳什均衡下供应链利润不大于供应链系统的最优利润值。为达到供应链系统的最优利润,提出了溢出库存惩罚下基于风险共享的供应链协同模型。通过案例分析说明,制造商通过调整满足一定关系的订货量、制造商风险共享系数和供应商风险共享系数,能使得独立决策下供应链达到集中决策下的供应链利润。     

不确定交货时间下基于BOM下线结算的供应链协同供货

构建了交货时间不确定且需求价格时间敏感下基于物料清单下线结算的两供应商—单制造商协同供货模型。在对问题进行相关描述和假设后,分析了不考虑协同供货的供应链收益决策模型,并对供应商和制造商的最优决策进行了分析,然后对考虑协同供货的供应链收益模型进行了分析并推导出最优解的性质。数例分析比较了不考虑协同供货和考虑协同供货两种决策模式下的供应链收益和最优解的差异。结果表明,考虑协同供货决策的供应链收益要明显大于不考虑协同供货决策的供应链收益,而考虑协同供货决策下制造商的产品最优销售价格和供应商的最优协议提前期均小于不考虑协同决策。     

模糊需求环境下供应链成员间的协调机制分析

为保证供应链成员获得利润,在模糊需求环境下,研究由单一供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统的协调机制问题。将市场需求视为模糊变量,建立不确定理论下基于可信性分布的分散决策、集中决策,以及收益共享契约和回购契约模型,并以三角模糊变量为例对模型进行优化,给出各种模型下的最优策略。最后,通过数值算例对模型中的参数进行求解,并对分析结论进行验证。研究结果表明,在模糊需求环境下,供应链系统中依然存在双重边际化效应,通过在协调机制中改变契约系数可以使供应链各成员的期望利润相比分散决策时有明显提高,并且当谈判双方达成纳什谈判解时,成员在收益共享契约下的期望利润等于其在回购契约下的期望利润。     

不确定条件下的多供应商—单制造商同步供货模型研究

装配式生产系统尽管已经在汽车、电子等众多行业中得到了广泛应用,但如何协调供应商之间及时、同步地供货依然是这类系统中存在的一个难题。以装配系统为研究对象,建立两供应商对单制造商的准时供货模型。在制造商采取货齐付款方式的前提下,考虑当每个供应商的供货时间均不确定时,供应商和制造商应如何进行相应的生产及要货时间决策。通过与系统在集中模式下的决策进行对比,找到供应链协同运作的必要条件。研究不仅考虑供应商与制造商之间的纵向博弈问题,而且研究供应商之间的横向博弈问题。研究结果表明,在货齐付款的结算方式下,供应商和制造商能采取最优的时间决策以最小化自身成本,并且供应链整体服务水平无论在集中决策还是分散决策下均保持不变。     

Synchronization in multi-echelon supply chain applying timing discount

Due to the increasing emphasis on the effective management of the supply chain, synchronization and cooperation issues between suppliers and retailers in decentralized multi-echelon inventory/distribution systems have gained much attention in the recent years. In this paper, we consider coordination issues of a distribution system composed of a manufacturer, a supplier (distributor), and several retailers. The supplier outsourcing a third party offers a timing discount to multiple retailers in order to synchronize the timing of their orders with the order cycle. It is also assumed that retailers are allowed to face stock outs. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to analyze the problem. Results show that while synchronizing the supplier and the outsourcer enhances the supply chain efficiency, offering any type of timing discount by the supplier decreases the supply chain efficiency. It is also noted that having coordination between the manufacturer and the supplier has no impact on the supplier’s profit but may decrease the retailer’s costs. It is believed that our findings provide potential and significant managerial implications in the area of supply chain coordination when these systems are decentralized.     

