常化温度对2.5%Si无取向硅钢第二相析出行为的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和双束扫描电镜对不同常化温度2.5%Si无取向硅钢中不同类型第二相析出物的析出行为和演化规律进行了研究。结果表明,常化温度从850℃升高至1100℃,微米级大尺度第二相粒子呈一次长大-析出-二次长大-回溶的变化规律;当常化温度<920℃时,析出相以AlN+MnS复合长大为主;随后小尺寸的MnS、AlN及其复合析出物数量迅速增多,并在950℃时达到峰值;随着常化温度的进一步升高,第二相粒子析出数量快速减少,然后缓慢增长至趋于平衡,大尺寸析出物出现部分回溶。纳米级析出物则以Cu₂S和Cu₂S+MnS复合析出为主。并且950℃常化时,2.5%Si无取向硅钢的铁损最低。     

热变形取向电工钢中MnS的析出行为

采用微恒蠕变速率的方法测量了过饱和热变形取向电工钢在不同恒温条件下(750～1000 ℃)的真应力-时间曲线,以确定MnS粒子析出的起讫时间以及铁素体基体再结晶的开始时间.观察了MnS析出粒子的形貌和密度,分析了析出与再结晶过程的相互影响.观察与分析表明,铁素体再结晶的孕育期随温度降低单调延长,950 ℃以上时再结晶先于析出发生,并因此可能迟滞析出行为.在900 ℃以下MnS粒子析出先于再结晶发生,析出后会迟滞后续再结晶行为.随温度降低Mn、S原子扩散速度减慢而析出驱动力增强,造成MnS粒子析出随温度变化呈"C"形,且在850～900 ℃范围内析出的孕育时间最短.定量计算表明,只有借助Mn、S原子沿晶界、位错扩散才能在本文试验条件下造成MnS粒子析出.     

50W540型无取向硅钢的时效行为

研究了50W540型无取向硅钢中MnS粒子在300～700℃时效处理0.75～24 h不同时间时效析出行为与铁损变化的关系.结果表明,α-Fe基体中过饱和的Mn、S原子以MnS粒子形式沿位错析出,Mn原子的扩散距离是析出行为的制约因素.700℃时效时过饱和度低、Mn扩散快而MnS粒子易粗化,铁损降低.400～600℃时效时过饱和度高、MnS粒子析出数量增多,铁损升高.400℃以下时效时过饱和度很高,但Mn扩散慢,使细小MnS粒子难以析出且铁损无明显变化.     

Nb对取向硅钢热轧板中抑制剂析出行为的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了Nb对取向硅钢中抑制剂析出行为的影响。结果表明,取向硅钢中的抑制剂不仅有Al N和MnS的细小析出物,还有大量细小的Nb(C,N)析出颗粒,0.050%Nb硅钢热轧板中的析出物的面积密度较大、平均晶粒尺寸较小,且0.050%Nb试样热轧组织中再结晶分数较低,回复和变形组织较多。采用Thermal-Calc软件验证了中温加热的可行性,表明在取向硅钢中加入适当的Nb可降低取向硅钢的加热温度。     

含稀土取向硅钢高温铁素体区的再结晶及抑制剂析出行为

利用Gleeble 1500D、SEM、TEM、ICP等研究手段,分析了含稀土取向硅钢在1200℃铁素体区热轧变形30%、保温不同时间后水冷的再结晶及抑制剂析出行为。结果表明,含稀土取向硅钢高温铁素体区热轧后仅发生动态回复,未发生动态再结晶,析出相的数量没有明显增加;热轧后保温20 s左右开始发生静态再结晶,抑制剂析出相开始析出并且长大,再结晶发生率越高,析出相体积分数增长越快。变形结束后析出相中Cu₂S和MnS数量相差不多,再结晶发生率为64%时,MnS增长约7.4%,Cu₂S增长约19.34%。析出相大多于晶内析出,随保温时间延长部分抑制剂逐渐在晶界处形核并长大。     

