Ti-1300合金的热变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机对Ti-1300近β钛合金进行了等温恒应变速率压缩试验.变形温度范围为:920～1010℃,应变速率范围为:0.01～10 s-1,最大变形量为80%.根据试验数据建立了Ti-1300合金高温热变形行为的流变应力模型,得出该合金的变形激活能为177.59 kJ/mol.结合样品的显微组织分析可知,该合金在低应变速率下发生了动态再结晶,且随着温度的升高,再结晶晶粒呈现长大的趋势:在高应变速率下以动态回复为主.结果表明,为获得细小的再结晶组织,Ti-1300钛合金宜在相变点以上50～150℃的温度范围内采用较低的变形速率进行锻造.     

Ti-43Al-9V-Y合金高温变形行为模拟研究

研究了高温环境下Ti-43Al-9V-Y合金的变形行为,并构建了材料的热加工图。结果表明,Ti-43Al-9V-Y合金在应变速率较高区域容易产生裂纹。温度为1 150℃、应变速率为0.01 s-1时发生相变。在高温低应变速率下有利于合金的热成形。     

Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe钛合金的高温流变行为与热加工图研究

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对温度范围为750～950℃、应变速率范围为0. 01～10 s~(-1)的多组Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe合金试样进行热压缩试验,利用得到的真应力-真应变曲线求解材料参数,建立了基于Arrhenius模型的本构方程,通过将所求本构方程计算出的流变应力与实测应力-应变曲线进行对比,验证了该方程的准确性;进而基于动态材料模型的加工图理论,分别绘制出应变为0. 1,0. 3,0. 5和0. 7时Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe钛合金的热加工图。结果显示:随着应变的增大,流变失稳区向中低温高应变速率区集中;在较小的应变量(0. 1～0. 3)时,安全区主要集中在中温低应变速率区(840～900℃,0. 4 s~(-1))和高温高应变速率区(910～950℃, 1 s~(-1));在较大应变量(0. 3～0. 7)时,安全区主要集中在低应变速率区(780～950℃,0. 3 s~(-1))和高温高应变速率区(910～950℃, 1 s~(-1))。因此,Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe钛合金高温变形时的安全热加工区域为:中温(840～900℃)低应变速率(0. 01～0. 3 s~(-1))区。     

基于热加工图研究粉末高温合金的热变形行为

利用热加工图分析了FGH4096粉末高温合金的热变形行为,评定了益加工区,预测了变形失稳区;结合热加工图与组织分析建立了此合金在真应变0.65下的微观变形机制示意图。不同应变量下获得的热加工图表现出一致的特征:从低温/低速区到高温/高速区存在明显的益加工带;而低温/高速区和高温/低速区则是被预测的变形失稳区。HIPedFGH4096合金的热加工性能直接受动态再结晶的影响:在低温/低速和高温/高速下发生的完全再结晶及其粗化过程均对应着高的能量耗散率,有利于合金的热加工;而在低温/高速下动态再结晶受到抑制,潜在着原始颗粒边界萌生裂纹而导致变形失稳的可能性。     

40Cr钢热变形行为及热加工图

为研究40Cr钢的热变形行为和热加工性能,在Gleeble1500型热模拟试验机上对40Cr钢进行了不同参数下的等温热压缩试验,建立了包含再结晶特征的40Cr钢高温流变应力模型,并绘制了其热加工图。结果表明,所建立的流动应力模型能够很好地预测40Cr钢不同热变形条件下的应力-应变曲线。观察了不同变形条件下热压缩试样的微观组织,发现失稳区域为不完全动态再结晶的“项链”组织,非失稳区域中耗散值较小区域和较大区域分别为平均晶粒尺寸为128.2和20.4μm的动态再结晶组织,验证了热加工图的可靠性。结合微观组织观察和热加工图分析,可以确定40Cr钢的最佳热加工区域为温度1050～1150℃、应变速率1～10 s^-1。     

GH742合金热变形行为与微观组织演化

在MTS热模拟实验机上采用等温压缩实验的方法研究了GH742合金热塑性变形行为,获得了合金在温度为950—1150℃、应变速率为0．001—1s^-1的热加工变形条件范围内的流变应力数据,并对合金变形过程中的组织演变过程进行了分析．结果表明,当合金在1075℃以上的单相区内变形时具有低的流变应力,合金的表观激活能接近晶界扩散激活能,变形行为受再结晶晶界迁移过程的控制,易于获得充分动态再结晶组织．在两相区内,GH742合金具有高的表观激活能,随着变形温度的下降和应变速率的增大,流变应力大幅度升高,同时动态再结晶过程受到抑制．在单相区与两相区交界温度范围内,流变应力出现台阶式突变,同时表观激活能大幅度升高,由于应变诱导析出γ’相抑制了再结晶晶界的迁移,再结晶晶粒直径随变形量的增加而大幅度减小,从而使微观组织得到有效的细化．     

