Forming process of cross-connected finned micro-grooves in copper strips

Using ploughing-extrusion method, a cross-connected finned micro-grooves structure was formed on the surface of copper strips with thickness of 0.4 mm. The structure was fabricated by making ‘V’-grooves in copper strips and perpendicular ‘V’-grooves on the opposite side that intersect the first set of grooves. Micro pores appear at the intersection of these cross-connected grooves, and micro fins appear on the groove fringes. So it can be defined as ‘pore-groove-fin’ structure. The preferable ‘pore-groove-fin’ structure can be obtained under the condition that the tool edge inclination angle (χγ) is 45°, both the major extrusion angle (γo) and the minor extrusion angle (γ 0′ ) are 30°, both the major formation angle (β) and the minor formation angle (β′) are 10°, the ploughing-extrusion depth (fd) is 0.32 mm and the groove pitch is 0.4 mm on surfaces A and B. The formed included angle of groove A is 70°, and the groove depth is 0.3 mm, while the included angle of opposite perpendicular groove B is 20° with the groove depth of 0.35 mm. The obtained fin height is 0.15 mm, the elliptical pore length is 0.2 mm and the width is 0.05 mm. Experiments show that fd has the greatest influence on the formation of micro pores. Bulges appear on the opposite surface B when the ploughing-extrusion depth on surface A (fdA) reaches a critical value. The ploughing-extrusion depth on surface B (fdB) has great influence on the re-growth of fin structure.     

整体翅片管的劈切—挤压加工

提出了一种新的本翅片管的机械加工方法,即劈切－挤压加工,实验观察发现,翅片的形成包括切入、挤压和成形3个阶段,实验结果表明,影响翅片形成的主要有刀具几何参数、挤压深度,进给量和劈切－挤压速度;对某一刀具,在选定挤压速度时,一定的挤压深度对应一个极限进人量,一定的进给量对应一个极限挤压深度。选择合理的参数可保证翅片加工的连续性和获得接近最佳形状的翅片。劈切－挤坟加工在普通车床上进行,设备简单易,翅片一次成形,材料利用率高,是一种能降低加工技术,提高生产率的加工方式。     

10mm奥氏体不锈钢光纤激光切割工艺研究

以影响切割质量的因素为基础,采用4k W光纤激光器对10mm厚度0Cr18Ni9不锈钢展开切割工艺试验。系统研究了离焦量、切割速度、激光功率等切割参数对断面倾斜角、粗糙度、挂渣量的影响。结果表明,优化后的断面倾斜角小于0.8°,割缝挂渣可小于0.11mm,断面粗糙度小于10μm。     

Planing process of fin heat sinks

1 INTRODUCTION There are lots of traditional processes for fin heat sinks(FHS) , such as cold-extruding, weld- ing,cold-rolling and cold-forging. The cold-extru- ding process calls for strict requirements for the molds because the deformation press is very big and the machined fins are usually too thick. The welding process is complex and costly ,but not re- liable ,because the welding line is dampenedin the application,andit s easy to be damaged when two different metals electrolyze in …     

Crystallography of Fe2Al5 phase at the interface between solid Fe and liquid Al

In this study, the microstructures and crystallographic features of a η-Fe₂Al₅ phase formed on pure Fe hot-dipped in a pure Al melt at 750 °C were examined in order to understand the η phase layer formation having a saw-tooth morphology. A number of the columnar η grains (forming the η phase layer) grow towards the solid Fe (α-Fe) side along the [001] direction, resulting in a significant saw-tooth morphology at the interface between the η and α-Fe phases. The neighboring η grains have high-angle boundaries with a common [001] axis. In the η phase layer, the low-angle boundaries develop close to the liquid Al side, and their density becomes higher with longer dipping times, resulting in the development of a fine dislocation substructure in the η phase. In the α-Fe phase, fine substructure consisting of a high density of low-angle boundaries develops around the growth tips of the columnar η grains. These substructure developments are likely responsible for the α → η transformation strain. A possible mechanism for the formation of this η phase layer having a saw-tooth morphology will be discussed in terms of the stress field caused by the α → η transformation.     

