Chatter and dynamic cutting force prediction in high-speed ball end milling

Machine tool chatter is a serious problem which deteriorates surface quality of machined parts and increases tool wear, noise, and even causes tool failure. In the present paper, machine tool chatter has been studied and a stability lobe diagram (SLD) has been developed for a two degrees of freedom system to identify stable and unstable zones using zeroth order approximation method. A dynamic cutting force model has been modeled in tangential and radial directions using regenerative uncut chip thickness. Uncut chip thickness has been modeled using trochoidal path traced by the cutting edge of the tool. Dynamic cutting force coefficients have been determined based on the average force method. Several experiments have been performed at different feed rates and axial depths of cut to determine the dynamic cutting force coefficients and have been used for predicting SLD. Several other experiments have been performed to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed SLD. It is found that the proposed method is quite efficient in predicting the SLD. The cutting forces in stable and unstable cutting zone are in well agreement with the experimental cutting forces.     

Integration of cutting force control and chatter suppression control into automatic cutting feed adjustment system design

Abstract

This study designed an automatic cutting feed adjustment system for computer numerical control (CNC) turning machine tools, which integrate the operational characteristics of cutting force control and chatter suppression control to shorten the machining time and maintain the quality of workpieces. The setting of appropriate machining conditions (such as cutting feed, spindle speed and depth of cut) to consider both machining quality and efficiency often causes difficulties for machine tool operators. Therefore, this study uses cutting force control to design an automatic cutting feed adjustment method for cutting tools, and then, the chatter suppression control design is used to modify the cutting force command to suppress cutting chatter. The experimental results of the CNC turning machine tool show that the use of the cutting force control to adjust the cutting feed can shorten the machining time; however, the cutting chatter results in larger surface waviness on the workpiece surface. When the cutting force command is properly modified by actuating the chatter suppression control, the workpiece shows better surface roughness with prolonged machining time. Therefore, the cutting tests demonstrate that the proposed system is feasible for satisfying the machining requirements of the manufacturing processes of mechanical parts for high speed and high accuracy.     

Robust regenerative chatter stability in machine tools

The expeditious nature of manufacturing markets inspires advancements in the effectiveness, efficiency and precision of machining processes. Often, an unstable machining phenomenon, called regenerative chatter, limits the productivity and accuracies in machining operations. Since the 1950s, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on the prevention of chatter vibration in machining operations. In order to prevent regenerative chatter vibrations, the dynamics between the machine tool and workpiece are critical. Conventional regenerative chatter theories have been established based on the assumption that the system parameters in machining are constant. However, the dynamics and system parameters change due to high spindle speeds, tool geometries, orientation of the tool with respect to the rest of the machine, tool wear and non-uniform workpiece material properties. This paper provides a novel method, based on the robust stability theorem, to predict chatter-free regions for machining processes, by taking in account the unknown uncertainties and changing dynamics for machining. The effects of time-variant parameters on the stability are analyzed using the robust stability theorem. The experimental tests are performed to verify the stability of SDOF and MDOF milling systems. The uncertainties and changing dynamics are taken into account in order to accommodate the optimal selection of machining parameters, and the stability region is determined to achieve high productivity and accuracy through applications of the robust stability theorem.     

一种基于振动信号处理的颤振预报方案研究

针对切削过程中产生的颤振现象,通过对机床的在线监测,将采样出的振动加速度信号进行数据处理,提出一种以方差和互相关系数作为综合判据的方法来判别颤振是否发生,并在MATLAB环境下仿真证明该方法的可行性。     

基于MATLAB的高速铣削加工再生型颤振的建模与仿真

针对国内高速铣削加工工艺参数选择存在的问题,基于动态铣削力建模和颤振稳定域分析计算,以MATLAB为开发工具,得到了铣削加工再生型颤振仿真算法.通过模态锤击实验获得频响函数,利用Visio Basic软件设计了圆柱立铣刀动力学仿真系统,对整个加工系统的颤振稳定域图形进行仿真,为铣削加工切削参数选择和优化提供了理论依据.实验验证了该仿真算法的有效性和准确性,并在实际应用中取得了良好的效果.     

Prediction of cutting force for ball end mill in sculptured surface based on analytic model of CWE and ICCE

Abstract

The force prediction is the precondition of improving equipment utilization ratio and optimizing process for CNC machining. Cutter-workpiece engagement (CWE) and in-cut cutting edge (ICCE) are the keys. In this article, a new analytic method of CWE and ICCE is proposed for ball end milling of sculptured surface and the prediction model of milling force is established. The sculptured surface is discretized into a series of infinitesimal inclined planes corresponding to cutter location points. The geometry relationships of cutter axis, feed direction and inclined plane are defined parametrically. The boundary curves and the boundary inflection points of the CWE are obtained by intersecting spatial standard curved surfaces with rotation transformation of coordinate system. The effective intersection points of the CWE and the cutter edge curve in X_c-Y_ctwo-dimensional plane are the upper and lower boundary points of ICCE. Based on the instantaneous chip thickness considering arbitrary feed direction, the force prediction model for ball end mill of three-axis surface milling is established. Simulation and experiment show that CWE and ICCE calculated by analytic method are well consistent with those of solid method. The predicted cutting forces match well with the measurements both in magnitude and variation trend.     

