滇杨叶片提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响

[目的]探讨滇杨叶片提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为的影响。[方法]在室内利用选择性产卵试验方法分别测定了新鲜及萎蔫滇杨叶片的5种质量浓度(375～6000 g/L)的二氯甲烷提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响。[结果]试验结果表明:不同质量浓度的新鲜滇杨叶片和萎蔫的滇杨叶片的二氯甲烷提取物均对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵具有显著的抑制作用。对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的抑制效果随浓度的升高而增强。     

Hydrogen bonding in aliphatic poly(amides)

Summary A great number of aliphatic poly (amides) was investigated by i.r. spectroscopy and density measurements. The relative integral intensity of the characteristic NH stretching vibration shows a quantitative dependence on the chemical composition of the respective poly (amide) and can be used for the identification of an unknown material. The density varies systematically with the concentration of the hydrogen bonds.     

One-pot synthesis and characterization of aliphatic poly(oxytetramethylene) ionene

One-pot synthesis of poly(oxytetramethylene) ionene (POI) composed of one dimethylammonium group in each repeating unit is described. POI was prepared by using the cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran, followed by the chain extension reaction of living poly(oxytetramethylene) (POTM) chain with N,N-dimethylaminotrimethylsilane. The weight average molecular weight of the ionene with bromide counter-anion (POI-Br) was 48,000 g/mol and the molecular weight of POTM between the ionic sites was ca. 2100. POI-Br showed polyelectrolyte behavior in polar solvent. The elastomeric film of POI-Br was prepared: its tensile strength at break and elongation at break were ca. 11 MPa and ca. 1900% at 19 °C, respectively. Small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis suggested the formation of microphase-separated structure for POI-Br film.     

脂肪族聚丁二酸丁二醇-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的制备及性能研究

采用熔融缩聚法以钛酸四丁酯为催化剂,使单体发生酯交换反应,成功制备了一系列以聚乙二醇(PEG)为亲水软段,以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为硬段的嵌段共聚物,采用1H-NMR确定了共聚物的结构组成;采用DSC、吸水性测试及水解降解试验对嵌段共聚物性能表征,结果表明共聚物中两种链段的含量与原料投料比一致,具有可调控性。由于PEG的引入,使共聚物结晶性下降,亲水性和降解性得到显著改善。     

Polyamides from 1,4-cyclohexanebis(ethylamine) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids

A homologous polyamide series of 1,4-cyclohexanebis(ethylamine) (CBEA) was prepared with C₆ to C₁₂ linear, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Polymer and fiber properties were found to be quite dependent upon the cis and trans structure of the cycloaliphatic ring. Polyamides based on trans-1,4-CBEA had higher melting and higher glass transition temperatures than their cis analogs. In addition, trans polyamides were quite crystalline, whereas the cis polymers were almost completely amorphous. The boiling water shrinkage, tenacity, and moisture regain of the fibers reflected the differences in molecular fit between the cis and trans polyamides.     

Variability in pheromone composition and periodicity of pheromone titer in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The ratios and quantities of the pheromone components, (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate (diene) and (E,Z,Z)-4,7.10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate (triene), in the glands of individual female potato tuberworm moths (Phthorimaea operculella) originating from the United States (California) and Japan (Nagoya) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Quantities of glandextracted pheromone components of Nagoya females fluctuated in a periodic fashion during the photoperiod. Maximal titers coincided with the onset of scotophase (and calling), then gradually declined to minimal levels soon after lights-on. The average daily pheromone quantities decreased significantly as females aged. Both populations exhibited considerable variation in the ratio of the two components. The proportions of triene in the blend ranged from 27% to 88% (triene –X = 56 ± 13% SD; CV = 23%) for California females and from 16% to 71% (42 ± 13%; CV = 31%) for Nagoya females. Nagoya females also stored significantly higher amounts of pheromone in their glands (8.6 ± 3.9 ng) than did California females (2.7 ± 1.4). The differences between the populations, while substantial, would probably not be sufficient to impart a barrier to panmixis, given the wide range of component ratios favored by the males.     

