NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料定向凝固组织特性研究

采用定向凝固技术制备出两种不同成分的NiAl-Mo共晶复合材料,研究在不同抽拉速率下该合金的凝固组织特性.结果表明:46.59Ni-45.61Al-7.8Mo(at%,下同)合金在不同抽拉速率下都形成了亚共晶组织,初生的NiAl相呈树枝晶状,并且随着抽拉的进行,优先生长方向与热流方向不一致的枝晶被逐渐淘汰;随着抽拉速率的增加,NiAl相的枝晶间距也不断的减小.44.86Ni-46.3Al-9.01Mo合金在不同抽拉速率下皆形成以棒状Mo相镶嵌在NiAl基体中的共晶组织,随着抽拉速率的增加,Mo相的平均直径和平均棒间距有越来越小的趋势,在抽拉速率达到14 mm/h以上时,Mo相由连续的、排列均匀的棒状变为断续的、排列不均匀的棒状.     

定向凝固NiAl-9Mo共晶合金的凝固组织特性

采用液态金属冷却法在恒定温度梯度GL=334 K/cm,大生长速率范围内（2~300μm/s）对Ni-45.5Al-9Mo （摩尔分数,%）共晶合金进行定向凝固制备。研究生长速率（v）对纤维间距（λ）、纤维直径（d）和纤维体积分数的影响。在实验中发现平界面和胞界面两类共晶生长界面。在平界面和胞界面组织中,生长速率（v）与纤维间距（λ）和纤维直径（d）的关系经回归分析分别为：λv1/2=5.90μm·μm1/2·s1/2和 dv1/2=2.18μm·μm1/2·s1/2。Mo纤维的体积分数可在一定的范围内随生长速率进行调整,这是由生长过程中界面前沿过冷度的增加及共晶组织中各组成相的生长特性引起的。     

定向凝固过共晶合金Al-Al_2Cu的组织演化及取向分析

采用恒速及跃迁减速定向凝固方法制备了Al-40%Cu(质量分数)过共晶合金,对金属间化合物初生Al2Cu相的组织及取向演化进行了研究.结果表明,当定向凝固速率恒定为10μm/s,抽拉100 mm时,合金成分随着凝固距离的增大而减小,初生Al2Cu相枝晶由规则棱面V型转变为非棱面形貌,在抽拉距离80 mm附近消失,其生长方向由[110]方向转变为(121)晶面的法线方向;当定向凝固速率由10μm/s跃迁减速至2μm/s时,合金成分在变速界面后随着凝固距离的增大先增大后减少,初生Al2Cu相枝晶由规则棱面V型变为非棱面长条状形貌而后消失,其体积分数先增大后减少,Al2Cu相的生长方向由[110]方向转变为平行于热流方向的[001]方向.定向凝固恒速与跃迁变速下初生Al2Cu相枝晶生长机制存在异同,凝固工艺参数成为影响枝晶最终组织形态和生长方向的主要因素.     

NiAl基定向共晶合金的组织和压缩性能

采用具有高温度梯度的液态金属冷却工艺,制备Ni-33Al-28Cr-5.94Mo-0.05Hf-0.01Ho共晶合金.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)分析该合金的微观组织,用Gleeble1500测试合金室温压缩性能.研究表明:该工艺能够制备出较规则的定向组织;并细化NiAl/Cr(Mo)共晶层片,使NiAl/Cr(Mo)两相发生固溶度扩展,产生了有效的固溶及第二相强化;合金的室温压缩性能随抽拉速率的增加变化较小.     

定向凝固NiAl-32V亚共晶合金热稳定性研究

本文采用定向凝固技术制备NiAl-32V伪二元亚共晶合金,研究该合金在高温热处理后不同抽拉速率稳态区组织形貌,并分析其热稳定性及组织形貌变化规律。结果表明：该合金初生相组织在900℃(5~100h)组织热稳定性良好;NiAl相共晶层片均有粗化与球化现象,且热处理时间越久,粗化程度越大,球化现象越明显。不同温度(900℃、1000℃、1100℃)5h高温热处理后该合金初生相面积占比也略有变化,所有试样(抽拉速率V=6～150μm/s)NiAl共晶层片均有粗化与球化现象;随着热处理温度的增加,粗化和球化现象愈明显。     

熔体热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si合金组织和性能的影响(英文)

