碱土金属氧化物催化裂解酸化油及动力学研究

以碱土金属氧化物(MgO、CaO和BaO)作为裂解催化剂,在实验室自制的3 L裂解反应釜中对酸化油进行裂解脱氧制备烃类燃油。结果显示:3种碱土金属氧化物催化裂解酸化油所得液体燃油产率为70%~80%,特别是CaO和MgO作为裂解催化剂能够有效地脱氧,能够在较低的温度下获得更多的液体燃油,同时燃油的酸值低于20 mg/g。以硬脂酸钡、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁为模型化合物研究废弃油脂裂解反应动力学,先进行热重分析,再利用分布活化能法对热重结果进行动力学参数计算,结果表明:硬脂酸钡、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁的裂解活化能依次降低,分别为268,204和127 kJ/mol。以上结果表明:用MgO催化裂解酸化油能够在较低温度下收集更多的液体燃油,从而在较低温度下实现废弃油脂的裂解转化,有效降低反应能耗。     

木块微波裂解及产物组成分析

使用2 450 MHz/12 kW微波裂解装置裂解木块并对不同裂解条件下气、液产物进行了分析.结果表明,木块微波裂解生成了极具价值的生物油、合成气等产品;裂解功率对液体产品收率及主要组分的种类产生影响;裂解温度对液态产品各组分相对含量及气态产品的成分构成产生影响.     

杭白菊浸膏热裂解产物的GC/MS分析

用热失重(TG)技术以及在线热裂解(Py)技术对杭白菊浸膏热裂解产物进行了研究。TG曲线显示主要失重区间在120~620℃,质量损失高达87%,选取了失重比较大的几个温度点(300、400、550、620℃)和800℃作为裂解温度,以气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)分析其在不同温度下的裂解产物,并对添加不同量杭白菊浸膏的中试卷烟进行了评吸。结果表明:300、400、550、620、800℃裂解温度下检测到的挥发性热裂解产物分别为20种、29种、28种、26种,21种;550℃下杭白菊裂解产物主要是醛类、酮类、酯类和呋喃类物质;550℃时开始出现有害物质,且有害物质的量随着温度的升高而提高;杭白菊浸膏能够显著改善卷烟抽吸品质,赋予卷烟一种特殊的自然风味。     

两种卷烟粘合剂热裂解产物研究

模拟卷烟燃烧条件,选择200℃到800℃之间的4个不同温度,在空气存在的条件下对VAE(聚醋酸乙烯)型和淀粉型的的两种卷烟粘合剂进行热裂解,热裂解产物用气相色谱-质谱联用方法检测。得出粘合剂在不同的温度下裂解产物不同;不同种类的粘合剂裂解产物不同;温度升高,能被检测的物质种类增多。在不同条件下,VAE型粘合剂的裂解产物主要以苯衍生物及多环烃(PAHs)为主;淀粉型的粘合剂裂解产物则主要以呋喃类化合物为主。     

皂脚废水的处理及利用

皂脚废水是油脂工业环境污染的主要物质之一。本文介绍了几种典型和最新的皂脚废水处理工艺,旨在有效提高皂脚废水的处理和利用水平,减轻环境污染。     

两种聚酯纤维的热裂解-气质联用定量分析方法

利用热裂解-气质联用仪(Py-GC/MS),分别对两种聚酯纤维——聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)的裂解规律进行研究。通过研究确定了PET和PBT的裂解温度为620℃。同时,探索了PBT的质量与PBT裂解产物的定量离子峰面积的线性关系,确定了以PBT定量离子的质荷比为203和54的峰面积之和做定量曲线,并最终建立了PBT-PET混纺面料产品中各组分的定量分析方法。     

次磺酰胺类硫化促进剂热裂解行为初探

采用热重分析法(TG)和裂解气质联用法(PGC-MS)对3种典型的次磺酰胺类橡胶硫化促进剂的热裂解行为进行初步研究。结果表明:在选定的分析条件下,TG法和PGC-MS法分析结果有一定的一致性;TG分析中,促进剂NS的质量损失初始温度、质量损失最快温度和质量损失终止温度均最低,促进剂CZ其次,促进剂DZ最高,促进剂CZ质量损失速率最大;PGC-MS分析中3种促进剂均可以检测到其原分子,小分子胺为区分3种次磺酰胺类硫化促进剂的主要标志物。     