Fin formation model during pre-roll ploughing of copper 3D outside fin tube

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Numerical and experimental study on expansion forming of inner grooved tube

Inner grooved copper tubes have attracted more and more attention in recent years. In mass production of tube–fin heat exchanger plates in ACR (air conditioning and refrigeration) industry, mechanical expansion is a key forming process which joins the fins to the tubes. During the process, the spiral grooves inside the tube with thermally efficient geometries are deformed and the tube–fin joints are influenced by the groove layer. In this paper, tube expansion forming process is studied and effect of the groove shape on forming quality is analyzed. Experiments are performed with tubes of different groove types. FE (finite element) model of the forming process is developed. Influences of the key geometry parameters, such as groove height ratio, apex and helix angle, on strength of the grooves as well as tube wall thinning are investigated. Sections of the tube–fin joints are observed and the die geometry on the joining status is examined. The results indicate that helix angle has significant effect on groove height reduction while groove height ratio is the main factor influencing the deformation resistant force; outer diameter and radius of the front part of the expanding die influence the tube–fin joining status.     

Characteristics of cutting forces and chip formation in machining of titanium alloys

Chip formation during dry turning of Ti6Al4V alloy has been examined in association with dynamic cutting force measurements under different cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut. Both continuous and segmented chip formation processes were observed in one cut under conditions of low cutting speed and large feed rate. The slipping angle in the segmented chip was 55°, which was higher than that in the continuous chip (38°). A cyclic force was produced during the formation of segmented chips and the force frequency was the same as the chip segmentation frequency. The peak of the cyclic force when producing segmented chips was 1.18 times that producing the continuous chip.The undeformed surface length in the segmented chip was found to increase linearly with the feed rate but was independent of cutting speed and depth of cut. The cyclic force frequency increased linearly with cutting speed and decreased inversely with feed rate. The cutting force increased with the feed rate and depth of cut at constant cutting speed due to the large volume of material being removed. The increase in cutting force with increasing cutting speed from 10 to 16 and 57 to 75 m/min was attributed to the strain rate hardening at low and high strain rates, respectively. The decrease in cutting force with increasing cutting speed outside these speed ranges was due to the thermal softening of the material. The amplitude variation of the high-frequency cyclic force associated with the segmented chip formation increased with increasing depth of cut and feed rate, and decreased with increasing cutting speed from 57 m/min except at the cutting speeds where harmonic vibration of the machine occurs.     

不同后角的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具切削过程的DEFORM-3D有限元模拟

采用XRD、SEM、EDS方法分析金属陶瓷的显微组织,并测试其室温力学性能。在DEFORM有限元模拟软件中建立三维切削有限元模型,对不同后角的切削过程进行仿真模拟。对等效应力场、温度分布及磨损量模拟结果进行分析,分析结果表明切削正火态AISI-1045钢时,金属陶瓷刀具的最佳后角为5°。切削实验参数与有限元模拟参数相一致,切削实验结果表明,刀具后角5°切削时,金属陶瓷刀具的耐用度最好,验证了有限元模拟预测的正确性。     

The estimation of cutting forces and specific force coefficients during finishing ball end milling of inclined surfaces

