多泥沙水库调节分析与运行方式研究——以陕西省黑河亭口水库为例

对于多泥沙河流,水库调水调沙不仅要考虑水量的变化,还要考虑不同时段泥沙冲淤引起的库容损失,协调好汛期排沙和蓄水的矛盾,才能使水库充分发挥兴利调节作用.根据黑河亭口水库水沙调节计算模型的选取,比较了水库不同运行方式对供水量和库容的影响,初步确定了合理地运行方式,较好地解决了水库兴利和排沙的矛盾,使水库长期有效的发挥较大的供水效益,为水库工程规模论证提供了依据,也是对多泥沙河流水库调节的进一步研究.     

西藏小水电站前池淤沙处理措施

就西藏引水式小水电站夏秋季普遍存在的前池泥沙淤积问题 ,提出了采用漏斗冲沙和管道排沙的工程措施 .冲沙漏斗的排沙流量占设计引水流量的 7%左右 ,是节水型的排沙设施 .对西藏农牧学院教学实习电站前池泥沙严重淤积的工程实例进行冲沙漏斗和排沙管道设计 ,同时也提出排沙设施的运行方式 .     

黄河沙坡头水利枢纽泥沙淤积特性试验研究

黄河沙坡头水利枢纽水头低、库容小、泥沙量大 ,泥沙问题突出。利用水文系列年泥沙模型试验揭示了枢纽泥沙淤积特性 ,如在弯道水流作用下坝前库区的泥沙淤积、河床电站进口淤积漏斗形状、电站排沙孔排沙效果以及电站尾水渠泥沙冲淤变化等。在模型设计中 ,着重考虑含沙水流宾汉切应力对水流挟沙能力的影响 ,并利用非恒定流的河床冲淤方程推求了冲淤时间比尺     

江新联围大洞口水闸通航孔水力冲沙试验研究

设计的大洞口水闸,其通航孔闸室水深、水流流速弱,闸室极易发生泥沙淤积,因此,通航孔水力冲沙的设计是大洞口水闸工程设计的重要一环。通过江新联围大洞口水闸通航孔水力冲沙试验,对原设计的水力冲沙方案的合理性进行论证,并对设计方案进行了修改,提出了冲淤效果较好的水力冲沙优化方案,该方案解决了本工程通航闸的深水水力冲淤难题,可为同类的工程设计提供参考。     

三门峡水库控制运用原型试验成效分析

利用实测的水文、泥沙、河道淤积分布、水库运用等资料,分析了控制运用原型试验期间黄河三门峡水库在不同来水来沙情况下的冲淤变化特性、回水影响范围以及潼关高程的冲淤变化规律等.结果表明:在库水位不超过318 m运用下,潼关河段基本处于自然河道状态,其冲淤变化主要取决于来水来沙条件;在汛期运用中,采用空库迎洪、洪水期敞泄排沙等...     

呼图壁河渠首工程水库泄空冲沙研究

对于多沙河流上水库的排沙方法,前人已有较多研究,但通过模型试验来模拟水库高淤积后的排沙研究较少。通过水工动床模型试验,对呼图壁河渠首拟建水库高淤积状态下的泄空冲沙进行了研究,根据冲淤前后的断面变化情况,对泄空冲沙过程中的溯源冲刷和沿程冲刷进行了分析,找出了泄空冲沙的规律及运用原则。通过对泥沙冲淤的数值分析,建立了溯源冲沙的概化图形,推导出了一套适合该水库的泄空冲沙公式。经验证,建立的泄空冲沙公式可以用于呼图壁河渠首工程水库排沙形态预测及排沙量的估算。     

曲线沉沙池在玛纳斯河引水枢纽中的应用研究

分析了新疆玛纳斯河红山嘴引水渠首曲线沉沙池50年来运行中发现的问题,介绍了沉沙池斜拉式平板闸门改为直立式平板闸门、冲沙廊道闸后增设通气孔、扩大廊道尺寸等改造措施。沉沙池的控制运用体现在流速控制、排沙方式的选择、排沙量控制等方面,从冲沙廊道开启顺序、冲沙廊道流量优化组合、闸前淤积高度限制等方面分析了沉沙池的控制运用条件和方式。     

