市场经济中水资源全成本定价模式研究

水资源全成本定价包括资源水价、工程水价和环境水价.考虑水资源供需关系及在确定工程水价和环境水价时应遵循的原则,建立市场经济中水资源全成本定价模式.这种模式考虑了供水的所有成本及水资源的稀缺性,兼顾了供水企业成本,同时将水污染的成本内部化,转嫁给造成污染的生产者或消费者自身,也反映了水市场供需关系,是一种相对完整的定价模式.     

南水北调工程受水区水价形成初探

南水北调工程充分发挥预期经济社会效益的关键在于受水区水价改革.分析受水区自来水厂取用当地水和南水北调工程水供水利润的形成,探讨调水工程公益性与市场化问题,提出受水区应逐步提高水资源费征收标准到大于调水工程供水成本,以及调水工程水价应逐步市场化.     

浅析水价是制约灌溉供水工程良性运行的重要原因

由政府严格规范和控制的灌溉供水工程水价，长期处于价格与成本北离的状态，使水利工程设施的自我维持能力降低，难以维持一般的再生产。尽管近几年水价多次调整，但国有灌溉供水水利工程设施的经营运行仍无明显好转。因此，作为灌溉供水水利工程设施管理经营单位，要在水管理改革中通过改革努力降低供水成本，提高自我维持能力；作为政府定价的灌溉、供水水价更应加快向成本靠近的调整步伐。     

工程水价核算及基于水权的水价调整方法研究

介绍了工程水价的构成,测算项目,计算方法,重点探讨了逐步结转成本法测算各环节水价的方法和步骤,即各供水环节的水价,包括上一环节的原水价格和工程本身的成本、费用、税金及利润;供水最终环节的水价,除包括上一环节的原水价格和工程本身的成本、费用、税金及利润外,还应包括水资源费。并阐述了因水权的配置引发的水价调整问题,分析了根据水权调整水价的方法。     

调水工程经济风险及对策

以部分工程的调研和后评价成果为基础,结合已建调水工程实践,对调水工程的经济风险情况和主要影响因素进行分析评价。结果表明:大部分调水工程尤其城市调水工程取得了显著的经济效益、社会效益和环境生态效益;少数工程出现了一定经济风险,工程建成后供水量长期远低于设计供水能力,工程效益得不到充分发挥,加上供水水价偏低,致使供水企业亏损运行,陷入财务困境;调水工程经济风险的主要影响因素包括实际供水量与设计供水量偏差、工程定位的合理性、受水区水资源管理水平以及供水价格与供水成本的偏离等。为规避风险,在规划设计阶段应合理预测需水和确定调水规模,强化水资源管理,保证工程供水份额,合理测算供水成本和制定工程水价,对公益性较强的项目提出财政补贴措施,并尽量通过优化工程布局减小投资风险。     

对水利供水特殊供水价格的探讨

水利供水的价格问题关系到水资源的充分合理利用和社会经济可持续发展.结合水利供水的特点,按照社会主义市场经济理论和商品价值规律理论,对水利供水的两部制水价、补贴水价、超计划用水水价等进行了研究.为了水利产业的可持续发展,建议按照水利产业政策,建立健全水利供水价格体系;对水利供水工程应实行基本水价和计量水价相结合的两部制水价及超计划用水累进加价的水价政策;对水利工程供水的政策性亏损部分,实行水价补贴政策;争取国家优惠的投资政策和水价补贴政策.

     

盐环定扬黄甘肃专用工程供水水价的确定

盐环定扬黄甘肃专用工程水价制定原则应为容量水价与计量水价相结合,考虑受水区用水户的承受能力,适当提高工程水价,确保受水区水价和水源结构的平稳过渡。计算的可承受水价表明,各设计水平年城镇生活、工业用水可承受水价高于工程供水成本,农村人畜用水和灌溉用水可承受水价低于工程供水成本。盐环定扬黄甘肃专用供水工程供水水价分析表明,按照收回投资、保本微利的原则测算的扬黄甘肃专用工程供水水价在用水户承受能力范围之内。为扶持农业发展,政府应该根据农业用水需要采取相应的支持政策,加强水资源的统一管理和调度,在受水区城市实行当地水和外调水统一配置等。     