25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr热变形行为研究

在Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机上对25Cr3Mo3NiNbZr进行热压缩试验,研究其在温度800～1250℃和应变速率为0. 01 s~(-1)～20 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大。根据材料动态模型,计算并分析了合金的热加工图,利用热加工图确定了热变形的流变失稳区,合金在热加工温度为1050～1150℃,应变速率为0. 01 s~(-1)时可加工性最优。     

Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金的高温塑性变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,探究了Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金在应变速率为0.1～10 s^-1、变形温度为1173～1323 K及最大变形量为60%条件下的高温塑性变形行为。探究了工艺参数对真应力-真应变曲线的影响,采用Arrhenuis模型构建了耦合应变的本构方程,基于动态材料模型及Babu流变失稳准则构建了热加工图。结果表明,Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金的流动应力随应变速率的减小及变形温度的增加呈下降并趋于平稳的趋势,且温度敏感性在低温区比高温区强。真应力-真应变曲线在变形温度1173～1273 K下的α+β相区呈现出动态再结晶特征,在变形温度为1323 K的β相区呈现出动态回复特征。建立的耦合应变的Arrhenuis本构方程具有较高的预测精度。利用Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si合金热加工图,确定了该合金最优塑性变形工艺参数为变形温度为1230～1323 K和应变速率为0.1～0.816 s^-1。     

Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温塑性变形行为及热加工图研究

本文以Ti-6Al-7Nb合金为研究对象,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟压缩试验机进行不同温度和应变速率压缩试验。分析了Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在变形温度1023 K、1073 K、1123 K、1173 K,应变速率为0.005 s-1、0.05 s-1、0.5 s-1、5 s-1和10 s-1,最大变形量为60%下的高温变形行为及热加工特性。结果表明：变形温度与应变速率对Ti-6Al-7Nb合金的流动应力影响较大,其中应变速率是影响加工硬化过程的主要因素。Ti-6Al-7Nb合金在发生热塑性变形时后的物相主要有：初生α相、片层状α相、次生α相、片层状β相以及发生球化的初生α相等。Arrhenius本构方程模型适用于低温低应变速率和高温高应变速率形变条件的Ti-6Al-7Nb合金高温变形。利用MATLAB构建计算确定了合金最佳塑性变形区间为：应变速率0.0067 s-1-0.1353 s-1和温度1100-1173 K,在该区间有可能获取Ti-6Al-7Nb合金最佳的塑性变形工艺参数。     

铸态Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金的热变形行为及加工图

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行高温压缩试验,研究了变形温度为1000～1100℃,初始应变速率为0.01～1 s-1的铸态Ti-6Al-4V-0.1B合金的变形行为。基于动态材料模型建立了加工图,并观察了变形组织。结果表明:该合金为热敏感和应力敏感型合金,热变形的最佳变形参数为1050～1100℃,应变速率在0.1～1 s-1之间。铸态大变形区组织为沿着变形方向拉长的原始β晶粒,晶粒组织内部出现针状马氏体,TiB相在变形的过程中出现折断,并沿着加工流线分布。     

Ti–4.5Al–6.5Mo–2Cr–2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金的高温变形行为

超高强韧钛合金是制造超规格航空结构件的骨干材料。通过热模拟压缩实验研究了Ti-4.5Al-6.5Mo-2Cr-2.6Nb-2Zr-1Sn钛合金高温变形行为,采用临界条件动力学模型建立高温下动态再结晶体积分数预测模型。本研究取得的阶段性成果将为超大尺寸、复杂形状的关键结构件的集成制造提供理论支撑。     

High-temperature deformation behavior of a beta Ti-3.0Al-3.5Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B alloy

The high-temperature deformation behavior of a beta Ti-3.0 Al-3.5 Cr-2.0 Fe-0.1 B alloy was investigated by a Gleeble-1500 D thermal simulator. The height reduction was 50%, corresponding to a true strain of 0.693. The strain rate ranging from 0.01 to 10.00 s^-1 and the deformation temperature ranging from 800 to 950 ℃ were considered.The flow stress and the apparent activation energy for deformation, along with the constitutive equation, were used to analyze the behavior of the Ti-3.0 Al-3.5 Cr-2.0 Fe-0.1 B alloy. The processing map was established. The effect of strain rate on the microstructure at 850 ℃ was evaluated.The flow stress-strain curves indicated that the peak flow stresses increased along with an increase in the strain rate and decreased as the deformation temperature increased.Based on the true stress-true strain curves, the constitutive equation was established and followed as the ε= 6.58×10¹⁰[sinh(0.0113σ)]^3.44exp(-245481.3/RT). The processing map exhibited the "unsafe" region at the strain rate of10 s^-1 and the temperature of 850 ℃,and the rest region was "safe". The deformation microstructure demonstrated that both dynamic recovery(DRV) and dynamic recrystallization(DRX) existed during deformation. At the lower strain rate of 0.01 s^-1, the main deformation mechanism was the DRV, and the DRX was the dominant deformation mechanism at the higher strain rate of 1.00 s^-1.     

