单晶高温合金气膜孔氧化损伤的薄壁效应研究

通过静态增重法对不同孔间基体尺寸的DD6单晶高温合金在1050 ℃的恒温氧化行为进行测定,并利用扫描电镜、能谱以及X射线衍射等对氧化产物进行分析。结果表明:含气膜孔的DD6单晶高温合金发生氧化损伤薄壁效应的临界尺寸为0.75 mm。由于电液束加工属于一种电化学腐蚀加工方法,在孔边的电解腐蚀层已渗入基体,并导致靠近基体最内层的Al₂O₃膜不完全连续致密,进而保护性变差,从而在孔边形成一定范围的氧化高速反应区。随着孔间基体尺寸的增大,高速反应区面积逐渐增大到最大值后不再变化,此后生长应力的作用成为主导因素,而生长应力的叠加效应随着孔间基体尺寸的增大逐渐减小,因此峰值点之后又呈下降趋势。     

基于磨粒流处理高涡工作叶片振动疲劳断裂损伤行为研究

高涡工作叶片在电火花和大功率飞秒激光制孔状态下孔边存在重熔层和棱状痕迹等缺陷,磨粒流可有效去除重熔层和改善孔边导圆。对通过磨粒流处理前后的模拟件和叶片的振动疲劳性能和断裂损伤行为进行对比研究,结果表明：叶片高温振动疲劳失效位于叶根一弯应力较大区,磨粒流处理前后并未改变结构应力。磨粒流处理后,叶片裂纹起源发生改变,由原来的气膜孔内壁入口侧角源和孔壁中部制孔缺陷小线源,转变为仅从气膜孔内壁入口侧角源,且孔边存在导圆,改善局部应力,提升叶片高周疲劳可靠性;磨粒流处理前后裂纹扩展方式相似,均为裂纹萌生后沿叶片厚度和叶宽方向斜向45°扩展,与单晶材料或板型试样振动疲劳扩展方式相同,之后沿着前缘、尾缘、加强筋多向扩展,扩展前期呈类解理特征,扩展中后期可见较宽的疲劳条带。     

第二代单晶高温合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了含0.34%Hf DD6单晶高温合金在760℃下的低周疲劳行为,对其疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展进行了分析。结果表明,含0.34%Hf DD6合金比含0.10%Hf的疲劳寿命稍有降低;其损伤以弹性损伤为主。疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面、亚表面或试样内部后,先沿垂直应力轴方向扩展,后沿{111}面扩展。其断裂机制为类解理断裂。断口上有典型的疲劳条带。断裂组织分析表明,位错主要在基体通道中扩展,变形后期切过γ'相,形成滑移带。     

喷丸对DD6单晶合金高温疲劳性能的影响

用陶瓷丸CZ50对DD6单晶高温合金(简称DD6单晶)进行喷丸,研究喷丸后DD6单晶的表面形貌和650℃旋转弯曲疲劳应力-寿命曲线的变化。结果表明:喷丸消除了加工刀痕,缓和了表面应力集中;DD6单晶喷丸后疲劳极限达到486MPa,比未喷丸的原始试样提高了19.7%。喷丸后试样疲劳源呈现小刻面状的原因是由于喷丸强化层内较大的位错密度,裂纹扩展方向在距疲劳源30～50μm处出现变化,延长了单晶高温合金的扩展寿命。     

第二代单晶高温合金高周疲劳行为研究

研究了[001]取向第二代单晶高温合金(DD6和DD5)在760和980℃条件下的高周疲劳行为,并对比分析了DD6与DD5合金的高周疲劳性能。结果表明:DD6合金高周疲劳性能优异,760和980℃条件下10~7 cyc疲劳极限分别为414和403 MPa;2种合金的高周疲劳断裂机制均为类解理断裂;应力幅较低时,位错以弓出和交滑移的方式在γ基体通道中滑移;应力幅升高时,出现位错对剪切γ'相。DD5合金C含量是DD6合金的8倍,使其碳化物含量远高于DD6合金,且二者碳化物形态存在显著差异;在DD5合金疲劳断裂过程中,碳化物既是二次裂纹的萌生位置,又是裂纹的扩展通道,显著加快了疲劳裂纹扩展速率,明显降低了合金的高周疲劳性能。     

