Pinion tooth surface generation strategy of spiral bevel gears

Aviation spiral bevel gears are often generated by spiral generated modified(SGM) roll method.In this style,pinion tooth surface modified generation strategy has an important influence on the meshing and contact performances.For the optimal contact pattern and transmission error function,local synthesis is applied to obtain the machine-tool settings of pinion.For digitized machine,four tooth surface generation styles of pinion are proposed.For every style,tooth contact analysis(TCA) is applied to obtain contact pattern and transmission error function.For the difference between TCA transmission error function and design objective curve,the degree of symmetry and agreement are defined and the corresponding sub-objective functions are established.Linear weighted combination method is applied to get an equivalent objective function to evaluate the shape of transmission error function.The computer programs for the process above are developed to analyze the meshing performances of the four pinion tooth surface generation styles for a pair of aviation spiral bevel gears with 38/43 teeth numbers.The four analytical results are compared with each other and show that the incomplete modified roll is optimal for this gear pair.This study is an expansion to generation strategy of spiral bevel gears,and offers new alternatives to computer numerical control(CNC) manufacture of spiral bevel gears.     

Influence of tooth modifications on tooth contact in face-hobbed spiral bevel gears

In this study the influence of tooth modifications induced by machine tool setting and head-cutter profile variations on tooth contact characteristics in face-hobbed spiral bevel gears is investigated. The concept of face-hobbed spiral bevel gear generation by an imaginary generating crown gear is applied. The modifications of tooth surfaces are introduced into the teeth of both members. The lengthwise crowning of teeth is achieved by applying a slightly bigger radius of lengthwise tooth flank curvature of the crown gear generating the concave side of pinion/gear tooth-surfaces, and by the variation of machine tool settings in the generation of pinion/gear teeth. The ease-off in the tooth height direction of meshing tooth surfaces is achieved by applying a head-cutter whose profile consists of two circular arcs, instead of a straight-line. The method of tooth contact analysis applied determines the path of contact, the potential contact lines, the separations along these lines, and the transmission errors. A computer program implements the method. By using this program the influence of the variation of machine tool settings and of head-cutter geometry on tooth contact is investigated and discussed.     

弧齿锥齿轮的齿面主动设计及试验验证

齿面印痕和传动误差对齿轮传动的性能起着决定作用,根据齿面印痕的位置、方向及传动误差幅值的要求,在齿面上设计三个啮合点,通过对这三个啮合点的控制,达到对齿面啮合质量的全程控制。在此基础上,为了满足不同的加工要求,又提出按照给定的垂直轮位的值对齿面进行再设计,保证传动误差的幅值不变且接触迹线仅有较小的改变,为弧齿锥齿轮副设计提供了新的方法和途径。最后在磨齿机上加工了一对齿轮,通过印痕检测验证了本文设计方法的正确性。     

The meshing angular velocity and tangential contact force simulation for logarithmic spiral bevel gear based on Hertz elastic contact theory

To obtain the change tendency of output angular velocity and tangential contact force of a gear when the pinion under the step input during meshing of a new type of spiral bevel gear, which is a logarithmic spiral bevel gear, the tooth flank equation of logarithmic spiral bevel gear is deduced based on the formation mechanism of the tooth flank formation. A three-dimensional model of a pair of logarithmic spiral bevel gears whose number of teeth was 37:9, with modules being 4.5 mm, normal pressure angle being 20 degrees and spiral angle being 35 degrees were built and assembled. Based on Hertz elastic contact theory, the calculation formulas and parameters sets of contact force for conventional spiral bevel gear meshing simulation and logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing simulation were done. Consider the dynamic simulation about meshing angular velocity and tangential contact force for conventional spiral bevel gear meshing and logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing, respectively. Finally, by analyzing and comparing the simulation data, the results show that under the same input conditions, the fluctuation of the gear angular velocity and tangential contact force of logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing are smaller than the conventional spiral bevel gear. That is, the transmission stationary of logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing is superior to conventional spiral bevel gear.     

有误差的螺旋锥齿轮传动接触分析

以多体系统误差建模理论和齿轮啮合原理为基础,提出含有机床运动几何误差以及齿轮副安装误差的螺旋锥齿轮齿面接触分析(Error tooth contact analysis, ETCA)方法。以SGM法(大轮展成法加工,小轮变形法加工)加工的弧齿锥齿轮为例,通过ETCA分析,得到机床运动误差和安装误差对螺旋锥齿轮齿面加工质量影响的定量关系,对ETCA和TCA的结果进行对比分析,结果表明机床运动误差和安装误差对螺旋锥齿轮的齿面接触质量有较大的影响,为了通过齿面接触分析达到更准确的反调加工参数的目的,采用ETCA的分析结果指导加工参数反调更为合理。     