Implementation of analytical boundary simulation method for cutting force prediction model in five-axis milling

A simulation system was developed that deals with cut geometry and machining forces when a toroidal cutter is used during semifinishing in five-axis milling. The cut geometry was calculated using an analytical method called analytical boundary simulation (ABS). ABS was implemented to calculate the cut geometry when the machining used an inclination angle and a screw angle. The effect of tool orientation on the cut geometry was analyzed. The accuracy of the proposed method was verified by comparing the cut lengths calculated using ABS with cuts obtained experimentally. The result indicated that the method was accurate. ABS was subsequently applied to support a cutting force prediction model. A validation test showed that there was a good agreement with the cutting force generated experimentally.     

Wash-out滤波器的切削颤振控制研究

研究应用Wash-out滤波器对正交切削过程中颤振的控制.首先,根据需要引入的Hopf分岔点来选择控制点,并在该点将原系统Jordan化.然后,对引入的Wash-out滤波器按Hopf分岔条件确定其线性增益和非线性增益,将系统的亚临界Hopf分岔控制为超临界Hopf分岔,削弱受控切削系统的颤振振幅.理论分析和数值模拟结果验证了该控制方法在切削颤振控制中的有效性.     

Three-dimensional process stability prediction of thin-walled workpiece in milling operation

High-speed machining of thin-walled workpiece is widely used in aerospace industry. To optimize the machining parameters in milling operations, the related process stability is required to be predicted. Compared to the existing two-dimensional (2D) milling stability model, a more completed three-dimensional (3D) regenerative process stability prediction model of thin-walled workpiece is presented based on the newly developed dynamic model. The efficiency and accuracy of the regenerative milling stability can be improved in the presented 3D model. The analysis procedure of the stability of flexible dynamic milling is developed in details. The 3D stability lobes are calculated according to the full discretization method and direct integration scheme. To verify the accuracy of presented 3D stability model, the thin-walled workpiece milling sound pressure signal and surface quality are determined in experiments.     

Measurement and simulation of regenerative chatter in diamond turning

In this work, the stability of outer diameter turning is explored to extend previous results from the orthogonal turning geometry. The work begins with a numerical approach to the determination of the stability limit using a nonlinear chip area model. A complete experimental verification follows for turning of 6061-T aluminum with single crystal, synthetic diamond tools. Although diamond-turning operations are not particularly susceptible to chatter, the cutting process is well understood, and experimental tests may be conveniently carried out. Recent work to define the specific cutting energy better at small depths of cut is incorporated. The results show qualitative differences from the orthogonal cutting geometry. The role of machine parameters and tool geometry is explored using the verified model.     

An analytical approach to cutting force prediction in milling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates

ABSTRACT

A prediction model of cutting force for milling multidirectional laminate of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites was developed in this article by using an analytical approach. In the predictive model, an equivalent uniform chip thickness was used in the case of orthogonal plane cutting, and the average specific cutting energy was taken as an empirical function of equivalent chip thickness and fiber orientation angle. The parameters in the model were determined by the experimental data. Then, the analytical model of cutting force prediction was validated by the experimental data of multidirectional CFRP laminates, which shows the good reliability of the model established. Furthermore, the cutting force component of flank contact force was correlated with the surface roughness of workpiece and the flank wear of tool in milling UD-CFRP composites. It was found that surface quality as well as flank wear has a co-incident varying trend with the flank contact force, as confirmed by the observations of the machined surfaces and tool wear at different fiber orientations. So, it can be known that low flank contact force be required to reduce surface damage and flank wear.     

微铣削再生颤振动力学建模及稳定性分析

再生颤振是制约微铣削加工效率和加工质量的主要因素.以微铣削加工为研究对象,建立了考虑再生效应的微铣削颤振系统动力学模型和颤振稳定域解析模型,通过模态实验获得机床-刀具系统的频响函数,在此基础上综合使用铣削稳定性判据进行数值分析,获得了颤振稳定域解析解.最后进行了颤振稳定性加工实验,实验结果与仿真结果吻合良好,验证了建立的微铣削颤振系统动力学模型和颤振稳定域解析模型的正确性.     

Three-dimensional chatter stability prediction of milling based on the linear and exponential cutting force model

Stability lobes are widely used to avoid chatter which restricts the machining quality and productivity. A lot of work has been done to predict the stability lobes fast and accurately. However, most of them are based on the linear force model, and the chatter stability limit is formulated as independent on the feed rate, which is inconsistent with the machining practice. By referencing with the zero-order solution, this paper investigates the chatter stability prediction based on the exponential force model. Focusing on the cutters with a lead angle (i.e., inserted face mill, the ball-end mill, and bull-nose end mill) where chatter is likely to be brought up in Z direction, the stability model is extended to three-dimensional. Taylor equation is utilized to linearize the exponential expressions when computing the directional coefficients in order to solve the stability limit analytically as the linear force model. Simulation results show that the exponential force model agrees with the measurements as well as the linear force model in the cutting force prediction, and it is able to demonstrate the feed rate effect on the stability limit. The stability limit is found to be increased as the feed rate increases, which is evidenced by the time domain simulation. Cutting tests are performed in the end to verify the stability model. The proposed model could be reduced to either X/Y dimensional or linear force model-based stability model by further simplifications.     