DD6单晶高温合金低周疲劳断裂特征的研究

对DD6单晶高温合金在高温低周(980℃、760℃)及疲劳/蠕变交互作用的断裂特征进行了研究。结果表明:DD6单晶高温合金高温低周疲劳断口往往呈多源开裂特征,裂纹萌生于试样的表面或亚表面,疲劳裂纹在刚萌生时沿着一定的小平面进行扩展,扩展区主要由垂直于裂纹扩展方向的疲劳条带和河流花样组成,瞬断区为类解理台阶形貌,裂纹扩展初期断口基本与主应力方向垂直,随着疲劳裂纹的扩展,断口呈现与主应力约成45°的平面特征;低周疲劳/蠕变交互作用的断裂特征与相同应变条件下低周疲劳断口总体形貌相似,但也一些不同之处,如断口整体氧化严重、疲劳扩展区面积明显减小。     

镍基单晶合金高温低周疲劳微观损伤及断裂机制

通过开展低周疲劳试验,研究了镍基单晶高温合金DD6的疲劳微观损伤及断裂机制。结果表明:低温条件下DD6表现为起始硬化,饱和,然后软化至断裂,高温时试样则表现为起始软化。低应变下高温可降低单晶合金疲劳性能。低温下试样循环硬化程度比高温时高,高温下原子热激活行为降低了材料形变抗力。试样裂纹萌生位置有两种:一种在试样表面,另一种在晶体内部微孔处。裂纹扩展具有两个阶段:初始阶段扩展面非常平坦,仅有小量撕裂棱;扩展阶段则产生河流状花纹,扩展区内以疲劳辉纹形式扩展,最终进入瞬断区。     

第二代单晶高温合金DD6的高周疲劳行为

研究Hf含量为0.34%和0.10%Hf的第二代单晶高温合金DD6在700℃的高周疲劳行为:采用扫描电镜对疲劳裂纹的萌生与失效机制进行分析,采用透射电镜研究变形后的显微组织.结果表明:含0.34%Hf的DD6合金比含0.10%Hf的合金的疲劳寿命稍有降低;疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面、亚表面,沿{111}面扩展,而并不沿垂直应力轴方向扩展;断口上有典型的疲劳条带;Hf含量为0.34%和0.10%的DD6合金的高周疲劳断裂机制为类解理断裂.透射电镜分析表明,合金在循环变形中形成了不同形式的位错.     

先进镍基高温合金疲劳损伤的微观机制

通过对FGH96粉末高温合金、DZ125定向凝固高温合金、DD6单晶高温合金大量疲劳断口的断裂特征进行统计分析,研究了这3类镍基高温合金疲劳损伤的微观机制。结果表明,这3类合金疲劳断裂的宏观形貌有较大的区别,但由于这几类合金均为镍基面心立方晶体结构,因此其疲劳损伤断裂具有相同的微观演变规律和断裂机制,即:从疲劳裂纹的萌生至裂纹的快速扩展均是以滑移机制进行;疲劳扩展第1阶段均为类解理特征,疲劳扩展第2阶段为疲劳条带,快速扩展区呈现为滑移面、滑移台阶、韧窝特征。由于其组织和成形工艺的区别,其共同的特征表现的具体形貌有所区别。     

隔热挡板厚度对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

单晶凝固过程中隔热挡板的控制对温度梯度及温度场均匀性有重要影响,进而会影响到单晶凝固组织,因此需要对隔热挡板进行研究。采用第二代单晶高温合金DD6,研究了不同厚度隔热挡板对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,单晶凝固过程中温度梯度降低,但晶体生长方向与[001]偏离度变小。此外,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,DD6单晶高温合金一次枝晶间距增大,γ-γ′共晶含量和尺寸增加,枝晶干与枝晶间的铸态γ′尺寸略有增加,合金主要元素偏析加大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.