圆中环沉沙排沙池特性研究

圆中环沉沙排沙池是新型二级水沙分离设施,采用物理模型试验方法研究中心出水环不同高度工况下的排沙特性及最大沉沙粒径。研究表明:圆中环利用倒锥底坡上的高速水流将沉沙汇入冲沙槽,保证了在小于设计流量运行时排出沉积泥沙。同时要求冲沙槽起点至冲沙廊道后有适当的落差,保证水流在冲沙槽内形成高速环流及强挟沙力将泥沙自动排入下游河道。在设计流量条件下,中心出水环不同高度工况处理的泥沙粒径范围为1~84 mm。相比中心出水环不加高工况,中心出水环加高9 cm,沉沙分布更均匀,有效沉沙体积及沉沙量增加,排沙时间稍有缩短,沉沙时间增加,排沙耗水率更小。圆中环依靠水力作用并以间歇排沙方式处理推移质泥沙,加高中心出水环可提高处理悬移质能力,减小排沙耗水率。     

大关水电站排沙方案探讨

大关水电站水库淤沙严重,水库拱坝下虽设有两孔排沙孔,但排沙效果差,已完全淤死,无法排沙。根据水库所处地理位置和周边环境提出用泥浆泵抽沙和把两孔排沙孔扩为1孔等5个排沙方案作比较探讨。     

三种壅水排沙经验公式计算瓦石峡水库泥沙冲淤

水库泥沙冲淤计算精准度直接影响到水库库容设计和调蓄运行管理,为了科学确定瓦石峡水库泥沙淤积情况,基于瓦石峡河泥沙和规划建设情况,在分析坝址断面输沙的基础上,分别采用数学模型法、中国水利水电科学研究院壅水排沙经验公式法、黄河设计有限公司水库壅水排沙方法对瓦石峡水库泥沙冲淤情况进行了计算,经过比选,选择数学模型计算成果。该研究为类似水库泥沙冲淤计算方法选择提供了借鉴。     

小浪底水库泥沙管道输送的阻力损失分析

阻力损失是管道水力输送的关键参数之一。本文基于小浪底水库的管道排沙试验,研究不同流速、粒径、浓度下管道输送的阻力损失,采用实测数据与已有模型对比分析的方法,选取拟合效果最好的模型。流速为2.08m/s时,阻力模型与费祥俊模型拟合最好,杜兰德模型次之。因此在试验参数确定中综合考虑费祥俊与杜兰德模型。在本次试验流量为620 m3/h(流速2.08 m/s)、含沙量为279 kg/m3(浓度10.53%)、中值粒径为0.0512 mm的参数组合下,管道排沙效果相对较好,月排沙量为4.15×104t;而基于本次试验条件,预测高浓度时的输沙情况,最佳输送参数应是流量620 m3/h(流速2.08 m/s)、含沙量为950 kg/m3(浓度35.85%)、中值粒径为0.0512 mm,月排沙量为14.14×104t。     

Inefficiency of storm water inlets as a source of urban floods.

The paper attempts to explain sources of surplus storm water runoff in urban areas, particularly in relation with functioning of inlets. Inlet capacity (quantity of captured water) and inlet efficiency (portion of the approaching flow rate) have been defined and their relationship with relevant parameters (approaching flow, longitudinal and lateral street slopes) was established through laboratory measurements. Effects of clogging of inlets on inlet capacity were also investigated in laboratory conditions. As a consequence of decreased inlet efficiency, there is a portion of approaching flow that is not captured by the inlet (pass-over flow). If the pass-over flow is considered along a street having numerous inlets, it is easy to estimate the quantity of flow that would accumulate on the pavement. Inlet inefficiency can be significant when overestimation of inlet capacity results in increased distance between consecutive inlets, and when clogging of grates or inadequate placing of inlets causes significant decrease in inlet capacity.     