脂肪族醇的酸碱离解常数(pKa)的预测研究

酸碱离解常数(pKa)在理解受体与药物反应和药物如何选择辅料上起着重要的作用。因此,在药物前期的开发中,能有效地预测pKa值可很好地降低开发成本,降低资源消耗。本文通过运用定量构效关系的方法(QSAR)对脂肪醇的数据库展开研究,以进行pKa值的预测。一共选用了253种各类描述符,包含原子键的性质的描述符48个,分子整体描述符205个,其中重点描述符为原子键的性质类描述符。采取多元线性回归的方法对数据进行研究。该预测模型能取得较好的效果,可以应用于药物的前期开发中。     

Effects of frying oil composition on potato chip stability

Potato chips were fried in six canola (low-erucic acid rape-seed) oils under pilot-plant process settings that represented commercial conditions. Oil samples included an unmodified canola oil and oils with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding or hydrogenation. Chips were fried for a 2-d, 18-h cycle for each oil. Chips and oil were sampled periodically for sensory, gas-chromatographic volatiles and chemical analyses. Unmodified canola oil produced chips with lower flavor stability and oxidative stability than the other oils. The hydrogenated oil imparted a typical hydrogenation flavor to the chips that slightly affected overall quality. the modified canola oil (IMC 129) with the highest oleic acid level (78%) had the lowest content of total polar compounds and the lowest total volatile compounds at most of the storage times; however, the sensory quality of the potato chip was only fair. The potato chip with the best flavor stability was fried in a modified/blended oil (IMC 01-4.5/129) with 68% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and 3% linolenic acid.     

Volatile constituents of dog (Canis familiaris) and coyote (Canis latrans) anal sacs

The volatile organic compounds from the anal sac secretions of male and female dogs and coyotes were examined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Short chain (C₂–C₆) acids and trimethylamine were major constituents. Changes in the type and abundance of the volatiles were examined across state of estrus, species, and gender. No consistent difference in the pattern of volatiles was detected that was indicative of estrus state or gender. Dogs displayed larger amounts of all constituents. The anal sac secretions of a third carnivore, the cat, were examined to see if they contained trimethylamine: none was found.     

Isolation and identification of constituents of Jasminum auriculatum (Vahl) leaves

Jasminum auriculatum (Vahl) (family: Malvaceae) widely grown in India was analysed for its fatty acids and waxy constituents. Straight-chain hydrocarbons (C₂₀-C₃₄), fatty acids (C₁₄-C₂₃) and fatty alcohols (C₂₁-C₃₂) were found in the 95% aqueous ethanol extract of the leaves of the plant. Malvalic acid was the only cyclic acid identified. Hydrocarbons (C₂₉ and C₃₁), fatty acids (C₁₆, C₁₈, C_18:1, C_18:2, C_18:3 and C₂₂) and fatty alcohols (iso-C₂₆, C₂₈ and C₃₀) were the major components. Four polyalcohols, namely D-mannitol, xylitol, inositol and sorbitol, have also been found in the alcoholic extract of the leaves.     

Structure and properties of novel epoxy resins containing naphthalene units and aliphatic chains

Two novel epoxy resins; namely, R1 and R2 were synthesized and characterized. These two resins were isomers and both contained naphthalene units and two symmetric flexible aliphatic ester chains terminated by epoxy groups. To investigate the influence of different structural isomers on the performance of these epoxy resins, they were both cured with various curing agents which results in the choosing of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the optimized curing agent. The curing technical temperature was obtained from extrapolated plots of T–β curve at different heating rates. The kinetic parameters, the activation energy (E _a) and the reaction order (n) were deduced by Kissnger’s isoconversional method and Crane equation. The moisture absorption and mechanical and thermal properties of the cured epoxy resins were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the R1/DDM and R2/DDM epoxy resins displayed improved mechanical performance without significant decrease in their important inherent properties, e.g., temperature of glass transition (T _g), moisture absorption and thermal properties when compared with the corresponding commercial biphenyl-type epoxy resins. The average inter-segment distances in R1/DDM and R2/DDM systems were 4.46 and 4.88 Å, respectively, which were measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The result showed R1/DDM (1,5-di-substituted) was strongly hindered in comparison with R2/DDM (2,7-di-substituted) and E _a and T _g values of the R1/DDM were slightly higher than those of R2/DDM. Furthermore, mechanical properties and moisture absorption of the R1/DDM were lower than those of R2/DDM. Nevertheless, the position of the substituent only weakly affected the thermal properties and the reaction order (n).     

The synthesis and characterisation of some fluorinated aliphatic,aliphatic and aliphatic ether polycarbonates

The synthesis and characterisation of ten fluorinated aliphatic, aliphatic and aliphatic ether polycarbonates is described using polycondensation of the appropriate biscarbonates. The materials have been characterised by elemental and spectroscopic analysis, and their T_g values obtained and discussed.     