The majority of cutting force models applied for the ball end milling process includes only the influence of cutting parameters (e.g. feedrate, depth of cut, cutting speed) and estimates forces on the basis of coefficients calibrated during slot milling. Furthermore, the radial run out phenomenon is predominantly not considered in these models. However this approach can induce excessive force estimation errors, especially during finishing ball end milling of sculptured surfaces. In addition, most of cutting force models is formulated for the ball end milling process with axial depths of cut exceeding 0.5 mm and thus, they are not oriented directly to the finishing processes. Therefore, this paper proposes an accurate cutting force model applied for the finishing ball end milling, which includes also the influence of surface inclination and cutter's run out. As part of this work the new method of specific force coefficients calibration has been also developed. This approach is based on the calibration during ball end milling with various surface inclinations and the application of instantaneous force signals as an input data. Furthermore, the analysis of specific force coefficients in function of feed per tooth, cutting speed and surface inclination angle was also presented. In order to determine geometrical elements of cut precisely, the radial run out was considered in equations applied for the calculation of sectional area of cut and active length of cutting edge. Research revealed that cutter's run out and surface inclination angle have significant influence on the cutting forces, both in the quantitative and qualitative aspect. The formulated model enables cutting force estimation in the wide range of cutting parameters, assuring relative error's values below 16%. Furthermore, the consideration of cutter's radial run out phenomenon in the developed model enables the reduction of model's relative error by the 7% in relation to the model excluding radial run out.     

基于Fluent的仿生机器鱼胸鳍摆动模型仿真分析

为研究胸鳍攻角对仿生机器鱼升潜运动的影响,制定机器鱼升潜运动控制规则,分析了升力产生的机制和影响因素,建立了机器鱼胸鳍摆动数学模型,根据机器鱼胸鳍几何模型,应用Gambit建立了机器鱼胸鳍二维网格模型,应用Fluent仿真,分析了不同攻角下机器鱼升力阻力差,确定胸鳍在来流速度为0.5 m/s的水动力环境下做周期摆动时的最佳攻角为20°左右。     

犁削挤压角对切削性能影响的模拟研究

将直径为6 mm的微型铜管简化为厚度0.4 mm的铜板,应用DEFORM-3D软件对微沟槽犁削-挤压成形过程进行模拟,在模拟过程中只有刀具挤压角单一参数变化(45°、60°、90°),通过分析在3种不同挤压角刀具成形下的铜板翅结构、应力和应变分布图,得出60°挤压角刀具犁削-挤压切削效果最佳。     

FEM optimization of tool geometry based on the machined near surface''s residual stresses generated in diamond turning

In this work, based on the updated Lagrangian formulation and the commercial available software, Marc2001, a coupled thermo-mechanical plane-strain large deformation orthogonal cutting FE model is presented to simulate the diamond turning process and predict the residual stresses on the machined surface of workpiece. In order to consider the interactive influences of cutting edge radius, cutting velocity, rake angle and clearance angle on residual stresses, all simulations are programmed by an orthogonal design method, i.e. the combination design of general rotary method. As expected, two regression equations of tensile and compressive residual stresses are deduced according to the simulated results. The measured results in diamond turning show that the predicted results have a good consistency with the experimental ones. Therefore, some related analyses are carried out for the influencing factors based on the regression equations. Finally, the optimal analyses indicate that a rake angle of 15° and a clearance angle of 10° are the optimum geometry of a diamond tool in turning of ductile materials when this tool has a cutting edge radius of 100–300 nm.     

三维整体高翅片强化传热铝管刨削成形机理

为了高效加工出三维整体高翅片强化传热管,提出采用多刀刨削加工三维整体高翅片强化传热管的制造方法——利用在基管上同时刨削出多片不脱离工件的、不发生卷曲的切屑作为三维整体高翅片强化传热管的翅片。研究刀具前角、切削厚度对切屑卷曲的影响,初步探讨翅片刨削成形即切屑不卷曲的机理。结果表明,切屑不卷曲的条件是当刀具前角为60°或55°时,切削厚度在0.15~0.25 mm之间,或者前角为50°,切削厚度在0.1~0.2 mm之间时,切屑不发生卷曲;切屑不卷曲的机理在于切屑根部没有发生明显的剪切变形。     

Effect of tool edge geometry and cutting conditions on experimental and simulated chip morphology in orthogonal hard turning of 100Cr6 steel

