The interpretation of data from wear debris analysis, with particular reference to ferrography

A theoretical model of an oil lubrication system is presented. Wear particle generation and loss and lubricant usage are taken into account. The model can be used to reveal changes in the instantaneous wear rate from measurements of the wear debris concentration. The example of a diesel engine run-in is given. The model is also used to highlight the differences between oil analysis techniques which result from their differing sensitivities to particle sizes.     

Comparison of the Effects of Biodiesel and Mineral Diesel Fuel Dilution on Aged Engine Oil Properties

Dilution of engine oil occurs when fuel is injected late in the combustion cycle to regenerate the diesel particulate filter used for trapping particulate emissions. Fuel dilution reduces oil viscosity and the concentration of engine oil additives, potentially compromising lubricant performance. Biodiesel usage may compound these issues due to its oxidative instability, and its higher boiling point compared to mineral diesel potentially causes it to concentrate more in the oil sump.

In this work, different amounts of mineral diesel and biodiesel (soy methyl ester, SME) were combined with 15W-40 CJ-4 diesel engine oil in laboratory oil aging experiments. Fuel was added and oil samples were withdrawn at periodic intervals. The oils were analyzed using typical oil analysis procedures to determine their condition, and wear evaluations under boundary lubricating conditions were determined using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Results showed that fuel dilution accelerated engine oil degradation, with biodiesel having a larger effect. However, friction remained unchanged with dilution, and wear actually decreased for fuel-diluted oils after 48 h of aging compared to aging without fuel dilution. Examination of the tribofilms by ultraviolet (UV) and visible Raman spectroscopy as well as Auger electron spectroscopy showed that additional carbon-containing components were present on tribofilms formed from fuel-diluted oils. These fuel-derived components may be responsible for the decreased wear observed.     

4105G型柴油机设计

本文对照 41 0 5Q型柴油机研究分析和确定了 41 0 5G型柴油机的性能指标 ,并进行了调试 ,使其性能和油耗等各项指标完全符合要求。还对冷却系统、进排气系统、油底壳、集滤器等相关零件进行了设计 ,保证了柴油机的配套使用要求     

Comparison of oil analysis and filter content analysis: A case study

Oil filters contain useful information on wear that has occurred in the oil-wetted mechanical system. However, filter analysis for wear detection is seldom performed, because the method is fairly cumbersome. On the other hand spectral oil-analysis can be economically done in highly automated laboratories and is therefore widely accepted. This paper describes the case involving a small passenger car diesel engine, where the results of the filter analysis were compared with the results of simultaneously performed oil analysis using X-ray fluorescence. Oil and filter samples were analysed after each 10,000 km, when oil and filter changes took place, over the life of the engine to 165,000 km. The results, as derived from the filter samples, showed a roughly shaped bath-tub curve development of the wear rate before the final stage of serious deterioration. However, the oil analysis did not confirm this trend. It is believed that the different in characteristics between a filter sample and an oil sample, and the effects of particle size and of oil filtration on the oil sample, may cause this discrepancy. If the latter is the case, care has to be taken in oil sampling for wear analysis, particularly in systems with fine full-flow filtration. Suggestions are made at the end of the paper for the design of dedicated diagnostic filters for wear debris detection.     

A Chemical Kinetics Model to Predict Lubricant Performance in a Diesel Engine. Part I: Simulation Methodology

The ability of a lubricant to protect increasingly complex diesel engines directly affects engine durability and warranty costs and is becoming increasingly costly to validate. This paper presents a novel approach combining a chemical kinetic model using rate constants determined by a set of laboratory bench tests and a finite-difference computer program to predict lubricant performance in a given diesel engine. The computer program takes into account the engine's mechanical design, such as temperature, pressure, oil flow rate, top ring zone volume, and other parameters. The chemical kinetic model incorporates the kinetic rate constants determined for that particular lubricant in a set of special bench-test procedures tailored to a particular engine and its operating conditions. The bench-test procedures take into account the necessary environment in that particular engine such as specific metal catalysis, oxidation conditions, and deposit formation. The computer program then combines the lubricant degradation model with the engine operating sequence to yield a predictive simulation. This approach is capable of predicting the amount of deposit in the top ring groove and the amount of oil consumption in that engine. The computer program models the engine as three chemical reactors in series. The three reactors are: the oil sump, the top piston ring groove, and the piston cylinder-liner interface. Oil flows from the sump to the piston rings and to the piston liner area. The oxidation process is described by a set of simplified chemical kinetic rate equations. The kinetic constants of the lubricant are determined by laboratory bench-test procedures using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), a Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), and the Micro-Oxidation test apparatus. The design and the operating conditions of the engine define the chemical reaction conditions used in the simulation program such as the temperatures of the reactions, the residence time in a particular reactor, the volume of the reactors, and the operating sequence of the engine. The simulation program is validated by the Caterpillar 1K engine dynamometer test results. Two experimental high-temperature lubricants and three IK reference oils were used in this study. Good agreement between model simulation and 1K engine test results was obtained.     