长江下游过江隧道河段最大冲深数值模拟

隧道工程所在位置河床的最大冲刷深度是过江隧道方案设计的关键参数之一,合理确定最大冲刷深度能为保证工程安全和减少投资提供重要设计依据。在分析近年来河道演变特点和前人所做研究的基础上,以长江下游仪征水道世业洲河段拟建过江隧道为例,分析工程河段的来水来沙特点,采用二维水流泥沙数学模型对不同水文年条件下河段河床最大冲刷深度进行了研究。在验证模型水流和泥沙冲淤相似的前提下,确定了动床模拟的不利水沙系列为2007—2010年+1998年+300年一遇洪水流量过程,并结合地质勘测资料对模拟结果进行了合理预测。最终确定过江隧道断面河床左汊最大冲深为10.85 m,右汊最大冲深为8.87 m,该结果对拟建过江隧道工程而言偏于安全。     

卡拉贝利水利枢纽联合进水口进水塔群的布置及抗震设计

卡拉贝利水利枢纽进水口塔群设计面对高烈度地震频发、多泥沙、高水头运行等不利条件,通过对塔群设计遭遇的这些难题的分析认为,需从塔群布置、枢纽防沙、孔口尺寸和高程的确定及抗震设计等方面采取应对措施。因此提出了如下措施:设置高水头下的深式进水口,为确保水库运行安全,有条件时建议设置两条深孔泄洪洞;由于水库调节库容设计时已考虑水库运行50年泥沙淤积量,因此枢纽防沙主要是电站防沙,设计中通过抬高发电洞进口底板高程、前沿平齐布置等措施减少泥沙对机组磨损,同时制定合理的水沙调度方案使水库长期发挥效益;深式进水口各进口尺寸高程的确定需满足淹没深度、高水位泄洪、低水位排沙、导流度汛及放空等要求;综合分析考虑有限元和材料力学两种方法的计算结果,在回填混凝土顶面竖向应力较大处应增加竖向钢筋,以加强抗震措施。     

三峡工程上引航道低水位冲沙方案研究——水库不恒定流分析

本文利用一维不平衡输沙及不恒定流数学模型，针对三峡水库１－１３０年的各种淤积状态，研究了坝前水位降低２ｍ冲沙所引起的水库泄水和充水的不恒定流。文中首先给出了三峡水库１－１３０年淤积的计算结果。淤积成果与前人的研究成果基本一致。在此基础上分别给出了不同淤积年份中，坝前水位降低２ｍ冲沙和恢复正常水位需要的时间、排水量、下泄洪水过程、水库沿岸水位变幅以及对三峡发电水头的影响。研究表明三峡采取降低水位冲沙     

三峡水利枢纽上下游引航道冲沙措施研究

借鉴葛洲坝工程的成功经验,有必要采用“动水冲沙“的方法解决三峡枢纽运行至中后期上、下游引航道中的泥沙淤积量较大的问题。为论证冲沙设施布置合理与否及不同大小冲沙流量的冲沙效果等,在完成地下电厂方案的长系列水文年(31 2a至70 6a)淤积试验后对各种年型及冲沙引用流量进行了冲沙试验。冲沙试验成果表明:上下游引航道冲沙效果随冲沙流量增大而增大,下游水位降低对提高冲沙效果有一定成效,上下游引航道水流条件不同,冲沙效果下游往往受上游影响,根据非平衡输沙原理,同一冲沙流量条件下,上游冲沙量较大时,下游冲沙量会有所减少。     

Prolonged deposition of heavy metals in infiltration facilities and its possible threat to groundwater contamination.

A field investigation of infiltration facilities, built two decades ago in Tokyo, was carried out and sediment samples were collected from 12 infiltration inlets of three different locations. Heavy metals contents in the inlet sediment, road dusts and soils samples were analysed and compared. The particle size distribution analysis showed its variation in depth as well as from inlet to inlet. The nature of organic substances present in sediment found changes in particle sizes as well as in depth. The heavy metals content in the sediment samples ranged from 6-143 (Cr), 1-84 (Ni), 49-331 (Cu), 210-2186 (Zn) and 2-332 (Pb) microg/g. The heavy metal content ranges were similar to road dust, which indicated road dust as a possible source for sediment for the infiltration inlets. The lower heavy metals content in many sediment samples than the soil indicated possible release/desorption of heavy metals under newly created environments such as an anaerobic environment. Among the heavy metals there was a relatively good relationship between Cu and Zn, indicating the existence of their common sources.     

