点云特征型面的边界曲线拟合及曲面裁剪算法

点云特征型面边界曲线的拟合质量直接决定了对应曲面裁剪的质量。以机械零件点云模型为研究对象,针对点云分割型面的边界点识别、排序、拟合和曲面裁剪问题展开研究。基于场力法提取的边界点集,提出了基于最短距离法的边界点集排序和方向夹角阈值限定的边界点集去噪等预处理算法;采用局部二次多项式函数拟合估算边界点集曲率,提出了基于曲率突变点归属性判断的边界点集分段和拟合算法;通过控制点投影变换求取二维裁剪边界,提出了基于特征点集多边形凹凸性的二维边界曲线方向判断法。使用机械零件模型典型型面进行实验,验证了各阶段算法。该算法具有很好的适用性,可进一步扩展应用至复杂曲面边界裁剪。     

曲面修改在逆向工程中的应用研究

针对汽车A—class特征曲线高精度、高光顺性的基本要求,提出了基于控制顶点规范的Bezier曲面迭代微调方法,用曲面反算变换为NURBS曲面,经过基于最小弯曲能曲面修改以后,对进行外形优化。该法核心是控制顶点的微调计算和基于最小弯曲能曲面修改,实现对空间型值点的光顺拟合,实现迭代拟合过程的快速收敛,同时实现了曲面微调和曲面修改的自动化,使基于逆向工程得到的复杂曲面不仅满足精度要求,更可以进行美学设计。结合某汽车的A级曲面的点云数据实例,应用迭代微调有效地提高了生成CAD数据的效率和准确性。     

基于点云数据机载薄壁共形件曲面重构技术的研究

为在CAD/CAE/CAM中使用精确度和光顺性良好的机载薄壁共形件三维模型,提出了一种基于NURBS理论的机载薄壁共形件曲面拟合方法。首先利用基于特征点的斜率分割法对共形件点云数据进行精简,通过建立目标函数对边界点进行B样条曲线拟合,然后构建双三次Coons面作为基面并将点云数据向基面逼近,最后利用迭代优化得到曲面控制顶点,从而得到满足要求的曲面。分析结果表明:拟合后的曲面具有良好的精确度和光顺性。     

基于NURBS的自由曲面精确拟合方法研究

提出了一类卷曲模型的NURBS曲面建模新方法。借助提出的截面轮廓设计技术,构造了点云数据的系列截面轮廓线,并以蒙皮操作为基础得到了能反映点云基本几何特征的基面。应用参数校正技术,给出了一种合理且比较有效的基面参数化方法,并由此用加权最小二乘算法实现了基于迭代的NURBS曲面的精确拟合。实际的算例结果验证了方法的实用性及精确性,非常适于模具型腔建模。     

基于局部基面参数化的点云数据边界自动提取

提出了一种反求工程中基于局部基面参数化方法的点云数据边界特征的自动提取方法。首先选择合适的局部基面 ,然后用点云垂直投影于局部基面投影点的参数化代替空间点的参数化 ,二次参数曲面逼近点云 ,再利用曲面的微分特性估计点云数据的曲率值 ,求出曲率极值点 ,从中提取边界点。通过这些边界点可以进一步拟合边界曲线 ,达到对点云数据进行自动分片的目的。该方法具有较强的可操作性和实用性 ,对于反求工程的自动化和智能化研究具有实际意义     

基于支持向量机的点云曲面刀具路径规划

针对单值散乱点云曲面刀具路径规划问题,提出了一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的计算方法。在计算过程中,将点云数据向平面投影,得到二维点集。应用网格划分和边界网格内测量点高斯映射技术,提取平面区域内的边界特征点。用边界特征点定义点云曲面的实际加工区域,在此区域内规划平行等间距刀具路径。应用最小二乘支持向量机拟合点云数据,求得被加工曲面的连续表达模型,经此模型将二维刀具路径数据向三维空间映射,求出刀触点数据。将刀触点经法向偏置计算,求得刀位点。实例验证证明,该方法能较好地解决信息不完备散乱点云曲面刀具路径生成问题。      

裁剪B样条曲面重建算法研究

提出了具有不规则边界的裁剪B样条曲面重建方法。采用基准平面对数据点进行参数化，并建立以B样条曲面控制顶点为未知量的超定方程组；提出了基于有效点判别条件的孔洞识别算法，通过对孔洞区域的控制顶点施加顶点形状保持约束,确保方程组最小二乘解的存在；基于误差控制重构B样条曲面整体覆盖数据区域，通过边界线提取或曲面求交剪裁来重构裁剪曲面的边界。该方法具有符合设计意图、曲面在孔洞区域具有良好的形状一致性、曲面重构精度高等特点。     

反求工程技术在复杂曲面重构系统中的应用

论述了针对注塑零件复杂曲面的反求设计,提出运用CCD白光光栅非接触工业相机采集点云数据,将点云数据加载到Geometric软件中,利用NURBS曲面重构方法和插值算法,进行点云数据筛选,构造点云特征网格和曲面拟合,得到点云曲面的三维重构.实践证明,基于Geometric系统的NURBS曲面重构方法,在复杂曲面为原型实体重构的反求设计中具有理想的应用价值.     