基于产能的面向交货期的供应链协同定价决策模型

以一个供应商和制造商组成的两级供应链系统为研究对象,根据交货期影响供应链定价的特点,以企业收益最大为目标,建立基于产能的面向交货期的供应链协同定价决策模型,分析了供应商如何根据自身的交货期和产能来确定产品的最适售价。通过数值分析,论证模型的有效性。此模型可以为供应链协同企业如何根据自身的产能来决策交货期和定价提供有益的指导。     

Lot-streaming policy for forward–reverse logistics with recovery capacity investment

In this paper, we consider the problem where after usage the finished goods are collected at a constant rate and returned to the manufacturer who uses them to produce new products. In order to optimize this kind of closed-loop supply chain, it is necessary to synchronize the forward flow and the reverse flow in establishing the operational policies for both the lot size and the delivery frequency between products consumption and parts recovery. Additionally, the decision regarding recovery policy with lot-streaming policy should be considered deliberately to minimize overall supply chain cost. We develop the optimization model for controlling the lot-streaming policy in the closed-loop logistics scheme and propose the solution procedure for determining the lot-streaming policy and recovery policy. From the sensitivity analyses, we observe that optimal lot-streaming policy and recovery policy could be characterized by either pure strategy or mixed strategy according to the changes in the relevant cost factors. So, an integrated management of both lot-streaming policy and recovery decision could be a critical managerial issue in a closed-loop supply chain.     

Single setup multiple delivery model of JIT system

The delivery strategy of JIT system is an important factor influencing JIT performance. In order to implement delivery strategy in different JIT environments, the single-setup-multiple-delivery (SSMD) model is studied. The number of deliveries, the focus of the SSMD model, is discussed emphatically. In the proposed SSMD model, the lead time of raw material supplier is considered and the production of the manufacturer is affected by the lead time. The cost functions of the supply chain, consisting of the raw material supplier, the manufacturer and the buyer, are built respectively. By minimizing the cost of the supply chain, the optimal number of deliveries is obtained in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy separately. The interval of the number of deliveries, which can reduce the cost, compared to the single-setup-single-delivery model, is also analyzed in non-cooperation policy and cooperation policy. A numerical example is setup to confirm advantages of the proposed SSMD model.     

基于斯坦克尔伯格博弈的入厂物流利益协调问题

为探讨入厂物流的利益协调问题,提出了由一个制造商和两个零部件供应商组成的两阶供应链.以零部件供应商库存成本和制造商运输成本最小化为目标,以博弈论为基础,建立了由制造商为主方,零部件供应商为从方的两阶斯坦科尔伯格主从博弈模型.制造商采取共同订货期为基础订货和循环取货的方式,并通过相应激励来诱使供应商参与合作.该供应链协调策略实现了两阶供应链库存一配送的联合优化.通过求解斯坦克尔伯格博弈模型,得出了最优的共同订货期.订货期倍数和激励奖金的数值解.最后给出了算法和仿真分析.仿真分析讨论了相关参数变化对制造商成本、零部件供应商成本和系统总成本的影响.     

Optimal production policy for a manufacturing system with volume flexibility in a supply chain under lumpy demand

A batch production system with volume flexibility in a supply chain where a manufacturer procures raw materials and/or component parts from multiple suppliers in a lot and processes them into a single product, is considered in this research. First of all, a decision-making model is developed for an optimal production rate selection in the volume-flexibility production system, where a single type of finished products is delivered periodically in fixed quantities within a fixed interval of time. In this model, the production rate is perceived as a decision variable and unit production cost becomes a function of production rate. This model takes into account not only inventory costs of raw materials and finished goods, but production costs as well. Then, a pragmatic computation approach is presented to solve the proposed model for special unit-production-cost functions. It is used to determine an optimal production rate, and thus to decide an optimal ordering policy for procurement of raw materials from suppliers and an optimal manufacturing batch size. Some observations are made for optimal production rate analysis. Finally, a numerical study is conducted to illustrate the solution and a set of data with ten problems is tested and compared.     

竞争的零售商创新投入的供应链协作研究

建立了由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的两级供应链,在市场价格竞争下,下游零售商创新投入降低运作成本的供应链博弈模型.研究发现,分散决策下,制造商的利润随着零售商创新能力和竞争强度的提高而增大,其最优批发价与零售商的创新能力无关,创新投入的外溢效应反映在增加了制造商的需求.创新使零售商的利润提高,但由于竞争性,当创新能力达到一定程度后,创新反而使零售商的利润降低.为此,提出了使供应链协作的基于数量折扣的混合契约,最后利用具体算例分析验证了结论.     