HFT准双曲面齿轮的齿根过渡曲面和干涉、根切检验

提出HFT法加工准曲面齿轮的齿根过渡曲面的解析表达，通过计算机数值仿真方法，生成了精确的轮齿模型，得到被切齿轮的实际齿高和根锥；并通过迭代循环设计，获得了既能保证设计齿高和根锥，又能保证设计要求和啮合质量的整套机床调整参数。进一步结合根切和齿顶干涉检验，建立了完整的几何设计、分析和仿真软件系统。     

螺旋锥齿轮齿面离散点空间坐标及法矢的计算

根据螺旋锥齿轮的切齿加工方法和齿轮啮合原理,运用矢量运算的方法建立了大轮成形法加工和小轮刀倾法加工的理论齿面方程并规划了齿面计算网格点区域.运用Visual Studi0 2008编程环境,编写了理论齿面各离散点空间坐标及法矢的计算软件,通过该软件可计算得到螺旋锥齿轮理论齿面各离散点在齿轮坐标系中的坐标值和单位法矢.将得到的理论齿面坐标点及法矢导入到三坐标测量机中进行测量获得各离散点的齿形误差,然后将获得该理论齿面坐标点及法矢的参数输入到CNC3906齿轮测量中心进行齿形误差测量,获得齿面上各离散点的齿形误差.将两组齿形误差测量数据进行对比分析,论证了所开发的计算软件的正确性,为螺旋锥齿轮齿面偏差的测量以及螺旋锥齿轮数字化闭环制造提供了正确的理论齿面数据.     

采用碟形砂轮的斜齿面齿轮磨齿技术研究

为了制造出高精度硬齿面斜齿面齿轮和获得抛物线传动误差并改善啮合性能,对采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形的斜齿面齿轮的磨齿方法进行了研究。设计了渐开线失配的碟形砂轮齿面,分析了碟形砂轮磨削斜齿面齿轮的展成原理,根据展成原理和用渐开线失配的碟形砂轮并改变砂轮的运动,推导出双向修形斜齿面齿轮的齿面方程。给出了双向修形斜齿面齿轮的齿面计算和接触分析实例,结果表明:理论齿面的最大齿面误差为5.98×10-4μm,采用碟形砂轮加工双向修形斜齿面齿轮的磨齿方法是可行的,获得了斜齿面齿轮抛物线传动误差,避免了边缘接触并改善了斜齿面齿轮的啮合性能。     

弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法切齿原理及齿面接触分析研究

弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法具有高效、可实现干切削的特点,是Gleason制弧齿锥齿轮的先进加工方法。为揭示双重螺旋法的切齿原理,以大轮成形法加工的弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法为研究对象,以啮合原理和微分几何学为基础,根据刀盘、机床、工件之间的运动位置关系,利用矢量法、基于齿面3个参考点建立切齿数学模型,推导机床调整参数的计算过程;然后,以齿槽中点作为参考点,修正弧齿锥齿轮副的齿坯几何参数;另外,以小轮产形面方程代替其共轭齿面方程,提出新的齿面失配设计新方法,与传统方法相比简化计算过程。以一对7×43的准双曲面齿轮副为例进行设计计算和切齿加工,齿面接触分析与滚动检查结果验证所提出的双重螺旋法切齿原理的正确性,并根据该切齿原理开发弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法的设计软件,为该方法在国内的推广提供理论基础与技术支撑。     

Research on global form deviations for spiral bevel gear based on latticed measurement

In order to improve the machining accuracy of spiral bevel gear,difference surface was adopted to characterize its global form deviations quantifiably and correct its deviations.The theoretical tooth s...     

接触变形与点啮合共轭齿廓传动性能预控

本文采用ＢＡＸＴＥＲ方法首次根据空间啮合原理和弹性力学理论考虑齿廓点接触区变形,它着重说明收缩齿制螺旋齿轮副弹性失配点啮合的性能和齿接触迹的予控。     

接触区域可控的弧齿锥齿轮齿面建模方法

首先建立格里森制螺旋锥齿轮齿面上齿线方向上一个曲线簇的曲线方程,再结合球面渐开线方程,构建表达螺旋锥齿轮齿面的网格状的曲面模型。在此模型的基础上,根据局部共轭原理,对小齿轮进行修齿计算,得到修齿后小齿轮齿面的曲面离散数据,以满足不完全共轭的啮合要求。将数据导入Pro／Engineer建立齿轮模型,并在Pro／Engineer中进行运动仿真对接触区域进行检验。上述方法简化了建模和修齿过程,并能够简便地调整接触点位置。     

高齿弧齿锥齿轮的承载啮合仿真和动态性能试验

研究了高齿弧齿锥齿轮和普通弧齿锥齿轮的加载接触过程，对比了二者在载荷作用下的齿面载荷分布、齿面加载接触印痕和承载传动误差，计算了齿根弯曲应力。在台架试验台上测定了高齿弧齿锥齿轮和普通弧齿锥齿轮的噪声和振动量，实验证明高齿弧齿锥齿轮齿面载荷分布合理，弯曲应力较小，具有较低的噪声和较好的动态特性。     