Understanding chip formation mechanisms in hard turning is an important area of research. In this study, experiments with varying cutting conditions and tool edge geometry were performed concurrently with finite element simulations. The aim was to investigate how the two mechanisms reported in literature namely—surface shear-cracking (SCH) and catastrophic thermoplastic instability (CTI) contribute to overall chip geometry and machining forces. By varying tool edge geometry and cutting conditions predominance of one over another is discussed. The calculation prescribed by Recht [Recht, R., 1964. Catastrophic thermoplastic shear. J. Appl. Mech. 31, 189–193] for representative cutting conditions resulted in a small critical cutting speed of 0.034 m/min indicating CTI was operative in the range of cutting conditions tested. FEM simulations were conducted on a subset of experimental conditions. Chip geometry and forces were compared between experiments and simulations. The experimental results indicated that SCH predominated in a majority of conditions. However, formation of saw-tooth chips in the FEM simulations established the occurrence of CTI also. Specifically, the edge radius did not alter chip geometry parameters. However, machining forces decreased with cutting speed and chip formation frequency increased linearly with cutting speed. A more negative rake angle also increased the chip pitch. The findings also indicate that only an intrinsic length scale governs saw-tooth chip formation in hard turning.     

单颗磨粒铰珩毛刺截面的仿真与验证

通过建立单颗磨粒微切削模型,分析了铰珩毛刺的形成过程。以侧边毛刺截面积为毛刺评价指标,研究了切削深度、切削宽度和刃倾角对毛刺形成的影响规律,并通过试验验证模型的准确性。分析结果显示:工件材料的塑性变形是影响毛刺形成的主要因素,塑性变形量越大,毛刺截面积越大;切削深度、切削宽度增加,毛刺截面积明显增大;刃倾角由负值向正值变化时,由于材料塑性变形量和流动方向的变化,毛刺尺寸逐渐增大。      

翅片模开条子模结构的优化设计

针对翅片模开条子模制造周期长、拆卸不便、片形不容易调整、精度很难保证等问题 ,通过对原模具结构的探讨与分析 ,设计出1副结构合理、拆卸方便、尺寸位置精度很好保证、开条刀间隙很容易调整的开条子模 ,解决了原模具存在的问题     

EFFECT OF SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE （SEN） PARAMETERS AND SHAPE ON 3-D FLUID FLOW IN MOULD FOR BEAM BLANK CONTINUOUS CASTING

1.IntroductionDuring the process of continuous casting, the molten steel flow affects directly the temperature dis-tribution, the speed of heat transfer, the non-metallic inclusion ascending and the uniformity of tempera-ture and chemical component in the mould, which is directly related to the internal and surface quality of casting blank. So it is meaningful to study the molten steel flow in different conditions of SEN parame-ters and shape.Recent years, with the development of computer and…     

考虑多种因素的流屑角求解模型

切削加工中切屑流向的预报是通过流屑角的计算完成的．本文基于Stabler法则和等效刀刃思想，综合考虑了刀具的前角、刃倾角、主偏角、刀片相邻刃设计夹角、刀尖圆弧半径、进给量、切削深度以及被加工材料性质等八个因素建立了计算机求解流屑角的数学模型．并以此分析了以上因素对流屑角的影响规律．     

基于无线MWD三维多参数测量仪研发

随着油井不断开发,定向井技术发展很快,对测井仪器精度和可靠性的要求也越来越高。针对复杂定向钻井测量需求,对井斜、工具面和方位等工程参数进行建模,采用三轴加速度计和磁通门等传感器,通过滤波和24位AD转换得到系列数据,再由16位单片机采集信号和数据处理;设计了采样程序、曼彻斯特编码和数据发送等程序,最后对系统进行了实验。结果表明:该仪器井斜角测量精度达到±0.1°,方位角测量精度在±1.5°内,同时具有转速和温度的测量功能,达到了设计和使用的要求。