栀子果油的生物活性成分及抗氧化活性评价

以正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇3种溶剂并结合超声辅助提取栀子果油,对所获得的3种粗油和乙醇提取的副产物的得率、油脂组成、生物活性成分以及自由基清除能力进行分析。在固液比(1:8)、温度(40℃)、时间(20 min)、超声强度(200 W)的条件下,乙醇提取得油率为13.26%,略低于正己烷14.86%和乙酸乙酯13.84%,副产物乙醇胶体相是乙醇提油后4℃静置分层得到的,得率为9.68%。乙醇提取栀子果油相中总生育酚含量为1.62μg/mg,是正己烷提取粗油的1.27倍;总甾醇含量为22.63μg/mg,是乙酸乙酯提取粗油的1.29倍。挥发性香草酸、丁香酸、丁香醇为乙醇提取粗油中的主要芳香成分。副产物醇溶性胶体相中检出了γ-亚麻酸(1.50%)和反式亚油酸(1.14%),而在粗油中并未检出;醇溶性胶体相DPPH、ABTS清除率的IC50值分别为0.61mg/m L和0.40 mg/mL,极显著小于粗油中的检验结果(7.60~10.3 mg/mL);通过UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS在醇溶性胶体相中初步鉴定出西红花酸及8种带糖衍生物。实验证明,用乙醇提取栀子果油气味芳香,Omega-6型油脂种类及含量丰富,生育酚、甾醇等活性物质含量更高,此外副产物中的西红花及其衍生物有很强的自由基清除能力,因此具有更高的经济价值。     

两种栀子果主要经济性状及成分分析

为系统研究我国主要栀子果实的品种品质,以山栀子和水栀子果实为原料,测定果重、果皮厚度、果高、果直径、壳仁比、出籽率、出油率等主要经济性状及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、膳食纤维、可溶性总糖等营养成分和总环烯醚萜类、总藏红花素、总胡萝卜素和总黄酮等功能成分含量。同时对栀子果油的理化性质、脂肪酸和不皂化物组成及主要有益因子进行测定和分析。结果表明水栀子果在单果重量、果实直径等经济指标上显著高于山栀子果,而总环烯醚萜含量显著较低,其余主要营养功能成分无显著性差异。两种栀子果的油脂含量相近(约25 %),理化指标均无显著性差异,主要脂肪酸均为亚油酸,含量高于48 %。栀子果油的不皂化物主要有甾醇类、三萜醇类、烃类和维生素E类,其中以甾醇类含量最高。山栀子果油中的甾醇、维生素E及角鲨烯等主要有益因子含量高于水栀子。综合分析,水栀子从果实产量及产油量上优于山栀子,但总环烯醚萜含量及油中主要有益因子含量较低。两者从栀子果及果油的营养、功能方面评价各有千秋,故在食用特别是栀子果油的利用方面两者可混用。实验结果为栀子果资源的综合利用、开发提供新的思路和理论基础。     

栀子果油及藏红花素的分步萃取研究

为提高栀子的综合利用价值,首先采用亚临界丁烷技术萃取栀子果油,然后从栀子饼粕中提取栀子藏红花素。采用气相色谱对栀子果油的脂肪酸成分进行分析,并在单因素基础上设计正交实验优化溶剂浸提栀子粕中藏红花素的工艺。实验结果表明,栀子果油主要成分为亚油酸,含量为53.72%,是一种营养丰富的功能性油料;正交实验结果得到最佳的工艺条件为:乙醇水溶液的浓度为50%,浸提温度为40℃,浸提时间为3 h,料液比为1:12;藏红花素的提取率可达0.21%,说明提油后的栀子粕具有提取藏红花素的能力。     

超临界CO_2萃取与浸渍法制备白刺果油及其化学成分的分析与比较

为了促进白刺属植物在医药、食品、化工等领域中的应用,文中采用超临界CO2流体萃取法和溶剂浸渍法提取西伯利亚白刺果油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行了分析,从超临界CO2萃取、浸渍法提取出的白刺果油中分别鉴定出26种成分。主要化学成分是亚油酸、油酸、γ-生育酚、VE(α-生育酚)、菜油甾醇、γ-谷甾醇、二十八碳烷、二十七碳烷等。     

加工过程对苹果籽油中植物甾醇流向分布影响

采用GC-FIR法对苹果籽加工过程中的植物甾醇进行了成分分析。结果表明,苹果籽油中植物甾醇主要成分为菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇,其中以β-谷甾醇含量最高;压榨法制备的苹果籽油植物甾醇的含量(385mg/100g)高于索氏提取(288mg/100g)和超声提取法(318mg/100g);且随着苹果籽油精炼程度提高,油脂中的有益微量成分植物甾醇损失增大。     