自由曲面测量点云数据的建模方法研究

本文提出了一种散乱点云数据的建模新方法。通过对点云数据进行空间三维划分，实现了边界信息的高效提取。采用局部曲面拟合方式得到位于截平面上的有序数据，使得无序的散乱数据形成了有序的阵列数据，实现了NURBS曲面的精确拟合。实验证明，该方法非常适合卷曲类模型的自由曲面重构，在某零件的测量、建模和加工中已经得到了实际应用。     

基于B样条曲面的点云孔洞拟合填充

为了后续曲面重构的需要,针对有孔洞的点云数据,提出了一种孔洞拟合填充的自适应方法。由于孔洞与其周围离散点有一定的连续性,该算法首先从孔洞周围已有的点云数据中选取离散点,用新的参数化方法对得到的离散点参数化后,用最小二乘法进行自适应曲面拟合,对得到的拟合曲面通过迭代法逐步逼近优化,考虑曲率变化的影响在曲面上取点,实现了孔洞光滑填充。实例表明,改进的参数化方法使算法的复杂度减低,进一步迭代优化提高了曲面拟合精度,在面上取点时考虑了曲率变化,因此该方法可以应用于具有复杂曲面形状的点云中的孔洞填充。     

B-spline surface reconstruction and direct slicing from point clouds

The issue of surface reconstruction and slicing from point clouds has been receiving extensive attention recently. When using the B-spline surface fitting technique, the difficulty of parameterization exists. At the same time, for interfacing between reverse engineering and rapid prototyping, the point clouds are usually converted to an stereolithography (STL) model. This leads to a huge file size and requires expert modeling skills. The objective of this work is to establish a base surface parameterization and direct slicing strategy for scattered data based on a cross-sectional design technique. We first present a new method of directly extracting sectional contours from point clouds. Then, we create a base surface by skinning the primary boundary curves and interior sectional curves. Based on a good parameterization, the final surface is achieved with tight tolerance. Several practical examples have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method. It can be widely used in Number Control (NC) machining and rapid prototyping.     

A progressive point cloud simplification algorithm with preserved sharp edge data

Due to recent advances in high-speed 3D laser-scanning technologies, the set of dense points collected from the external boundary surface of a physical object, often referred to as the point cloud data, is emerging as a new representation format of 3D shapes. A typical point cloud data set contains millions of coordinate data points, and this leads to significant computational challenges for the subsequent data processing tasks in practical applications. This paper presents a new point cloud simplification algorithm to reduce the number of data points scanned from a mechanical part, in which the boundary surfaces often contain sharp edges. Because of the distinct feature represented by data points located on or near the sharp edges (edge points), these points should always be retained by the simplification process. The proposed algorithm thus identifies these edge points first and then progressively removes the least important data point until the specified data reduction ratio is reached. The quantification of a point’s importance is based on points in its neighborhood and corresponds to the point’s contribution to the representation of local surface geometry. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through the simplification results of several practical point cloud data sets.     

Updating 3D triangular mesh models based on locally added point clouds

In a manufacturing area, design changes for an original surface model are frequently required: for example, when the physical parts are modified or when the parts are partially manufactured from analogous shapes. In this case, an efficient surface updating method by locally adding scan data for the modified area is highly desirable. For this purpose, this paper presents a new procedure to update an initial model that is composed of combinatorial triangular facets based on a set of locally added point data. Nowadays, many people are using surface models that are represented by triangular facets in reverse engineering, since it is fast and easy to create the triangular meshes directly from large amounts of point data. The initial surface model is first created from the initial point set by tight cocone, which is a water-tight surface reconstructor; and then the point cloud data for the updates is locally added onto the initial model maintaining the same coordinate system. In order to update the initial model, the special region on the initial surface that needs to be updated is recognized through the detection of the overlapping area between the initial model and the boundary of the newly added point cloud. After that, the initial surface model is eventually updated to the final output by replacing the recognized region with the newly added point cloud. The proposed method has been implemented and tested with several examples. This algorithm will be practically useful to modify the surface model with physical part changes and free-form surface design.     

产品逆向装配建模技术研究与实践

在进行摩托车外形覆盖件产品的逆向设计时 ,由于传统的基于零件的逆向建模不能保证产品外形的连续、贴合和配合轮廓的一致性。本文提出了一种基于基准点和配合轮廓的装配建模方法并在实践中应用 ,使摩托车配合件达到了共线的设计要求。文章还对装配模型的误差进行了分析 ,提出了减少误差的措施。     

一种自由曲面点云边界的快速直接提取方法

点云边界不仅作为表达曲面的重要几何特征，而且作为求解曲面的定义域，对重建曲面模型的品质和精度起着重要的作用。本文以战斗机座舱盖玻璃罩外壳的点云数据为例论述了一种自由曲面点云数据的边界直接提取方法，该方法通过设定分隔截面和计算每个截面上边界点，然后连接各个边界点就得到曲面的边界。该方法不仅具有较高的运算效率，达到了系统的实时性要求，而且能够比较精确地表达曲面的边界特征。     

Hydrogen's interaction with hardened surface layers in lubricated frictional couples

The obtained results confirmed the influence of surface layer structure on the boundary layer durability of oil in concentrated contact. The advantageous effect of increased concentration of hydrogen in surface layer on the quality of lubrication as well as its significant contribution to tribological process was validated. The results of boundary friction for different structures of surface layer will be presented taking into consideration or not the influence of hydrogen on their durability. The experimental methods were based on the measurements of relative time when the short circuit was present in lubricated frictional nodes, chromatography and low-temperature diffraction measurements. The physico-chemical model of interaction between lubricant (oil base and motor oil) and hardened elements varied from chemical and structural point of view has been proposed. The model is based on the specific interactions of protons with aliphatic chains of lubricant.     

激光扫描数据重构曲面的优化技术研究

本文提出了一种利用激光扫描数据和曲面灰度图像重构曲面的方法和步骤 ,利用图像处理技术构造连续的 3D边界 ,采用最小二乘法拟合激光扫描数据构建参数化基曲面 ,通过对 3D边界曲线进行优化处理并作为约束条件 ,使实物反求过程中重构的曲面模型能真实地再现采样曲面的原貌