通过改变定向凝固前的保温时间,研究热稳定处理对定向凝固Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si(摩尔分数,%)合金组织和性能的影响。在稳定的温度梯度下(G=20K/mm),定向凝固启动前试样分别保温5、15、30、45和60min,然后试样以恒定的速度(v=30μm/s)进行定向凝固实验。测量定向凝固组织的一次枝晶间距(λ1)、二次枝晶间距(λ2)、层片间距(λL)和显微硬度(HV),并分析这些参数与热稳定处理时间(t)的关系。λ1、λ2和λL的值随着t的延长而增大,而HV则随着t的延长而减小。在定向凝固启动前,延长热稳定时间有助于获得良好的定向凝固组织,然而,过长的保温时间则会降低合金的力学性能。因此,需要优化定向凝固前的热稳定处理时间。根据实验结果,在当前实验条件下,定向凝固前热稳定处理时间选择30min,既能够获得良好的定向凝固组织,又能保持合金较高的力学性能。     

生长速率对定向凝固NiAl-43V过共晶合金组织演变和室温断裂韧性的影响

采用高温度梯度液态金属冷却技术(LMC)制备了Ni-28.5Al-43V(at%)过共晶合金,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和三点弯曲(3PB)测试对合金的组织演变和断裂韧性进行了研究。在温度梯度G_L=310 K/cm,生长速率V=6～150μm/s的实验条件下,NiAl-43V的凝固组织均为初生V枝晶+共晶组织(NiAl片层+V片层)。硬度测试表明初生V枝晶的硬度高于共晶相的硬度。断裂韧性测试表明NiAl-43V过共晶合金最大室温断裂韧性相比NiAl合金提高了4倍。随着生长速率的增大,室温断裂韧性从6μm/s的22.679 MPa·m~(1/2)逐渐下降到150μm/s的18.422 MPa·m~(1/2)。这是因为生长速率增大产生的细晶强化效应弱于初生V枝晶和胞间区域的增加对断裂韧性产生的不良影响。合金的断口形貌分析表明合金断裂为准解理断裂,在裂纹扩展中裂纹钝化、裂纹再形核、裂纹偏转、界面剥离、裂纹桥接和微裂纹键合韧化机制对提高NiAl-43V合金的室温断裂韧性做出了贡献。初生V枝晶的析出一定程度降低了合金的断裂韧性。     

Cr元素对熔炼Fe-B合金中Fe2B相性能的影响

金属间化合物Fe_2B除具有金属间化合物的共性外,还具有优良的耐熔锌腐蚀性能,但是它的本质脆性阻碍了它得到进一步的应用。因此,Fe_2B的韧化是很有研究价值的。通过熔炼Fe-8.8%B-n%Cr(n=0.3,0.5,1,2,3,4,5)的方法得到Fe_2B相,并进行了耐熔锌腐蚀试验及Fe_2B相断裂韧性的测量。结果表明,Cr的含量低于2%时对其耐熔锌腐蚀性能却影响不大;当Cr添加量在0.5%～3%范围内时Fe_2B相的断裂韧性明显提高。     

SHS复合管Al-Fe-Ni合金复层组织特征及性能分析

基于离心分离自蔓延技术，制备出了一种新型的形成AlFe0.23Ni0.77复合层的Fe-Al2O3金属复合管。研究分析了陶瓷层-金属间化合物复合层-金属基体接合的复层界面组织结构。结果表明，复合层与金属基体接合界面处的组织形态为细小的柱状晶交叉织构带。结晶初期，界面处液态金属依附于熔合区附近半熔化状态基体金属的晶粒表面，以细小的柱状晶的形态沿径向向钢管中心联生生长，形成牢固的冶金结合；层状过渡结构及树枝状交叉织构的特征组织，提高了陶瓷内衬结合强度，使复合管内衬层具有良好的力学性能。     

定向凝固Al-40%Cu共晶合金的组织特性

利用垂直Bridgman法结合液态金属冷却法在恒定的液相温度梯度(GL=250 K/cm),凝固速率由2μm/s到490μm/s之间对Al-40%Cu合金进行定向凝固实验。结果表明:Al-40%Cu合金在低速下组织为全耦合的片层共晶结构,但当速率增加时,合金组织中出现一定量的初生Al2Cu相,凝固速率对合金共晶片层间距的影响通过实验结果分析。在实验的定向凝固速率范围内,发现平界面和胞状界面生长的两种共晶界面形态,并且不管是在哪种共晶界面形态下,共晶层片间距和凝固速率的关系都符合函数关系:λ2ν=常数,利用JH模型计算得到常数C的值为12.85μm3/s。     

Microstructure evolution and room temperature fracture toughness of as-cast and directionally solidified novel NiAl-Cr(Fe) alloy