悬浮碳烟微粒对柴油发动机磨损的影响

进入机油的碳烟微粒增多是现代低排放车用柴油发动机突出问题。探讨了碳烟微粒对发动机各摩擦副磨损的影响，分析了碳烟微粒的磨损机制，并指出提高分散剂性能与用量是减少碳烟微粒磨损的重要方法。     

Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear

This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect‐injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one‐way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi‐element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively. The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance.     

用SRV试验机评价柴油机油摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV 4型摩擦磨损试验机为试验平台,以某商用车公司提供的发动机缸套-活塞环截取件作为摩擦副试验件,以15W-40 CF-4和15W-40 CI-4发动机油为润滑介质,建立评价柴油机油摩擦磨损性能的模拟试验方法,并使用该方法对油品配方中减摩剂的区分性及不同材质活塞环与润滑油的适配性等进行考察。试验结果表明:建立的模拟试验方法能较好地区分出具有优异抗磨性能的柴油机油,同样对油品配方中减摩剂和不同材质活塞环与润滑油适配性等有着较好的区分性,可以作为润滑油品开发者和OEM汽车厂家对油品配方开发和摩擦副材质筛选的模拟评价手段。     

Characterization of engine oil additive packages on diesel particulate emissions

This study investigated the impact of engine oil formulation on particulate matter (PM) characteristics from a light-duty diesel engine. The test engine was a 1.6 L Euro-5 diesel engine operated from low- to high-speed and high-load conditions. Specially formulated nonadditive containing base oil and genuine oil were evaluated. For diesel PM characterization, physicochemical analytic procedures were conducted on engine oil formulation, oil flushing, PMs sampling, morphology, and particle constituent determination. Size-resolved particle number (PN) concentration at the engine-out position was evaluated by differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). Nucleation mode particles originating from engine oil consumption during the expansion stroke had a higher concentration from genuine oil than those from base oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the morphology patterns and atomic compositions with engine oil packages. From the SEM analysis, spherical PM of nucleation and accumulation mode particles were agglomerated on a quartz filter. In the XPS spectrum, more engine oil additive fractions of Ca, P, and Zn were found in the PM sample from genuine oil. In conclusion, the variation of physicochemical engine oil properties and additive amounts had strong contributions to engine oil derived PN emissions, morphology, and additive metal compositions in the exhaust gas stream.

     

基于振动噪声的柴油机油底壳结构优化研究

基于模态参数的动态特性,针对某型柴油机振动噪声超标问题,利用有限元软件ABAQUS的模态分析功能对主要噪声源油底壳的自由模态进行计算,从固有频率方面着手优化其结构。优化后的其固有频率大幅提高,经整机振动噪声测试,减振降噪效果明显,解决了振动噪声超标问题。     

船舶柴油机在线油液监测传感器的安装设计

论述常见的在线水分/黏度/磨损颗粒量传感器的选取及设计安装.针对船舶柴油机干式和湿式润滑系统的特点,提出不同的在线油液监测传感器的设计安装方法,并进行试验研究.结果表明,按该方法设计安装的柴油机在线油液监测传感器测试稳定性好,不仅满足油液在线监测的取样要求,且大大降低了传感器加工安装的难度.     

防爆柴油机油腔喷射特性试验研究

防爆柴油机在高瓦斯、低通风效率的工作环境下具有较强的适应能力，是工业生产中重要的内燃机设备。根据喷油动量方程建立油腔喷射模型，引入喷油效率参数，通过试验方法得出不同喷嘴孔与进油口间距下的捕捉率。试验中设定油压范围0.25~0.45 MPa，喷油温度范围60~90 ℃，采用单因素试验法得出临界孔口间距随温度、压力的变化规律。试验结果表明，随着喷油压力或喷油温度的增大，油喷扩散角增大，临界孔口间距减小，油束发散性更为显著，为防爆柴油机的结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

Optimization of ferrographic oil analysis for diesel engine wear monitoring

An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of ferrographic methods applied to diesel engine wear monitoring was carried out. A series of car engines running in service were considered and the wear phenomena were studied on the basis of total particle density and large particle concentration trends determined through ferrographic analysis of oil samples.Results have shown that ferrography can be successfully used in this specific application.     