CONTACT DEFORMATION AND PRE-CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES OF POINT CONJUGATE GEAR

0 INTRODUCTIONSpiral bevel gear pair of reductive tooth systenl can hardly he machined to obtain the conjugate toothflank which can realize the theoretical line contact. Usually, the approximate system of ndsmatchedmeshing is adopted in this case. According to spatial meshing principle and theory of elastic mechanicsand taking contact defo~ion of tooth surface into consideration, a new approach tO control and improvethe qUality of toolh surface is offered in this paper.1 BASIC RELATI…     

Modelling, Implementation, and Manufacturing of Spiral Bevel Gears with Crown

The operational performance of gears in terms of smoothness, quietness, wear and life span is largely affected by how gear and pinion teeth make contact. To enhance the operational performance, a crown is often applied to a standard (nominal) gear tooth surface. Regardless of the presence of a crown, all the gears are machined by special types of machine tools, such as gear hobbers and shapers. This paper develops a tooth surface for a spiral bevel gear with a crown so that it can be machined by numerically controlled machine tools. Specifically, we derived: 1. A bi-parametric tooth surface model for a standard spiral bevel gear. 2. A crown model along the spiral curve direction. 3. A crown model along the involute curve direction. The developed algorithm was tested and implemented in a prototype software system called GearCAM. With the GearCAM system, a set of spiral bevel gear and pinion was machined using a 4-axis CNC milling machine to check the validity and effectiveness of the crowning method. Through various verifications, it is shown that the models developed for the standard and crown gears can be used as a means for design and verification of spiral bevel gears.     

弧齿锥齿轮小轮加工参数的分析与设计

在局部综合法的基础上提出了将小轮加工参数——垂直轮位作为一个自由设计变量，并控制其变化范围在机床调整范围内，由此计算其他调整参数。为了控制弧齿锥齿轮啮合的传动误差的幅值和齿面接触迹线为直线，结合齿接触分析方法采用改进的遗传算法对垂直轮位、传动比函数的一阶导数、小轮加工的二阶、三阶滚比等可控参数进行优化，从而保证小轮齿面与大轮齿面啮合时传动误差的幅值、对称度、接触迹线的直线度及方向满足预定的设计要求。     

弧齿锥齿轮数控加工主动控制方法研究

以弧齿锥齿轮数控加工原理为基础,阐述了齿面啮合需要满足的一阶接触条件和二阶接触条件,建立了以工件齿轮转角为参数,表示铣齿刀盘中心运动与工件齿轮旋转运动关系的切齿加工运动函数。将该运动函数运用于自主开发研制的弧齿锥齿轮数控铣齿机中,实现了对弧齿锥齿轮数控铣齿加工的主动控制。最后通过实例验证了这种控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

Computerized design of low-noise face-milled spiral bevel gears

An advanced design methodology is proposed for the face-milled spiral level gears with modified tooth surface geometry that provides a reduced level of noise and has a stabilized bearing contact. The approach is based on the local synthesis of the gear drive that provides the “best” machine-tool settings. The theoretical aspects of the local synthesis approach are based on the application of a predesigned parabolic function for absorption of undesirable transmission errors caused by misalignment and the direct relations between principal curvatures and directions for mating surfaces. The meshing and contact of the gear drive is synthesized and analyzed by a computer program. The generation of gears with the proposed geometry design can be accomplished with existing equipment. A numerical example that ilustrates the proposed theory is presented.     

螺旋锥齿轮数控加工中刀盘误差的补偿

在进行螺旋锥齿轮数控加工过程中,用直廓截形代替盘状铣刀刀刃理论截形所产生的偏差会影响螺旋锥齿轮齿面加工精度。针对该问题,分析了螺旋锥齿轮数控加工原理,并在此基础上建立了从刀刃到形成齿面的数学模型;依据空间啮合理论计算盘状铣刀刀刃实际截形,分析并建立了盘状铣刀刀盘半径偏差与齿面误差的关系;进一步推导出刀具实际截形误差的计算过程;最后根据螺旋锥齿轮的加工原理对刀具的误差进行了补偿计算,并对补偿结果进行了仿真实验验证,证明了该算法的可靠性。     

机床调整参数误差对螺旋锥齿轮齿面形状误差影响的研究

通过齿面点离散的方法,评判机床调整参数误差对螺旋锥齿轮齿面误差的影响程度,进一步分析齿面形状变化趋势,指出了由于齿面误差引起啮合区位置偏移,从而导致的不良啮合状态,为机床误差补偿及提高螺旋锥齿轮的制造精度提供了依据.