不同方法制备的栀子果油的理化性质比较

本实验利用正己烷萃取技术、超临界CO2萃取技术和亚临界低温萃取技术三种方法制备得到了三种栀子果油,并对其主要理化指标、脂肪酸组成、植物甾醇含量、谷维素含量、维生素E含量及氧化酸败时间进行比较分析,以研究不同萃取方法对栀子果油品质的影响。结果表明三种栀子果油的过氧化值为9.38~17.30 mmol/kg,酸值为4.06~14.28 mg KOH/g,皂化值为186.07~198.91 mg KOH/g,碘值为116.43?10-2~130.16?10-2 g I2/g。气相色谱法测定其脂肪酸组成以油酸和亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占76.04~78.00%。栀子果油中植物甾醇和维生素E的含量分别是0.85~3.48%和17.06?10-2~29.80?10-2 mg/g,谷维素含量极少。其中超临界栀子果油的色泽最好,溶剂残留量最少,但酸价最高;正己烷栀子果油中甾醇含量最高,氧化稳定性相对较好;亚临界栀子果油的酸值最低,维生素E含量最高。本文为栀子果油制备方法的选择和精炼提供了理论依据,具有一定的应用意义。     

2种栀子果主要经济性状及栀子果仁油成分分析

为系统研究我国主要栀子果实的品种品质,以山栀子和水栀子果实为原料,测定果重、果皮厚度、果高、果直径、壳仁比、出籽率、出油率等主要经济性状及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、膳食纤维、可溶性总糖等营养成分和总环烯醚萜类、总藏红花素、总胡萝卜素和总黄酮等功能成分含量。同时对栀子果仁油的理化性质、脂肪酸和不皂化物组成及主要生物活性物质进行测定和分析。结果表明水栀子果在单果重量(2.10 g)、果实直径(20.47 mm)等经济指标上显著高于山栀子果(单果重量和果实直径分别0.91 g、10.84 g),而总环烯醚萜含量(5.35%)显著低于山栀子果(8.77%),其余主要营养功能成分无显著性差异。两种栀子果的油脂含量相近(约25%),理化指标均无显著性差异,主要脂肪酸均为亚油酸,含量高于48%。栀子果仁油的不皂化物主要有甾醇类、三萜醇类、烃类和维生素E类,其中以甾醇类含量最高(均超过50%)。山栀子果仁油中的总甾醇(59.37%)、角鲨烯(11.42%)等主要生物活性物质含量高于水栀子,而维生素E类含量低于水栀子。综合分析,水栀子从果实产量及产油量上优于山栀子,但总环烯醚萜含量及油中主要生物活性物质含量较低。两者从栀子果及果仁油的营养、功能方面评价各有千秋,故在食用特别是栀子果仁油的利用方面两者可混用。试验结果为栀子果资源的综合利用、开发提供新的思路和理论基础。     

由植物油沥青或塔尔油沥青中提取植物甾醇的工艺研究

研究以植物油沥青或塔尔油沥青提取植物甾醇的方法。该方法包括下列步骤:在60～130℃下将沥青加热熔化,加入碱和水并保持此温度,在不断搅拌下皂化3～10h;用有机溶剂在固-液提取系统中提取植物甾醇,共提取5～24h;提取液充分冷却后,经过滤得粗甾醇;粗甾醇经有机溶剂脱色、结晶,即得甾醇产品。本研究提出的由植物油或塔尔油沥青中提取植物甾醇的方法,具有工艺简单,溶剂损耗小,甾醇回收率高,生产成本低等优点。     

不同提取方法对栀子籽油品质的影响

本研究探讨了不同提取方法研究对栀子籽油品质影响,以提高栀子籽的综合利用率.采用压榨法、正己烷浸出法和丁烷亚临界萃取法提取了栀子籽油,比较不同提取方法对出油率、理化性质、脂肪酸组成及主要不皂化物成分含量的影响.结果 表明:丁烷亚临界萃取法出油率最高;丁烷亚临界萃取法得到的栀子籽油理化性质最佳;提取方法对栀子籽油脂肪酸组成...     