国家将完善水价形成机制

2005年国家将完善水价形成机制：扩大水资源费征收范围，合理调整城市供水、水利工程供水价格，加大污水处理费征收力度；推进阶梯式计量水价、农业用水终端水价、超定额用水加价制度；实施南水北调工程基金使用管理办法，改进南水北调工程水价管理体制——促进水资源的合理利用，保障经济社会的可持续发展。     

关于引滦供水合理水价的研究

长期以来,受自然经济和商品经济的影响,天津市商品水的价格与其基本成本及综合费用偏离较大。随着计划商品经济的发展,商品水价应日益反映其价值。引滦工程为天津市的发展和人民生活用水条件的改善发挥了巨大作用。但是,过低的水价和各类用水比价不合理现象,导致用水浪费,这和本区的水资源匮乏,形成很大反差。改革现行水价,运用经济杠杆调节水资源的供需关系,迫在眉睫,我们根据国务院关于发布《水利工程水费核订、计收和管理办法》的通知精神。对天津市引滦供水基本成本水价、综合水价进行了测算并针对各类品种水价间的比价提出了意见。     

大伙房水库非农业供水水价核算

供水成本核算不完全是导致水价低的重要因素，水价偏低是导致水资源紧缺与水资源浪费并存的重要原因。文章采用会计学的相关方法，通过构建新的供水成本核算模型，对水库供水的相关成本费用项目进行了重新归集分类，在核定供水成本的过程中还计入了外部成本和区域供水成本，把水资源费从原来的供水成本核算模型中剔除，作为价外收费计算在供水价格里，并且首次提出区域供水成本系数概念，使重新核定的水价是真正意义上的完全成本水价，既体现了水资源的价值，又体现了供水的完全成本。文章根据重新核定的非农业供水水价与现行水价进行的对比分析，得出了一些具有现实意义的结论。     

基层水管组织改革模式初探

湖北省潜江市水利局对全市乡镇水利站进行了改革尝试,并从实践中探索出“按流域设置机构,强自身造血功能,建发展长效机制”的改革模式,为推进农村水利事业健康发展,保证水利工程正常运行,取得了比较好的效果。     

全球治水模式思辨与发展展望

近百年来全球治水取得了巨大成就,为保障可持续发展提供了关键支撑;然而,全球水问题愈演愈烈,亟待进一步创新治水模式。结合水问题发展历程,剖析了水问题的根本症结;从治水目标、总体路径和治理措施等方面解析了全球治水模式的不足,认为当前的全球治水模式未能充分融合水循环及多要素过程的自然属性,存在末端治理和过程分离等突出问题。对下一步治水模式提出了发展建议:从耦合流域水循环多过程互馈机制的角度,提升自然属性和自然力的作用,协调多要素多过程的功能,建设富自然-功能协调流域,系统治理复杂水问题。     

Facing Water Scarcity in Jordan

Abstract

Jordan is extremely water-scarce with just 167 m³ per capita per year to meet domestic, industrial, agricultural, tourism, and environmental demands. The heavy exploitation of water resources has contributed to declines in the levels of aquifers and the Dead Sea. Rapid growth in demand, particularly for higher quality water for domestic, industrial, and tourism uses, is significantly increasing pressure on agricultural and environmental uses of water, both of which must continue to adapt to reduced volumes and lower quality water. The agricultural sector has begun to respond by improving irrigation efficiency and increasing the use of recycled water. Total demand for water still exceeds renewable supplies while inadequate treatment of sewage used for irrigation creates potential environmental and health risks and presents agricultural marketing challenges that undermine the competitiveness of exports. The adaptive capability of the natural environment may already be past sustainable limits with oasis wetlands having been most seriously affected. Development of new water resources is extremely expensive in Jordan with an average investment cost of US$4 to $5 per cubic meter. This paper examines four integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches of relevance to Jordan: water reuse, demand management, energy-water linkages, and transboundary water management. While progress in Jordan has been made, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation continues to be concerned about the acute water scarcity the country faces as well as the need to continue working with concerned stakeholders to assure future water supplies.     

