重油热稳定性及其对油煤共加氢液化性能的影响

以长庆催化裂化重油(FCC)和催化裂解重油(DCC)两种重油及魏墙煤(WQ)为原料,通过重油热处理、加氢处理及油煤共液化,利用元素分析、红外光谱分析及热重分析等手段对产物结构组成进行了分析表征,考察了两种重油热稳定性及其对油煤共加氢液化性能的影响。结果表明：重油高温热稳定性较差,热处理后正己烷不溶物质量分数明显提高;FCC易于脱氢芳构化,DCC以极性组分缩合为主,催化加氢能够抑制FCC高温脱氢;以FeS+S为催化剂催化时,供氢溶剂四氢萘(THN)中WQ液化转化率显著高于非供氢溶剂甲苯中WQ液化转化率,440℃时THN溶剂中WQ转化率最高,达到71.2%;油煤共加氢液化时,FCC和DCC都可以不同程度促进WQ转化,两种溶剂中WQ共液化转化率最高分别达到80.3%(FCC,420℃)和83.5%(DCC,420℃),但是沥青烯(AS)和前沥青烯(PA)等重质产物收率高;重油热稳定性是影响油煤共液化及液化产物分布的重要因素,重油主要通过自身缩合以及与煤共液化产物作用形成重质产物;FCC/WQ共液化重质产物以AS为主,主要来自于FCC脱氢缩合;DCC/WQ共液化时DCC极性组分缩合形成以PA为...     

新疆淖毛湖煤加氢液化特性及液化产物中氢的分布规律

以新疆淖毛湖煤和四氢萘为原料,在2L高压釜中进行加氢液化实验,开展新疆淖毛湖煤直接液化过程调控研究,考查了温度、压力、时间及催化剂对氢耗、气产率、转化率、油产率和沥青类物质产率的影响规律,探讨了复杂多相体系液化产物中氢的分布规律,揭示了煤直接加氢液化反应与氢分布规律的内在联系.结果表明:在420℃,15MPa和60min的反应条件下,淖毛湖煤的转化率为94%,油产率为65%,是适宜直接液化的优良煤种;氢较均匀地分布在淖毛湖煤加氢液化的轻质产物(水、150℃馏分油、150℃～260℃馏分油和260℃～350℃馏分油)中,在350℃重质馏分油中分布最高,接近30%;氢在液化产物中的分布与加氢液化反应效果呈现出正相关特征.     

煤直接液化循环溶剂加氢稳定试验研究

在300 m L加氢试验装置上进行加氢稳定试验,考察了反应压力对煤直接液化循环溶剂性质的影响,并通过0.5 L高压釜煤液化试验,考察了煤在不同加氢深度循环溶剂中的液化效果。结果表明,随着溶剂加氢反应压力的升高,循环溶剂密度、黏度及氮含量递减,氢碳原子比及供氢指数递增,循环溶剂性质得到改善,供氢性能得到提高,从而促进煤的转化率和油收率提高。当加氢反应压力由12.5 MPa升至19.3 MPa时,煤的转化率从87.21%提高到88.40%,液化油收率从51.62%提高到55.58%。     

循环供氢溶剂在神华煤直接液化工艺中的应用

在神华煤直接液化工艺中,为达到理想的反应深度,煤直接液化反应需要供氢性能良好的循环供氢溶剂、氢气、煤粉及催化剂等原料。其中,经过预加氢处理后的循环溶剂,具有良好的供氢性能,使得煤直接液化反应条件温和。在煤直接液化过程中,溶剂起着溶解煤粒、溶胀分散、稳定自由基、提供和传递转移活性氢、稀释液化产物等作用。当前,提高循环供氢溶剂自身的供氢和传递氢能力是煤直接液化新技术开发的重点之一。     

煤炭直接液化溶剂的研究

讨论了煤炭直接液化过程中溶剂的特点、作用及质量要求,煤液化溶剂具有一般溶剂的功能,同时还具有良好的供氢和传递氢的功能特点,起到溶解、分隔煤裂解生成的自由基的作用,溶剂必须具有一定的分子结构和分子大小。初步讨论了表征煤液化循环溶剂供氢性的指标,指出普通溶剂如四氢萘和二氢萘等部分饱和的芳香化合物可直接用作煤液化溶剂,多环芳烃含量较高的煤焦油和石油系重质油,经过预加氢处理提高溶剂的供氢性后,可作为煤液化过程的起始溶剂或替代溶剂。     