不完全信息下逆向供应链中制造商的最优合同

为解决不完全信息下制造商和回收商废旧产品回收的定价问题,基于单一制造商和单一回收商构成的逆向供应链系统,建立了委托-代理模型.该模型中,制造商在最大化自身利润的基础上建立了一种激励机制,该机制可使回收商真实地报出自己的运营成本的同时,其利润达到最优.通过对模型的分析、求解得到了不完全信息下制造商的最优合同,并通过案例进行了分析.     

基于量化分析法的动态供货比例决策研究

针对柔性装配型企业在采购过程中对影响动态供货比例制定的决策指标量化分析不完善的问题,通过对决策指标采用集值统计法、灰色系统理论和距离函数进行量化处理,建立了指标量化分析体系,并以成本、质量、服务、交货期为目标,构建动态供货比例决策模型,为企业选择供货商的动态供货比例提供了科学依据。最后,结合实例并运用Matlab软件对决策模型进行求解,证明了该模型的正确性和可行性。     

供应链环境中交货期问题的研究

提出了一种面向订单装配条件下如何确定交货期的模型。该模型考虑到库存成本、延期成本和拖期成本等因素，综合衡量客户要求的交货期和供应商承诺的交货期之间的差异，使总成本最小。根据模型计算和分析，提出了企业在供应链环境下设置交货期的策略。     

A queuing approach for making decisions about order penetration point in multiechelon supply chains

This study is dedicated to order penetration point (OPP) strategic decision making which is the boundary between make-to-order (MTO) and make-to-stock (MTS) policies. A multiproduct multiechelon production supply chain is considered where the first production stage manufactures semifinished products based on an MTS policy to supply the second production stage which operates on the MTO policy. The producer desires to find the optimal fraction of processing time fulfilled by supplier and optimal semifinished products buffer capacity in OPP. To calculate system performance indexes, the matrix geometric method is employed. Afterward, optimal solutions are obtained by enumeration and direct search techniques. Moreover, the system behavior is analyzed by the numerical example. It is shown that system total cost is a concave function of increasing completed percentage in first production stage. According to the total cost function elements, managers desire to locate OPP where to balance the order fulfillment delay cost, holding cost and the cost of disposing unsuitable items. Finally, the impact of different amounts of storage capacity on OPP and total cost are analyzed. Also, the manner of expected numbers of unsuitable products, semifinished products, and expected order completion delay are analyzed versus various quantities of storage capacity and production rate.     

考虑需求信息更新的易逝品的订货策略

易逝品供应链管理的一个核心问题是，零售商如何根据制造商提供的订货条件进行合理订货。研究了考虑顾客需求信息更新的易逝品的零售商订货策略，制造商通过为零售商提供两次订货机会，以实现制造商和零售商的共赢。通过对开始时刻和顾客需求信息更新后的系统进行建模和讨论，得到了在两次订货条件下零售商应该采取的最优的订货与调整策略。     

供应链运作过程管理及框架模型研究

分析了供应链网络结构及其运作过程，指出供应链之间不仅存在竞争，也存在协作与协调，而这一协调的主要执行者是处于不同供应链中的相同供应商／制造商。将工作流技术应用到供应链运作过程管理和控制中，建立基于代理的供应链运作框架模型。     

有固定需求底线的逆向供应链定价策略研究

为了解决逆向供应链中的定价策略问题,根据单一制造商和单一零售商构成的二级逆向供应链系统,应用博弈理论研究废旧产品回收数量超过或低于需求底线时,制造商和零售商的定价策略。得出了斯坦克尔伯格均衡和纳什均衡2个非合作博弈的均衡解,以及一个合作博弈的均衡解（联合定价）,同时给出了各定价策略下的最优回收量。对各种定价策略作了进一步的比较,并通过案例进行了分析。     

考虑退货期限的生鲜电商冷链宅配供应链决策与协调

为研究生鲜电商企业与配送企业,以及消费者组成的存在退货且有退货期限的冷链宅配供应链协调问题,讨论了集中决策和分散决策下的退货期限、销售价格、新鲜度、保鲜努力程度、收费策略以及最优利润。研究发现,利润最大化时,集中式决策允许更长的退货期限;当退货期限达到某一数值后,提高退货期限会使配送企业的利润减少,致使其没有动力提供对应的保鲜水平。通过设计组合契约协调发现,在配送企业的收费策略满足一定条件时,可以实现帕累托最优,调整契约分摊系数可以实现利润在生鲜电商企业与配送企业间的不同分配。