The microstructure evolution and room temperature fracture toughness of as-cast and directionally solidified NiAl-Cr(Fe) alloy were investigated using OM, SEM, EDS, DSC and three-point bending tests. From the as-cast microstructure and DSC result, NiAl-34Cr-4Fe (at.%) is a eutectic alloy which consists of eutectic cells in different sizes. The half-baked mesh-like structure is observed at the cell center, and the radial emanating thicker or longer Cr(Fe) phases embedded within NiAl matrix are observed near or at the cell boundary. In the directional solidification process, the solid-liquid interface morphology has an evolutionary process of planar to cellular, even dendritic interface with increasing the withdrawal rates, and the eutectic cell and the microstructure at the cell center refines gradually. From the transverse microstructure, the characteristic of eutectic cell is similar to that of eutectic cell in as-cast alloy. It can be seen from the longitudinal colony/cell center that the broken (short) Cr(Fe) rods are observed at 6 μm/s, and they evolve to granular Cr(Fe) phases when the withdrawal rate increases further. Moreover, regardless of vacuum induction melting (as-cast) and directional solidification, NiAl-34Cr-4Fe (at.%) eutectic alloy possesses a poor fracture toughness due to the inferior brittleness of both NiAl and Cr(Fe) phases. Meanwhile, the crack propagation and fracture surface are observed to better understand the fracture behavior.     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W, B, Y) alloys

Intermetallic Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-(W, B, Y) alloys were directionally solidified at constant growth rates (V) ranging from 10 to 400 μm/s under the temperature gradient G = 3.8 × 10³ K/m. Quenching was performed at the end of directional solidification (DS) experiments. Microstructure evolution was investigated by analyzing the microstructures formed at the quenching interfaces and in the DS regions. The primary dendritic arm spacing (λ) decreases with increasing growth rate according to the relationship λ ∝ V^−0.36. Both the width of columnar grain (λw) and the interlamellar spacing (λ_s) decrease with increasing growth rate according to the relationships λw∝V−1.13 and λ_s ∝ V^−0.32, respectively. Lamellar microstructure initially disappears from the dendrites at the growth rate of 100 μm/s and subsequently from the interdendritic regions when the growth rate is up to 200 μm/s. The B2 particles can precipitate in the interdendritic regions.     

Microstructure evolution of directionally solidified Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy

The directionally solidified microstructure of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy has been investigated at various solidification rates using a high-thermal gradient directional solidification apparatus. The results indicate that the solidification microstructure consists of hard primary intermetallic SnSb phase embedded in a matrix of soft peritectic ,8-Sn phase. The primary SnSb phase exhibits faceted growth with tetragonal or trigonal shapes. At the same time, the primary SnSb phase is refined with an increase in the solidification rate and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of,8-Sn phase. The volume fraction of the SnSb phase firstly decreases and then increases when the solidification rate increases in directional solidification of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy.     

Effects of Hf additions on high-temperature mechanical properties of a directionally solidified NiAl/Cr(Mo) eutectic alloy

In order to improve the high-temperature mechanical properties of NiAl/Cr(Mo) alloys, the effects of Hf additions on microstructure and mechanical properties were systemically examined. Two directionally solidified alloys with composition of Ni-32Al-28Cr-(6−x)Mo-xHf (x = 0.2 and 0.5 at.%, respectively), named as 0.2Hf and 0.5Hf hereafter, were prepared. The Hf additions disturbed the cellular structure. The 0.2Hf alloy consisted of dendritic structure, while the 0.5Hf alloy had an intercellular structure. In the 0.5Hf alloy, the Ni₂AlHf and Ni₁₆Hf₆Si₇ precipitates were also confirmed. The high-temperature strength and brittle-to-ductile transition temperature (BDTT) increased with increasing of Hf additions, due to the different strengthening mechanism. In contrast, the ductility and creep resistance decreased with increasing of Hf because of the disturbance of cellular structure.     

定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金的显微组织控制与力学性能(英文)

合金的片层组织。由于合金定向凝固过程中发生完全包晶转变,在枝晶固液生长界面条件下,即可获得片层方向与生长方向成0°或45°夹角的多孪晶合成晶体(PST)。在适当的生长条件下,当片层方向与生长方向平行的片层团在二次定向凝固过程中发生籽晶作用时,可以控制PST晶体内部的片层方向仅与生长方向平行。合金中低含量B的加入会导致非包晶α相的生长,从而不利于控制片层方向。定向凝固TiAl-Nb合金中存在较大的氧化钇颗粒与条状硼化物颗粒,导致其室温拉伸延伸率仅接近2%。     