Flushing flow recommendations for maintenance of salmonid spawning gravels in a steep,regulated stream

A study was conducted to develop flushing flow recommendations for maintaining the quantity of salmonid spawning gravels in the North Fork of the Feather River, a regulated stream in California, U.S.A. This required the development of a technique which would prescribe flows to remove sediments from the gravels without removing the gravels themselves, which are in finite supply in the river. Field studies involved the use of a ‘two-point-are’ procedure which allowed depth, velocity, and substrate measurements to be concentrated over spawning gravels at each site. Measurements were repeated at each site at three different flows ranging from 1.7 to 11.3 m³ s^?1. The local velocity and depth measurements were used to evaluate hydraulic conditions within areas containing spawning gravels. Four flow levels were derived which would provide varying degrees of sediment transport and flushing; (1) surficial flushing of gravels; (2) mobilization of gravels; (3) surficial flushing of cobbles; and (4) mobilization of cobbles. Results of the study indicated a flushing flow of 56.6 m³ s^?1 occurring as a planned release or natural flow for from 1–3 days would be sufficient to transport sediment from spawning gravels. This flow was intermediate to levels which maximize surficial gravel flushing and levels which maximize surficial cobble flushing.     

Tradeoffs associated with sediment‐maintenance flushing flows: a simulation approach to exploring non‐inferior options

Sediment‐maintenance flushing flows designed to mimic the action of natural floods in removing the accumulated fine sediments from the channel and loosening the gravel bed have been increasingly proposed as an effective alternative in dam management and a required component of riverine restoration programmes. However, reservoir releases are generally associated with financial and environmental costs, thus it is highly desirable to specify flushing flows as accurately as possible. In this paper we present a simulation approach to evaluating flushing flows and exploring the tradeoffs associated with non‐inferior flushing options. A two‐fraction sediment routing model is used to simulate the gravel‐sand bed response to flushing flows. The results reveal that the sand cleansing effect propagates from upstream to downstream and from surface to subsurface. Under a steady gravel supply from upstream, an equilibrium state of gravel transport and bed degradation is eventually reached in the simulation reach. The flushing flow and sediment transport system investigated in this study involves a transient state variable (bed sand content), a decision variable (flushing flow discharge), a flushing goal (ultimate bed sand content), and three outcomes to be minimized (flushing duration, released water volume, and total gravel loss). A series of numerical simulations are carried out with a range of flows and pre‐flushing bed sediment conditions. The results reveal that the flushing efficiency is higher for the larger flow. However, for flows greater than ～100 m³/s the flushing duration is less sensitive to the flow discharge, thus the system may be simplified as a bi‐objective one. The gravel loss and water volume are two conflicting outcomes within the non‐inferior flow region. Under a worse bed sediment condition, the feasible flushing options are constrained in a narrower range and also associated with higher costs. The tradeoffs between the conflicting outcomes are quantitatively displayed with the transformed feasible solutions in the objective space. We provide here a general and practical approach permitting a quantitative evaluation of the different flushing options that is appropriate to the level of data typically available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of modern marguerite-shaped inlets on hydraulic characteristics of swirling flow in shaft spillways

This study used model experiments to investigates hydraulic characteristics of flow at marguerite-shaped inlets with holes at the bottom of their lobes, known as modern marguerite-shaped inlets. This innovation reduces the swirling flow strength and improves the hydraulic performance of simple shaft spillways. Head–discharge relationships, flow circulation, threshold and critical submergence depths, and discharge coefficients are detailed for different flow regimes. The findings suggest that flow discharges through this type of inlet were approximately six, three, and two times greater than flow discharges through a simple shaft spillway, a circular piano key inlet, and a simple marguerite-shaped inlet, respectively. Increasing the outer length and height of inlets also uniformly distributed the flow around shaft spillways. The best hydraulic performance was observed in the inlets with an outer height of 1.25D and an outer length of 3.75D, where D is the diameter of the shaft spillway. Different equations, with high correlations and low errors, were derived to determine the threshold and critical submergence depths and the discharge coefficients for free and orifice flow regimes.