二次退火温度对无取向硅钢组织和磁性能的影响

对1.2%Si无取向硅钢进行不同温度的二次退火试验,研究了不同二次退火温度对无取向硅钢组织和磁性能的影响。结果表明:二次退火能显著增大铁素体晶粒尺寸,降低无取向硅钢铁损;在780~820 ℃下进行二次退火,铁损降幅最大,达到1.0 W/kg,无取向硅钢的磁性能达到最佳水平,此时平均晶粒尺寸为83~114 μm。通过扫描电镜对不同温度二次退火后的试样进行析出物统计,发现试样中的析出物主要为MnS-Cu_xS,当二次退火温度为780~820 ℃时,0.1~0.2 μm的细小MnS-Cu_xS析出物比例最低。     

含锡取向硅钢高温二次再结晶退火过程中抑制剂的析出特点

采用透射电镜研究了含锡取向硅钢高温二次再结晶退火过程中抑制剂的析出行为,分析了抑制剂对初次再结晶的抑制作用。结果表明,析出物除了常规的AlN和MnS外,还有少量Sn单质;其中AlN和MnS相是主要抑制剂,具有强烈的抑制作用;少量Sn相起辅助抑制作用,控制析出物AlN的尺寸和数量,有助于主抑制剂的弥散分布。抑制剂在600~700 ℃时开始析出长大,900 ℃显著长大,1020 ℃平均尺寸达到最大值;抑制剂的尺寸随退火温度升高而增大,体积分数、分布密度则先增大后减少。当退火温度达到1000 ℃时,析出物平均粒径约50.3 nm,体积分数最大约3.81%,分布密度约5.9×10¹⁴ 个/cm³。根据试验和Zener因子综合判定抑制力,Zener因子随退火温度升高而增加,在900 ℃达到最大139,析出物分布密度达到最大8.9×10¹⁴个/cm³;在1020 ℃时,Zener因子几乎为零,完成二次再结晶过程。     

取向电工钢中MnS粒子析出形核行为

采用场发射扫描电子显微镜观察了取向电工钢中MnS粒子在热变形及不同温度保温后的析出形核行为。以经典的形核率理论为基础,确定了MnS粒子形核析出的更准确潜在位置密度,进而建立了改进的MnS析出形核模型。研究结果表明,MnS粒子主要在晶界和位错上形核,MnS在900℃析出时粒子密度最大。随热变形后保温温度的升高,位错密度及相应的MnS位错形核密度降低。理论计算与实验观察的结果符合良好。     

低温热轧高磁感取向硅钢板常化组织及析出相研究

对低温热轧Fe-3%Si高磁感取向硅钢板不同温度常化处理后的组织及析出相进行了讨论和分析.结果表明,热轧板在950～1 120 ℃范围常化处理时组织无明显变化,为铁素体+珠光体,随常化温度的提高基体带状组织变窄且逐步消失,当常化温度为1 120℃时,钢板表层和次表层晶粒明显长大,晶粒的不均匀性增大.热轧板和常化板析出相是以AIN为主的复合相,主要由AIN+CuS或A1N+MnS+CuS构成,同时存在少量单一AIN,其中热轧板和950 ℃常化板析出相形态主要为不规则片状、条状,1 020℃和1 120℃常化板析出相形态主要为球状;3种常化工艺中以1 020 ℃常化析出相尺寸最小.常化加热温度为1 020℃和1 120℃时取向硅钢的平均磁性能分别达到P1.7/50=1.194 W·kg-1,B800=1.891 T和P1.7/50=1.002 W·kg-1,B800=1.912 T.     

酸溶铝和硫含量对铸态取向硅钢高温组织演变的影响

采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CSLM)观察了不同酸溶铝(Al_s)和硫含量的铸态取向硅钢试样在高温下的组织演变过程,分析了其影响机理。结果表明,不同的Al_s、S含量试样在冷却过程中出现了分阶段析出的异相组织。Al_s含量为0.010%的试样冷却过程中分阶段析出异相组织的温度分别为1188、1099、933℃,比Al_s含量为0.015%和0.025%的试样析出温度高,长大的速度慢,异相组织数量多,且其平均尺寸更小,从而具有更均匀的铸态组织。Al_s含量的增加降低了取向硅钢热处理过程中的相转变温度。Al_s和S含量的差异引起钢中氧化物如SiO_2、Al_2O_3和MnS、Al N析出物数量及尺寸的差异,是导致钢的组织差异的根源。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。