五种卷烟纸助剂热裂解产物分析

对5种卷烟纸助剂在300,600,900℃的空气环境中进行热裂解,并对其裂解产物进行了对比分析。结果表明,5种卷烟纸助剂在不同温度条件下的主要裂解产物为醛酮、呋喃类、稠环芳烃类化合物。5种卷烟纸助剂的裂解产物种类也存在一定差异:柠檬酸镁、柠檬酸钙和柠檬酸锌在600℃和900℃条件下产生刺激性很大的丙烯醛物质;柠檬酸钙在热解过程中产生有刺激性的乙酸;柠檬酸镁、柠檬酸锌在热解过程中产生杂环类香味物质。     

米糠酸化油中不皂化物、脂肪酸和磷脂的成分分析

建立一种用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)与超临界CO2萃取结合的方法分析米糠酸化油中的不皂化物(角鲨烯、甾醇和脂肪醇)。分别以角鲨烯、甾醇、十六醇标准品为外标物,用外标标准曲线法测定角鲨烯、甾醇、脂肪醇的含量。结果表明,米糠酸化油中含有角鲨烯的质量分数为0.11%,甾醇的质量分数为1.16%,脂肪醇的质量分数为2.21%。同时,用气相色谱法对油中脂肪酸进行测定,以油酸甲酯作为参比物,十二烷作为内标物,用内标法测得脂肪酸质量分数为75.0%。油中磷脂的质量分数的测定采用灰化法和甲醇-冰乙酸萃取法,测得磷脂的质量分数为0.33%。     

Anaerobic treatment of acidified and non‐acidified substrata in UASB reactors

The selection of a suitable sludge which will be the inoculum of the reactor is the first step in the start‐up procedure of an anaerobic reactor. The sludge selected (inoculum) for this study was obtained from a UASB (Up‐flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed) reactor used for the treatment of alcohol industry wastewaters. The industrial sludge was used in this work as the inoculum of two laboratory‐scale UASB anaerobic reactors, which were fed with different substrata. The feed for the first reactor was acidified substratum (volatile fatty acid) and the second reactor was fed with non‐acidified substratum (glucose). The purpose of this work was to study the effect of both substrata in regular operation and to analyse the flotation problem which arises when the reactor is fed with a non‐acidified substratum. Finally, the characteristics of the adapted sludge were studied and they were compared with the initial inolucum (sludge). The following observations were noted in relation to the evolution of the sludge during operation: density, TSS content and C, H and N contents remained similar, but the particle size and VSS/TSS increased. The settling volume index decreased and methanogenic and acidogenic activities increased during operation in both reactors. The reactor fed with volatile fatty acids was able to recover from unstable periods faster than the reactor fed with a non‐acidified substratum. The use of an acidified substratum avoided flotation, stabilised the system and reduced the solid content in the effluent. Moreover, it worked properly with partially acidified influents meaning a reduction in the chemical reactive expense required to control acid pH‐value throughout operation. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pyrolysis shaker reactor for the production of biochar

Intermediate pyrolysis reactors are preferred for processes focused on the production of high-quality biochar. The main types are rotary drums, augers, and moving beds agitated with either grates or paddles. These reactors are usually operated in continuous mode, and are designed to provide a pure, homogeneous biochar product by ensuring near plug flow of the reacting particles. There is a need for laboratory reactors that can provide enough biochar for testing in applications such as soil amendment, fillers for concrete or polymers, coke substitution, or pollutant capture. The pyrolysis shaker reactor (PSR) is a new laboratory reactor that is inexpensive, provides good mixing and temperature control, is easy to operate and allows for rapid turnaround between runs. It provides a homogeneous biochar product. Its use was demonstrated with digestate from the anaerobic digestion of food waste. The rapid and thorough testing program made possible with the PSR indicated that this digestate should be pyrolyzed at 250°C to maximize the release of mineral from the biochar to water, and at 400°C to minimize the release of minerals. Its biochar would require post-treatment to be applied as a substitute for activated carbon.     