水蒸气蒸馏与乙醇提取化橘红叶成分的GC-MS分析

分析比较水蒸汽蒸馏法与乙醇提取化橘红叶化学成分的差异。通过水蒸汽蒸馏提取和无水乙醇超声辅助提取化橘红叶中的化学成分,运用GC-MS技术对其成分进行分离鉴定,用峰面积归一化法进行定量分析。水蒸汽蒸馏提取法共分离出58种成分,鉴定出其中的18种,主要成分是:β-蒎烯(19.44%)、β-月桂烯(6.95%)、D-柠檬烯(10.49%)、γ-萜品烯(19.30%)和石竹烯(20.46%)等;乙醇提取法共分离出80种成分,鉴定出其中的43种,主要成分是亚油酸(16.8%)、硬脂酸(6.57%)、菜油甾醇(5.82%)、豆甾烯醇(7.12%)和扶桑甾醇氧化物(14.28%)等,同时鉴定了甲氧基香豆素、补骨脂素、佛手柑内酯、前胡内酯和橙皮油内酯等香豆素类化合物,以及柚皮素、角鲨烯和VE等活性成分。两种不同的提取法共分离鉴定了18种相同的化学成分,乙醇提取法多分离鉴定25种成分。     

Influence of Microwave Treatment of Rapeseed on Minor Components Content and Oxidative Stability of Oil

Rapeseeds were adjusted to moisture contents of 9, 11, 13, and 15 % and treated with microwaves under 800 W for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 min at a frequency of 2,450 MHz and oil was extracted with a press to investigate possibility of enhancing oil extraction yield by press, minor component content, and oxidative stability of the pressed oil. The results indicated that microwave pretreatment of rapeseed could increase the oil extraction yield, and both microwave time and initial moisture content of rapeseed had significant effects on the oil extraction yield (p?<?0.001). Total tocopherol content in the oil extracted by press first increased and then decreased depending on the period of microwave radiation (p?<?0.001), and the initial moisture content had no significant effect on the tocopherol content (p?>?0.05). Phytosterol and polyphenol contents increased with increasing microwave time and with decreasing initial moisture content of rapeseeds (p?<?0.001). An F test revealed there were significant interactions between the effects of microwave time and initial moisture content on both polyphenol content and oil extraction yield. The oxidative stability of oil were improved with increasing microwave time and decreasing initial moisture content (p?<?0.001), and there were significant positive correlations with total polyphenol and phytosterol contents. Therefore, it is advisable to treat rapeseeds with low initial moisture content by microwaves prior to oil extraction by press because it results in a relatively good oil extraction yield by cold press, with a high amount of phenolic, tocopherol, and phytosterol. Microwave pretreatment had a positive effect on oxidative oil stability in comparison to the untreated oil.     

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of phytosterol-enriched oil from Kalahari melon seeds

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction of oil from Kalahari melon seeds was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology was applied to model and optimize the extraction, namely pressure (200–400 bar), temperature (40–80 °C), and supercritical fluid flow rate (10–20 mL/min). Well-fitting models were successfully established for oil recovery (R ² = 0.9672) and phytosterol concentration (milligrams per 100 g; R ² = 0.8150) through multiple linear regressions with backward elimination. The effect of supercritical fluid flow rate was the most significant (P < 0.05) factor that affected oil recovery but this factor had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on phytosterol concentration. The optimal processing conditions for oil recovery and phytosterol concentration were pressure of 300 bar, temperature at 40 °C, and supercritical fluid flow rate of 12 mL/min. These optimal conditions yielded a 76.3% oil recovery and 836.5 mg/100 g of phytosterol concentration. The oil content in the Kalahari melon seeds as estimated by Soxhlet extraction was around 30.5/100 g. The phytosterol concentration in the oil extracted with SC-CO₂ extraction was 94% higher than that obtained with solvent extraction.     

Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content of oil from rapeseed

Demand for oil extracted by cold press, such as rapeseed oil, is increasing, but oil extraction yield, and nutraceuticals content are lower for cold pressed oil, compared with oil extracted by solvent. In this study, rapeseed was treated with microwaves, to investigate the possibility of enhancing oil extraction yield, oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content. Rapeseed was pretreated with microwaves for two different times (2 min and 4 min) and oil was then extracted with a press. To compare the results, oil was also extracted from untreated rapeseed by solvent and press. Results showed that solvent-extracted oil had the highest phytosterol content. Microwave pretreatment of rapeseed can increase the oil extraction yield (by 10%), phytosterols (by 15%) and tocopherols (by 55%) of the oil extracted by press. Oil extracted from untreated rapeseed by press had the lowest oxidative stability (1 h); this was increased to 8 h by pretreatment of rapeseed with microwaves. Therefore, from the obtained results, it is advisable to treat rapeseed with microwaves before extraction by oil press, because it gives a relatively good recovery of oil, with a high amount of nutraceuticals, and can produce oil with a longer shelf life and enhanced value.     

