1,4-二硝胺基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑及其含能盐的合成、表征及性能

以自制的1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DADNP)为原料,经硝化反应合成了1,4-二硝胺基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNANP),DNANP与有机胺经中和、复分解等反应制备了12种有机含能盐,采用红外光谱、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR、元素分析及质谱等方法表征了目标物的结构;获得了DNANP·CH_3COOH的单晶并进行了晶体结构解析;采用DSC分析了DNANP及其含能盐的热性能。采用Gaussian 09程序的CBS-4M方法和Kamlet-Jacobs爆轰方程预估了目标化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,DNANP及其12种含能盐的热分解峰温度分别为133.28,176.66,178.45,155.52,156.90,144.78,160.86,155.60,159.05,198.90,158.10,173.06℃和157.41℃;其密度介于1.71～1.92 g·cm~(-3),爆速介于7.690～9.463 km·s~(-1),爆压介于25.9～41.8 GPa,表明,DNANP及其有机含能盐是一类性能较好的高能量密度材料。     

1,4-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑的合成

以吡唑为原料,经卤化、硝化反应合成出重要前体4-氯-3,5-二硝基吡唑(CDNP),然后胺化得到目标物1,4-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑(DADNP),收率58.0%。采用红外、质谱、核磁及元素分析表征了DADNP的结构。用差示扫描量热法研究了DADNP的热行为。研究了影响胺化和硝化反应的因素。结果表明,较佳的胺化反应条件为:胺化试剂为2,4,6-三甲基苯磺酰羟胺(MSH),室温,n(ADNP-NH~+_4)∶n(MSH)=1∶1.5,反应时间12 h。最佳硝化反应条件为:V(硫酸)∶V(硝酸)=2∶1,反应温度110~115℃,反应时间4 h,收率72.0%。DADNP的熔点为192℃,分解峰温度为247℃。     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑的合成工艺改进

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP),是一种新型氮杂环含能材料.以乙酰丙酮为原料,经环化、重氮化、双环构建、硝化、氧化、脱羧硝化等反应合成了DNPP,得率为1 3.3%,比文献值提高了4%.考察了一锅法制备中间体4-氨基-3,5-二甲基吡唑的合成工艺、硝化工艺和脱羧硝化工艺.     

3,5-二硝基吡唑合成研究

以3-硝基吡唑为原料,经过硝化、重排、氨气中和得到3,5-二硝基吡唑铵盐,然后酸化得到3,5-二硝基吡唑,用元素分析、红外、核磁共振及质谱对3,5-二硝基吡唑及中间体结构进行了表征;通过液相色谱(HPLC)、薄层色谱(TLC)跟踪确定重排最佳反应温度为147℃、时间为77h,转化率为96.5%;重排反应液中,采用通入氨气的新方法,直接得到二硝基吡唑铵盐固体,优化了后处理条件。     

1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑［4,3-c］并吡唑(TNPP)合成

吡唑并吡唑类含能材料由于其紧凑的结构具有密度高、热稳定性好的特点,目前已成为含能材料研究领域的热点之一[1-3]。1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(TNPP)是典型的吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑类富氮含能化合物,其氮含量为38.89%,理论密度为2.2 g.cm-3,计算爆速为9246 m.s-1。国外文献[1]     

3,4-二硝基吡唑纯度的高效液相色谱分析方法

为准确测定3,4-二硝基吡唑产品的纯度,建立了3,4-二硝基吡唑及其合成过程中可能存在的杂质(3-硝基吡唑、1,3-二硝基吡唑)的高效液相色谱分析方法。讨论了不同流动相体系、流动相比例、流速等条件对3,4-二硝基吡唑高效液相色谱分离效果的影响。采用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,得出最优的色谱条件为:Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),紫外检测波长260 nm,流动相为乙腈/0.1%乙酸水=35∶65(V/V),流速1.0 m L·min~(-1),柱温25℃,进样量10μL。在上述色谱条件下,3-硝基吡唑、3,4-二硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑的保留因子分别为0.41、1.20、1.52,3-硝基吡唑和3,4-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为9.42,3-硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为3.16。3,4-二硝基吡唑线性范围为5~500 mg·L~(-1),3-硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1),1,3-二硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1)。在此范围内,三种化合物的检测限分别为1.19,0.60,1.04 mg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差为1.39%~2.08%,加标回收率为95.29%~103.43%。     

3,4-二硝基吡唑合成与性能研究

以吡唑为原料,经N-硝化、热重排、C-硝化等反应合成了3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP).采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对其结构进行了鉴定;同时,改变加料方式的安全硝化工艺制备N-硝基吡唑,优化了C-硝化反应条件,确定C-硝化的最佳反应条件为反应温度55～60 ℃,3-硝基吡唑与硝酸摩尔比为1:2,反应时间1h,总收...     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)百克量合成及DNPP.H2O晶体结构

研究了3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)的百克量级合成工艺,总收率由9.3%提高到17.9%。采用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、元素分析、质谱等方法对中间体及DNPP的结构进行了表征。探讨了环化、还原“一锅法”反应机理及反应安全性;改进了重氮盐中间体的后处理方法: 采用冷冻结晶法代替萃取法,操作简单,避免大量使用有机溶剂,收率从77.0%提高到86.1%; 培养了DNPP·H₂O单晶,晶体结构分析表明,DNPP·H₂O为单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/c,晶体学参数为: a=0.3480(4) nm,b=1.4134(16) nm,c=0.9027(11) nm,α=90°,β=94.327(16)°,γ=90°,V=0.4427(9)nm³, Z=4,D_c=1.756g·cm-3,μ=0.164 mm-1,F(000)=240,R₁=0.0503,wR₂=0.1391。     

高能氧化剂ONPP的合成工艺优化

为了解决当前高能氧化剂1,4-双(三硝基甲基)-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(ONPP)合成工艺的低硝化收率以及使用剧毒物等问题,设计并开发了ONPP的新合成路线。将ONPP溶于乙酸乙酯,采用缓慢溶剂挥发法制备出ONPP的单晶,并对不同配方进行了能量估算。结果表明,在碱和相转移催化剂Bu₄NBr(TBAB)的参与下,3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)与溴丙酮反应,在吡唑环上引入2个丙酮基团,接着使用HNO₃/H₂SO₄/P₂O₅硝化体系对其进行硝化,合成得到了ONPP,两步总收率为31%。相较原工艺(两步总收率为10.4%),新工艺的产品收率提升了近3倍,且避免了剧毒物丁烯酮的使用,更适合放大化生产。单晶衍射结果为：ONPP的晶体为单斜晶系,P2₁/c空间群,晶体密度为1.983 g·cm^-3(293 K)。经过对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)(占比10%)、Al粉(占比20%)和氧化剂(占...     

3,4-二硝基吡唑的性能表征及应用

为了探究3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)替代TNT作为新型熔铸炸药载体的可行性,采用光学显微镜、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪、紫外可见分光光度计及DTA/TG热分析仪器对其结构进行了表征,利用氧弹量热仪、电测法分别测试了DNP爆热、爆速,并应用VLW程序计算了TNT/CL-20,DNP/CL-20混合炸药的爆轰参数。结果表明,DNP热分解过程主要分为吡唑环断裂和硝基脱环、自催化加速反应两个阶段,热分解表观活化能为131 k J·mol-1;DNP爆热、爆速分别为4326 k J·Kg~(-1)、7633 m·s~(-1),计算得出DNP/CL-20混合炸药爆轰性能明显优于TNT/CL-20混合炸药,当DNP/CL-20=2∶3(质量比)时,计算爆压为39.4 GPa,爆速为8961 m·s~(-1)。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.