Oil Degradation in a Diesel Engine with Dual-Loop Lubricating System

A common lubricating oil sump is used in most modern internal combustion engines for cooling, wear protection, and friction reduction. This requires compromises during base oil and additive selection as a result of differing needs for lubricant performance in engine subsystems. The use of a dual lubricating loop, providing separate oil sumps for the power cylinder and valve train subsystems, was investigated experimentally to determine the effect of system segregation on oil degradation. A small diesel engine was modified, installed in a commercial generator unit, and operated for one oil drain cycle. Oil sampling was tailored to assess base and acid numbers, oxidation, soot concentration, water content, and viscosity changes. The experiment complemented an earlier study that investigated the fuel economy benefits of such a lubricating configuration. These include longer drain intervals for the cylinder head and power cylinder subsystems, improved wear performance for the valve train, and opportunities for alternative material selection during engine design. The experiment demonstrated protection of the valve train subsystem from soot contaminants in the power cylinder. Lower total acid number and oxidation tendency was also observed in the valve train.     

基于GM(0,N)模型的油液光谱分析界限值制定

针对传统油液光谱分析界限值制定方法中以磨粒含量服从正态分布假设为前提的局限,提出应用GM(0,N)模型制定油液光谱元素数据分析界限值的方法,该模型不仅能正确拟合光谱数据,还能够体现各元素间相关关系。应用GM(0,N)模型对船舶柴油机实际光谱数据进行处理,结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于LS-SVM的柴油机润滑油中磨粒含量预测

介绍了最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)回归算法的基本原理,并以490BPG型柴油机润滑油中磨损磨粒为研究对象,使用LS-SVM对磨粒的浓度数据进行了回归拟合并预测,并与基于人工神经网络的预测模型的预测结果进行了比较.结果表明,LS-SVM的预测模型的精确度较高,泛化能力强,是用于润滑油中磨粒浓度预测的一种有效的方法.     

柴油发动机故障诊断技术研究与应用

应用振动法对柴油机气缸体上的振动信号进行分析,得出总振动量级主随活塞与气缸套磨损间隙的增大而适级放大.根据气缸体振动加速度响应功率谱图和柴油发动机总振动量级,可以确定活塞与气缸壁的间隙大小.应用油样铁谱分析技术,可以确定发动机的润滑状况及摩擦副的磨损程度和部位,并通过实例证明了其在柴油发动机故障诊断中的有效性.应用直读式原子发射光谱仪对柴油发动机润滑油油样进行检测,监控柴油发动机曲轴滑动轴承磨损状况,对保障发动机可靠运行起到很好的作用.     

Surface topography and tribology of cast iron in boundary lubrication

This work aims to study and understand the influence of the surface topography on wear of grey cast iron used for heavy duty diesel engine cylinder liners. A micro-alloyed grey cast iron was tested with different surface topographies. These were polished surfaces, honed surfaces (with two different honing parameters) and three model surfaces with well defined grooves on a polished specimen.Reciprocating friction tests using a steel ball rubbing against a flat or a cylindrical sample (extracted from a cylinder liner) were carried out on a Cameron Plint test rig. A commercial synthetic oil for diesel engine was used as the lubricant. The friction coefficient and the electrical contact resistance were measured during the tests. The wear volume of the cylinder liner part was also measured at the end of the test.The influence of the surface topography on the tribochemical film formation and on the wear behaviour of cast iron was established. Surfaces exhibiting lots of surface asperities had the highest wear, mainly due to delayed formation of protective tribochemical film. In our test conditions, the spacing between the grooves on model specimens had no influence on the wear behaviour of the cast iron specimens.     

An overview of recent advances in quantitative ferrography as applied to diesel engines

Ferrography is being applied to laboratory and field engines to understand better the wear processes taking place. Methods used to make ferrography quantitative and sensitive to a wide range of debris concentrations are presented.

An equation describing the time-varying debris concentration in the engine was applied to ferrography data in order to calculate the particle generation rate and the filtering efficiency of a paper filter. Results using this technique in the laboratory are discussed.

A medium duty truck engine from new to its present mileage of over 80000 mile was monitored every 50 h using analytical ferrography. The results of this study are presented.     

Effect of lubricating oil additives on particle size distribution and total number concentration in diesel engine

This paper investigates the characteristics of particle size distribution in exhaust gas of engine fuelled with pure diesel and with diesel mixed with base oil or with oil additives. The experiments are conducted on a turbocharged diesel engine with fast particulate spectrometer DMS 500 connected to the exhaust pipe. Base oil and two kinds of commonly used lubricating oil additives, antioxidant additives and antifoaming additives, are chosen to be added into the fuel, with the concentrations being 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of fuel weight individually. The particle size distribution is measured under medium load (100 Nm) and full load at different speeds. The results indicate that the existence of base oil or oil additives shows great influence on particle size distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.