热处理对定向凝固Nb-Ti-Si基合金组织及力学性能的影响

在熔体温度为2323 K,抽拉速率为100 μm/s的条件下对Nb-Ti-Si基超高温合金进行了有坩埚整体定向凝固 (DS),然后对定向凝固试样进行了两种不同工艺的热处理：即1723 K/50 h高温均匀化处理 (HT1) 和1623 K/50 h 1723 K/50 h 1373 K/50 h复合热处理 (HT2)。采用XRD,SEM和EDS等分析手段研究热处理对定向凝固合金微观组织及其力学性能的影响。结果表明,热处理后合金中大尺寸初生硅化物的体积分数下降,两种方式的热处理均能有效减轻甚至消除合金中的成分偏析。热处理后原DS试样中Nbss (Nb,X)5Si3共晶胞的边界完全消失。相比HT1处理,HT2处理后试样中硅化物的分布更加均匀。与DS试样相比,经HT2处理后试样的室温断裂韧性值增加了12.3% (约19.2 MPa?m1/2),且其拉伸强度增加了26.6% (最大值达到933.2MPa)。力学性能的改善主要归因于热处理后组织中 (Nb,X)5Si3颗粒弥散分布以及韧性Nbss相的形状、尺寸及含量均发生变化。     

定向凝固过共晶Nb-Si基合金的组织优化

采用液态金属冷却定向凝固炉制备Nb-16Si-24Ti-10Cr-2A1．2Hf合金,凝固速率分别为1．2、6、18、36、50mm／min,随后对定向凝固速率为50mm／min的合金进行（1400℃,10h）,（1450℃,10h）和（1500℃,10h）的热处理。研究了定向凝固速率和热处理温度对合金微观组织的影响。结果表明：合金的定向凝固组织主要由沿着试棒轴向生长的初生Nb5Si3相和耦合生长的Nbss／Nb5Si3共晶胞组成,在共晶胞边缘,有少量的Cr2Nb存在。横截面上共晶胞边界明显,随着凝固速率的增加,定向凝固组织明显细化,Nbss／Nb;Si,共晶胞形貌也发生变化。合金经过热处理,Nbss连成基体,部分CrENb相熔解,微观成分偏析减小。经过（1450℃,10h1热处理,实现了对过共晶Nb—Si基合金的组织优化。     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of as-cast,heat treated and directionally solidified Fe–15Al–10Nb alloys

Fe–15Al–10Nb (at.%) alloys containing Laves phase fibers embedded in a disordered α-(Fe,Al) matrix were investigated in as-cast, heat treated and directionally solidified condition. Microstructure consisted of either duplex structure of primary dendrites and eutectic (as-cast and heat treated) or fully eutectic structure (directionally solidified). Nanoindentation on the Laves phase fibers revealed their anisotropic features as well as the onset of dislocation plasticity. Compression testing showed the yield strength anomaly, which occurred in the 500–650 °C range. Directional solidified alloy exhibited the lowest strength fracture toughness whereas the as-cast alloy had the highest strength and fracture toughness. The value of stress exponent obtained from the strain rate dependence of the flow stress indicated that the dislocation climb mechanism dominated the creep process. Deformation mechanisms were also discussed and related to the microstructure evolution.     

Microstructure and microhardness of directionally solidified NiAl-W eutectic alloy

The microstructure and microhardness of directionally solidified NiAl-W eutectic alloys at growth rates of 2-25 μm·s^-1 were investigated by a Bridgman crystal growing facility at a temperature gradient of 300 K·cm^-1.In view of the competitive growth between W dendritic and eutectic phases,W dendritic phase was eliminated,whereas the fully eutectic phase was prominent in the steady progress of the directionally solidified NiAl-W eutectic alloys.As the growth rate(V) increase...     

Microstructure and creep properties of a near-eutectic directionally solidified multiphase Mo–Si–B alloy

Due to their excellent creep behavior and acceptable oxidation resistance at ultrahigh temperatures multiphase Mo-based alloys are potential candidates for applications in aerospace engines and the power generating industry. The resulting materials properties, as well as the microstructure of Mo–Si–B materials, strongly depend on the manufacturing process. In the following paper we report on a new Mo–Si–B alloy which was processed by crucible-free zone melting (ZM) from cold pressed elemental powders. SEM investigations of the zone molten microstructure showed well-aligned arrangements of a three-phase microstructure consisting of a Mo solid solution (Mo_SS), and the two intermetallic phases Mo₃Si and Mo₅SiB₂. First, high temperature mechanical properties, such as the compressive strength and creep strength at about 1100 °C, were evaluated and compared with a commonly used Ni-based superalloy and a PM processed Mo–Si–B material. In comparison to the PM processed reference alloy, the creep resistance of ZM materials was found to be substantially improved due to the relatively coarse directionally solidified microstructure. Thus, ZM alloys show great potential for applications at targeted application temperatures of around 1200–1300 °C.