Analysis of cutting force coefficients in high-speed ball end milling at varying rotational speeds

In high-speed ball end milling, cutting forces influence machinability, dimensional accuracy, tool failure, tool deflection, machine tool chatter, vibration, etc. Thus, an accurate prediction of cutting forces before actual machining is essential for a good insight into the process to produce good quality machined parts. In this article, an attempt has been made to determine specific cutting force coefficients in ball end milling based on a linear mechanistic model at a higher range of rotational speeds. The force coefficients have been determined based on average cutting force. Cutting force in one revolution of the cutter was recorded to avoid the cutter run-out condition (radial). Milling experiments have been conducted on aluminum alloy of grade Al2014-T6 at different spindle speeds and feeds. Thus, the dependence of specific cutting force coefficients on cutting speeds has been studied and analyzed. It is found that specific cutting force coefficients change with change in rotational speed while keeping other cutting parameters unchanged. Hence, simulated cutting forces at higher range of rotational speed might have considerable errors if specific cutting force coefficients evaluated at lower rotational speed are used. The specific cutting force coefficients obtained analytically have been validated through experiments.     

基于切削力实时测量的弱刚性件加工变形控制

针对整体多框弱刚性件切削易变形之问题,提出了基于切削力实时测量的进给速度实时调整方法。根据铣削变形仿真数据建立了加工过程中进给速度、切削力与工件最大变形之间的非线性数值模型,并通过非线性求根算法求解最大变形和切削力约束下的进给速度最优解,并在开放式数控系统中开发了相应的控制模块。利用所开发的无线轴式测力装置和控制模块开展了铝合金薄壁框切削变形控制实验,结果说明数值模型预测精度在90%以上,实施进给速度优化功能优化后,切削力和工件最大变形分别降低23%和12.3%左右。实验结果表明,经过切削力实时约束和弱刚性件加工进给速度自适应调整,可将薄壁框件侧壁变形控制在规定范围内。     

Analysis of regenerative chatter suppression with adding the ultrasonic elliptical vibration on the cutting tool

A method is proposed to suppress regenerative chatter in turning operation, in which the ultrasonic elliptical vibration is added on the cutting tool. It results in the fact that the cutting tool is separated periodically from the chip and the workpiece, and the direction of the frictional force between the rake face of the cutting tool and the chip is reversed in each cycle of the ultrasonic elliptical vibration. The experimental investigations show that the regenerative chatter occurring in ordinary turning operation can be suppressed effectively by applying the ultrasonic elliptical vibration on the cutting tool. In order to clearify the reason of the regenerative chatter suppression, theoretical analysis and computer simulation are performed on turning with ultrasonic vibration. There is a good agreement among the experimental investigations, theoretical analysis and the computer simulation.     

直柄立铣刀切削稳定性的分析

在对直柄立铣刀切削时的受力、变形进行分析的基础上 ,阐述了影响直柄立铣刀稳定切削的因素。     

蜂窝复合材料超声切割力建模及工艺参数选择研究

针对Nomex蜂窝复合材料超声切割加工因缺乏系统化的理论指导以及工艺参数选择的盲目性而导致导致工件加工质量差的问题,对蜂窝复合材料直刃刀超声切割力以及工艺参数的选择进行了研究,基于刀具运动学特性分析建立了超声切割力与工艺参数的关系理论模型。基于该模型,研究了施加超声波振动能量后引起切割力变化情况,基于该模型,通过运用Matlab软件仿真分析,研究了工艺参数对超声切割力的影响规律。研究结果表明,与普通加工相比,采用超声复合切割蜂窝复合材料可以有效地降低切割力。刀尖角、刀刃面夹角对切割力的影响较为显著,其次是前倾角,刀具摆角对切割力的影响最小,该结果为工艺合理选择及进一步优化奠定了较好的理论基础。     

Unique regenerative chatter in wiper-turning operation with burnishing process Part 1: Prediction and analytical investigation of generation mechanism,critical stability,and characteristics

The purpose of this paper is to understand the generation mechanism and to propose an analytical model of a unique regenerative chatter with the burnishing process in wiper-turning operations. The authors have found a unique chatter when using wiper inserts, which cannot be explained by the existing chatter theory found in the literature. The authors believe that this occurs because of the burnishing process of the wiper insert, which is the only difference from ordinary turning. At first, the burnishing process, which accompanies wiper inserts, is explained, and the turning operation with this process and the well-known regenerative effect in the cutting process is discussed. Then, the stability of the turning process with the regenerative effects in the cutting and burnishing processes are investigated, and an analytical model is proposed to evaluate the critical stability. Finally, the stability analysis of this unique chatter is conducted, and its generation mechanism and characteristics are examined clearly.