Pumpkin seed oil: a comprehensive review of extraction methods,nutritional constituents,and health benefits

Pumpkin seed oil (PSO), a rich source of nutrients, is extracted from the seeds of different pumpkin varieties for food and medicines. This article aims to provide an evidence-based review of the literature and to explore the extraction technologies, nutritional properties, and biological activity of PSO. From previous literature, PSO contains a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid as the main component, and an amount of tocopherol, phytosterol, and phenolic acids. Some differences in the yield, composition, and physicochemical properties of PSO can be associated with the pumpkin's cultivars and the extraction methods. Some novel technologies involved in supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction have been replacing the conventional technologies gradually as promising methods for the safe, non-polluting, and effective recovery of PSO. This healthy vegetable oil was reported by several in vitro and in vivo studies to have potential protective roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

燕麦油脂中甾醇和多酚的抗氧化活性研究

从燕麦油脂中提取纯化的多酚、甾醇为添加剂,用猪油作为试验油脂,在一定条件下测定它们在猪油中的抗氧化活性,并与TBHQ的抗氧化活性作对比,结果表明:燕麦油脂中甾醇、多酚类物质均具有良好的抗氧化作用,相同条件下多酚的抗氧化能力是甾醇的1.4倍,多酚与甾醇和TBHQ复配使用,使TBHQ抗氧化能力分别提高了9.4%和25%,并且两者与柠檬酸也具有较好的协同抗氧化效应。     

玉米胚芽油中微波辅助提取植物甾醇及其抗氧化性研究

以玉米胚芽油为原料,采用微波辅助提取植物甾醇,在单因素实验基础上,通过正交试验对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,微波辅助提取玉米胚芽油中植物甾醇,优化条件为:微波温度50℃、微波时间2.5 min、微波功率600 W,料液比1∶13 g/mL,此时植物甾醇提取率可达到8.305 mg/g。以正交优化工艺条件下提取的粗甾醇为原料,研究清除羟自由基(·OH)的能力来确定它的抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,玉米胚芽油中粗甾醇具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

超声辅助提取牡丹果皮中甾醇的工艺优化

本文研究了超声功率、液料比、超声时间对牡丹果皮中的甾醇提取效果的影响,并用三因素三水平正交实验对超声辅助提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明,牡丹果皮甾醇的最佳提取工艺条件组合为:超声功率为300 W,液料比30:1,提取时间60 min,该条件下的甾醇得率为0.495%±0.001%。与普通醇提法的甾醇得率(0.439%±0.004%)相比,超声处理能够显著(p<0.05)提高牡丹果皮的甾醇得率。     

水酶法制备栀子油的研究

本文研究了栀子超声辅助预萃取脱除栀子苷、栀子黄,残渣采用水酶法提取栀子油,初步实现了栀子综合利用。研究优化了栀子超声波辅助预处理工艺参数,比较了溶剂种类、浓度、料液比及超声时间对栀子苷、栀子黄萃取率的影响,探讨了纤维素酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶单酶水解及组合分步水解改善栀子油提取率。结果发现超声辅助60%异丙醇预萃取20 min 结合后续水酶法释放可实现86%~87%的栀子苷、栀子黄提取率,且预处理明显改善了后续水酶法制油过程的乳化程度。单一酶解可改善栀子清油产率,纤维素酶、蛋白酶组合两步水解进一步将栀子清油产率提高至15.96%。不同萃取方法获得的栀子油分析表明,水酶法栀子产率高于压榨法、超临界萃取法,与溶剂萃取法相当,但水酶法栀子油酸价、过氧化物值更低,并富含角鲨烯、生育酚、植物甾醇等功能性脂类伴随物,显示其具有更高的营养价值和安全品质。     

Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition,extraction methods,preservation conditions,potential health benefits,and safety

Almond oil, a rich source of macronutrients and micronutrients, is extracted for food flavorings and the cosmetics industry. In recent years, the need for high-quality and high-quantity production of almond oil for human consumption has been increased. The present review examines the chemical composition of almond oil, storage conditions, and clinical evidence supporting the health benefits of almond oil. From the reviewed studies, it appears that almond oil contains a significant proportion of poly and monounsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid as the main compound, and an important amount of tocopherol and phytosterol content. Some variations in almond oil composition can be found depending on the kernel's origin and the extraction system used. Some new technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical fluid extraction, and salt-assisted aqueous extraction have emerged as the most promising extraction techniques that allow eco-friendly and effective recovery of almond oil. This safe oil was reported by several clinical studies to have potential roles in cardiovascular risk management, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress reduction, neuroprotection, and many dermatologic and cosmetic applications. However, the anticarcinogenic and fertility benefits of almond oil have yet to be experimentally verified.