Incoloy825合金热变形为与组织演变

通过热压缩实验,研究了Incoloy825合金在变形量为60％,温度为950~1150℃和应变速率0.001~1s-1范围内热变形行为。基于Arrhenius方程和Zener-Hollomon参数模型,建立该合金的本构方程模型。采用金相显微镜（OM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术研究了合金的组织演变规律。结果表明,随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低,DRX的百分含量增加。热变形过程中DRX既包括晶界弓起形核机制的不连续动态再结晶（DDRX）也包括渐进式亚晶旋转形核机制的连续动态再结晶（CDRX）。随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低DDRX增强而CDRX减弱。此外随着温度的升高或应变速率的降低,低角度晶界逐渐向高角度晶界转化。同时随机分布的Σ3孪晶界趋于均匀化,且对动态再结晶起促进作用。     

Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金热变形行为及加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为820-1060℃及应变速率为0.001-1s_-1参数范围内对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验。建立了该合金的高温变形本构方程,得到两相区和单相区的表面激活能分别为764.714 和126.936 kJ/mol。基于DMM和Prasad失稳准则建立了应变为0.4和0.7时的热加工图。分析加工图发现: Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金在840–1060 ℃,应变速率为0.001–0.1 s_-1,之间主要发生DRV/DRX,此区间变形时耗散率峰值51%分别出现在940℃/0.001s_-1和880℃/1s_-1,其变形后微观组织演变机制与热加工图匹配较好,当变形发生在820℃,较高应变速率(≥1s_-1)下该合金加工时易发生流变失稳现象。     

Hot deformation behavior of a near alpha titanium alloy with/without thermal hydrogen processing

The true stress-true strain curves of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy with hydrogen were obtained by hot compression test. The microstructures of the alloy before and after thermo-compression were observed. The apparent activation energies of deformation were calculated for the alloy with and without hydrogen. The behavior and mechanism of deformation for hydrogenated Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy at high temperature were analyzed. The relationship between hydrogenation time and hydrogen content at 800 ℃  can be expressed as the equation: C_H(t)=1.2-1.2exp(-t/120). The true stress-true strain curves of hot compression for Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy with hydrogen first move down and then move up as hydrogen content increases. Appropriate hydrogen content can reduce the peak of flow stress to minimal value. The apparent activation energies of deformation of the alloy with 0.47% hydrogen content and without hydrogen were calculated as 140 kJ•mol^-1 and 390,kJ•mol^-1, respectively, at 800   ℃ and at strain rate 8.3×10^-4 s^-1. The apparent activation energy of deformation increases when the strain rate enhances from 8.3×10^-4 s^-1 to 8.31×0^-2 s^-1.     

Characterization of the hot deformation behavior of a Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy using processing maps based on the Murty criterion

Isothermal compression testing of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was carried out at deformation temperatures between 940 and 1060 °C with strain rate between 0.001 and 10 s⁻¹, and a height reduction of 50%. The hot deformation behavior of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was characterized based on an analysis of the stress-strain behavior, kinetics and the processing map, for obtaining optimum processing windows and achieving desired microstructures during hot working. The constitutive equation was established, which described the flow stress as a function of the strain rate and deformation temperature. The apparent activation energies were calculated to be 788.77 kJ/mol in the α₂ + β/B2 + O phase region and 436.23 kJ/mol in the α₂ + B2 phase region, respectively. Based on Dynamic Material Model and the Murty instability criterion, the processing map for the Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was constructed for strain of 0.6. The map exhibits a stable domain for the temperature range of 940-1060 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s⁻¹ with two peaks in power dissipation of 51 and 56%, occurring at 940 °C/0.001 s⁻¹ and 1060 °C/0.001 s⁻¹, respectively. One is associated with lamellar globularization, and the other displays a phenomenon of recrystallization. Therefore, the desired processing condition of the Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy is 940 °C/0.001 s⁻¹ in the α₂ + β/B2 + O phase field. Moreover, the material also undergoes flow instabilities at strain rates higher than 1 s⁻¹. This instability domain exhibits flow localization and adiabatic shear bands which should be avoided during hot processing in order to obtain satisfactory properties.