浙江省水资源管理方式转变的探索

随着经济社会的快速发展和资源的日益枯竭，对水资源的管理仅仅局限在供求管理上已远远不能适应形势的发展，水资源的需求管理和综合管理正日益提上议事日程，水资源的管理必须从供求管理向需求管理和综合管理转变。     

我国用水水权管理与水市场分析

对水权理论进行了具体辨析,研究总结了国内外水权管理经验,在分析我国水市场形成和作用的基础上,根据动态博弈理论,提出了相关建议。     

Ten building blocks for sustainable water governance: an integrated method to assess the governance of water

A three-step interdisciplinary method to assess approaches to water shortage, water quality and flood risks is presented. This method, based on water system analysis, economics, law and public administration, seeks to create common understanding based on newly developed concepts and definitions. First, generating content knowledge about the water system and about values, principles and policy discourses. Second, providing an organizational process with sufficient stakeholder involvement, insight into the trade-off between social objectives, and attribution of responsibilities in addition to regulations and agreements. Finally, implementing the agreed service level through adequate infrastructure, enforcement and conflict resolution.     

Institutional Aspects of Water Management in Central Asia Water Users Associations

Abstract

The way water resources in the former Soviet Union (FSU) were managed in the second half of the past century had both positive and negative effects and contributed to the existing situation. On the one hand, extensive development of water resources led to the transformation of millions of hectares of virgin lands into agricultural production, providing millions of people with food and livelihoods. On the other hand, the over-exploitation of water resources led to drastic changes of the environment: many water bodies, such as lakes, small rivers, and delta wetlands dried up. The Aral Sea basin is one of the dramatic examples of the negative impacts of large-scale irrigation interventions. The state-controlled era of development in the Soviet period has a legacy of standardized procedures and rules formulated at the top. The shortcomings of such a water management included fragmentation, duplication, and a highly administrative approach without considering the needs of the environment and input of water users into planning, allocating, and managing of water resources. This paper presents an analytical view of the role and importance of water users organizations/associations (WUOs/WUAs) in the irrigated agriculture and under irrigation management transfer (IMT) in Central Asia region. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Scientific Information Center of Interstate Coordination Water Commission (SIC ICWC) conducted the “Best Practices.” Projects including activities covered Syr Darya and Amu Darya basins of Central Asia. During the first stage of the project (01.04.1002-31.03.2002), the monitoring objects were: 30 district water management organizations (DWMO), eight WUAs, 58 collective farms (CCF), and 61 private farms (PPF) from eight provinces Central Asia) project for conserving water resources by involving water users into water savings. The primary strategy was to propagate application of inexpensive technical and managerial methods and measures to save water by users themselves. The project is a joint project of IWMI and SIC ICWC aimed to monitor and disseminate the best practices of water conservation initiated by water users. The first year of the “Best Practices” project accomplished a broader involvement of water users into the water conserving methods, therefore continuing the beneficial good water management practices. It also continued to involve the water supplying organizations and various groups of water users (collective farms, farmers, and water users' associations). The major interest was to analyze the impacts of the different water conservation and management practices on productivity of water use.     

实施流域综合管理 维护中国河流健康

中国的水资源不仅少，且分布不均，因而引发诸多的水问题，如洪涝灾害、水土流失、水污染、水生态的严重破坏，水资源的过度开发等。要解决这些问题，根本在于理顺水管理的体制，对流域的水问题实施综合管理。论述了实施流域综合管理的必要性，提出了解决中国水问题的主要思路，以及当前中国实施流域综合管理的战略思考。     

水资源管理产生、范畴与变革

以自然界水文循环为基础,以水与人类社会的关系为主线,系统分析了水资源及水资源管理的内涵,揭示了水资源管理产生与发展历程,对我国目前存在的水资源管理深层次问题进行了分析与思考,在此基础上构建了相对完整的水资源管理模型。针对目前面临的水资源短缺状况,分析了水资源管理的模式与内容及其发展趋势。     

塔里木河流域治水思路探析

在分析研究塔里木河的历史变迁、现实危机和未来治水目标的基础上。提出了塔里木河流域治理新思路。围绕治水新思路,必须树立先进的治水理念和科学的治水思路,制定科学系统的水资源开发利用与保护模式,改革水资源管理体制,解决发展与保护中遇到的重大水问题,将“维持河流健康生命”和“构建和谐流域”作为流域治理目标,以效率一效益-可持续引领流域战略目标的实现。