脂肪二酸类手性双(口恶)唑啉配体的合成进展

总结了近年来用于不对称催化的脂肪二酸类手性双噁唑啉配体的合成方法,该类配体可由丙二酸、乙二酸与丁二酸的酰氯和二酯或二元腈与相应的氨基醇反应得到。     

Fatty acid and product selectivities of potato tuber lipid acyl hydrolase in esterification reactions with glycerol in organic media

Fatty acid [FA; butanoic (C₄); octanoic (C₈); tetradecanoic (C₁₄); and cis-9,12-octadecadienoic (C_18:2) acids] reaction selectivity and the corresponding acyl profiles in differentially accumulating acylglycerol (AG) products (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols; MAG, DAG, TAG, respectively) were evaluated for Celite™-immobilized potato tuber lipid acyl hydrolase (LAH)-mediated esterification reactions in isooctane at 35°C and water activity of 0.19. The ordinal pattern of FA selectivities was C₈>C₁₄>C_18:2>C₄, and the AG products accumulating were α-MAG>DAG>β-MAG>TAG. A dimensionless expression for fatty acid partitioning coefficient (FAPC) was contrived to represent the partitioning patterns of specific FA into specific AG pools on the basis of an equivalent extent of FA reaction. These FAPC values indicated that preferential partitioning of FA was as follows: C₄ was preferentially partitioned into TAG, DAG, and β-MAG; C₈ was preferentially partitioned into DAG; C₁₄ was preferentially partitioned into α,β-MAG; C_18:2 was preferentially partitioned into α,β-MAG and TAG. These findings infer that the tendency for LAH-mediated esterifications to accumulate MAG is based, in part, on a constraint in reactivity of α-MAG of ≥10 acyl carbon groups to serve as acceptors for further esterification events. The general approach taken in this study may assist in identifying the discrete steps in assembling structured glycerides where different biocatalysts exhibit the greatest degree or control of reaction selectivity.     

Sterol composition inCoincya (Brassicaceae)

Sterol composition was determined for seed oils and leaf waxes in eleven taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Seed sterols ranged from 1.2 to 6.7%. The major components were sitosterol (42.6–54.6%), campesterol (20.4–33.2%), and brassicasterol (10.8–23.5%). In leaf waxes, the major free sterols were sitosterol (40.9–74.2%), campesterol (9.6–17.0%), and cholesterol (4.6–17.0%). In leaf wax esters, the major sterols were sitosterol (22.2–56.5%), cholesterol (7.3–32.8%), and campesterol (5.8–25.6%). An apparent substitution of brassicasterol in free sterols from the seeds by cholesterol in free sterols from the leaves was observed. There was an increase of cholesterol in sterols from leaf wax esters with respect to free sterols from leaves and seeds. InC. monensis subsp.nevadensis, the composition in sterols from leaf waxes may be an adaptation to low temperatures.     

Antioxidant effect of the constituents of susabinori (Porphyra yezoensis)

The antioxidant activities of several extracts from Susabinori (Porphyra yezoensis) were measured by the ferric thiocyanate method and the thiobarbituric acid method. The methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts, and the chloroform-soluble and water-soluble fractions from the chloroform-methanol extract exhibited higher activities than α-tocopherol. The hot water extract showed little activity. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the active extracts suggested the existence of several antioxidants. The activity of the chloroform soluble fraction was due to chlorophyll analogs. A strong antioxidant was isolated from the methanol extract, accompanied by several amino acids such as leucine and phenylalanine. This compound was identified as usujilene, a kind of mycosporine-glycine like amino acid.     

Mating stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents ofFannia femoralis (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae)

The cuticular lipids of male and femaleFannia femoralis were similar for recently emerged insects but soon began to develop chromatographic patterns characteristic of each sex. Mature females contained more C₃₁ and C₃₃ monoolefin in the cuticular lipid than males. Also, the double bonds in the monoolefins of the female lipid were situated predominantly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, while most of those from the males were centrally located in the molecule or at the ninth carbon.The female C₃₁ monoolefin stimulated copulation by the males, but more mating activity occurred when the saturated hydrocarbons present in the female cuticular lipids were added. The synthetic monoolefin most active as a mating stimulant pheromone was (Z)-11-hentriacontene, but the addition of female alkanes or of syntheticn-alkanes to (Z)-11-hentriacontene increased the activity of the synthetic pheromone.A portion of a dissertation intended for submission by the first author to the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree.Mention of a proprietary or commercial product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement of this product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Maryland.     

Mating stimulant pheromone and cuticular lipid constituents ofFannia pusio (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Chromatograms of the cuticular lipids washed from newly emerged male and femaleFannia pusio were nearly identical. By the time the flies were 1 day old, the chromatographic profiles for the sexes were different. Mature females contained more C₃₁- and C₃₃-hydrocarbons than the males. The double bonds of the female monoolefins were mostly at the eleventh and thirteenth carbons, but those of the males were predominantly at the ninth carbon. Most active in stimulating copulation by males were the unbranched monoolefins with 31 and 33 carbons from the females. When they were synthesized and tested, the most active compound was (Z)-11-hentriacontene.A portion of a dissertation intended for submission by the first author to the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree.Mention of a proprietary or commercial product in this paper does not constitute an endorsement of this product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Maryland.