PY/GC-MS法研究烟碱热裂解产物

用在线热裂解技术(PY)将烟碱于300、600、650、700、750、800和900℃裂解,用气质联用(GC-MS)对其裂解产物进行了定性和半定量分析,结果表明,烟碱可裂解为麦斯明、可替宁、二烯烟碱、吡啶、喹啉、异喹啉、苯和1,7-菲啰啉等20种物质。在600℃以下烟碱只有少量裂解,在800℃时烟碱完全裂解。在800℃和900℃裂解产物大致一样。根据主要的裂解产物和其相对峰面积百分比的变化,对烟碱的裂解机理进行了初步探讨,归纳为8条裂解途径。为烟碱在卷烟燃烧中的分解过程提供了参考。     

Biomass pyrolysis in a circulating fluid bed reactor for the production of fuels and chemicals

An approach for biomass flash pyrolysis in a circulating fluid bed (CFB) reactor with continuous solids regeneration is described in this study. The unit is capable of performing conventional and catalytic biomass pyrolysis with the proper solid selection. The production of improved quality liquid products in a direct step through catalytic pyrolysis is investigated in this work. Both conventional and catalytic biomass pyrolysis can be effectively performed in this CFB unit. Flash pyrolysis conditions were achieved and liquid product yields of ∼70 wt% (on biomass feed) were obtained. The effect of specific operating variables including the type of inorganic solid material and the solid/biomass ratio was established on the final liquid product quality and yield. Solid materials considered included silica sand, a commercial fluid catalytic cracking catalyst and a ZSM-5 additive. Catalytic biomass pyrolysis generally leads to the production of additional water, coke and gases compared to conventional pyrolysis. However, the obtained liquid product quality and composition is improved.     

煤裂解制取化学品的研究进展

煤裂解制取高附加值化学品是煤炭利用的一个新课题。围绕着如何提高总挥发性馏分和某些特定组分产率的核心,从煤的裂解技术、预处理煤的裂解、煤与其它物质的共裂解以及裂解反应器等方面综述了煤裂解技术的研究新进展,讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

催化热解调控热解产物的研究进展

综述了煤和生物质催化裂解技术对热解产物的影响作用,分析了不同催化剂对热解气体和煤焦油的催化效果,对热解产物催化裂解技术进行了分析,展望了未来煤催化裂解的研究重点。     

生物质热解制燃料油及化学品的工艺技术研究进展

从生物质热解制液体燃料油(生物油)的收率和品质两方面论述了生物质热解关键技术和热解制备液体燃料工艺。通过对比分析了传统的生物质快速热解关键技术———热解反应器、加料技术、气-固快速分离技术及热解蒸汽快速冷凝技术的研究现状、难点和不足,并提出了新型生物质快速热解关键技术———旋转筛板热解工艺。同时针对现行生物质热解制燃料油工艺存在的不足,对比分析了4种热解制取燃料油工艺,并提出了汽爆、固态发酵的生化转化与快速热解相结合制取液体燃料的方法。     

蒙脱石的催化生物质热解特性

以纤维素和橡树叶为研究对象,探索了蒙脱石催化作用下热解产物的变化规律及机理.结果表明:蒙脱石负载促进纤维素向β-消除路径转化,导致活化能增加、DTG(微商热重分析曲线)峰值温度升高和热解速率降低,而对橡树叶的热解过程影响较小;蒙脱石可催化热解液体的2次裂解,使液体产率降低,气体产率增加,而对固体产物产率的影响较小,其中...     

煤热解制焦油的工艺研究进展

煤热解是一种重要的煤炭分质利用技术,中低温热解焦油是制取液体燃料和化学品的重要原料。本文从对煤进行预处理、改变热解气氛、催化热解与催化加氢热解、煤与其它物质共热解、新型耦合热解工艺等方面综述了煤热解制焦油的工艺研究进展,探讨了影响煤热解过程焦油产率的因素及机理,并对各工艺进行了评价。     

溶剂热解法合成氰尿酸的研究

介绍了以工业尿素为原料,采用溶剂热解法合成氰尿酸的实验研究,探讨了有关因素,如硝酸盐催化剂、反应温度和时间、尿素／溶剂（ｇ／ｍｌ）比等对产品收率的影响,确定了较适宜的工艺条件。