神华上湾煤恒温阶段直接液化反应动力学

为考察神华上湾煤的直接液化性能及反应动力学,以加氢蒽油-洗油混合油作为溶剂、负载型FeOOH作为催化剂,在0.01 t·d^-1煤直接液化连续实验装置上考察了不同反应温度（435~465℃）、不同停留时间（7~110 min）下液化产品组成的演变规律。研究发现,随着煤的裂解及加氢反应的进行,煤及沥青类物质（PAA）收率不断减小,重质液化产物逐步向轻质液化产物转化。当反应温度为455℃、停留时间为90 min时,煤转化率为90.41%（质量分数（,油收率为61.28%（质量分数（。随着反应条件进一步苛刻,油收率下降。基于上湾煤直接液化反应特性及其产物收率变化规律建立了11集总煤直接液化反应动力学候选模型,以BFGS优化算法对实验数据搜索、选优,确定了动力学模型参数。检验结果表明所建立的动力学模型可用于恒温阶段直接液化行为的模拟计算。     

美国催化两段煤直接液化工艺技术

催化两段煤液化工艺(CTSL)是目前比较先进的煤直接液化工艺技术。煤液化的热溶解和加氢反应在分开又紧密相连的两个沸腾床反应器内同时进行,液化产物先用氢淬冷,重质油回收作溶剂,排出的固体物主要组成是未反应煤和灰渣。CTSL 工艺液化伊里诺斯洗精烟煤,C_4——402℃馏分油产率77.9％,同一段氢——煤工艺相比较,馏分油收率提高53％;氮、硫杂原子脱除率提高40～50％;煤液化油成本降低17％。列出液化原料煤8400t/dCTSL 液化工厂的初步设计结果。     

神华煤直接液化性能及固体酸催化可行性研究

利用微型压热釜考察了气氛、温度、氢气初压及煤溶剂比等工艺条件对神华煤直接液化转化率和产物分布的影响,结合神华煤的溶剂抽提性能和产物表征,系统地研究了神华煤加氢液化性能,并通过与FeS和FeS＋S等催化剂对比实验,初步探讨了SO2^2-／MxOy型固体酸催化煤加氢液化的可行性．结果表明,神华煤中以非共价键作用结合的小分子化合物含量较低,煤中的羟基主要位于大分子骨架结构中;神华煤具有良好的液化性能,400℃,煤／四氢萘比为1：2,SO4^2-／ZrO2为催化剂时最高转化率达到76．3％,气氛、初压、液化温度及煤溶剂比对液化转化率具有较大影响,较高温度及强的供氢体系有利于提高煤的转化率及油气产率．三种催化剂的催化活性顺序为：FeS〈FeS＋S〈SO4^2-／ZrO2,其中SO4^2-／ZrO2固体酸不仅具有良好的液化转化率,而且油气收率高,值得进一步研究开发．     

煤直接液化中溶剂的作用和种类

讨论了煤液化中溶剂的作用和种类,煤液化中溶剂的作用为溶解溶胀作用,稀释分散粒以及对煤热裂解生成的自由基的保护作用。并着重讨论了供氢溶剂的供氢作用和转移氢作用。溶剂的各类分为工业和研究中常用的普通混合溶剂,煤焦油,石油渣油等重质油溶剂和废塑料、废橡胶等废化学品溶剂,初步分析了它们的供氢作用和传递转移活性氢作用。     

神华上湾煤恒温阶段直接液化反应动力学

为考察神华上湾煤的直接液化性能及反应动力学,以加氢蒽油-洗油混合油作为溶剂、负载型FeOOH作为催化剂,在0.01 t·d~(-1)煤直接液化连续实验装置上考察了不同反应温度(435~465℃)、不同停留时间(7~110 min)下液化产品组成的演变规律。研究发现,随着煤的裂解及加氢反应的进行,煤及沥青类物质(PAA)收率不断减小,重质液化产物逐步向轻质液化产物转化。当反应温度为455℃、停留时间为90 min时,煤转化率为90.41%(质量分数),油收率为61.28%(质量分数)。随着反应条件进一步苛刻,油收率下降。基于上湾煤直接液化反应特性及其产物收率变化规律建立了11集总煤直接液化反应动力学候选模型,以BFGS优化算法对实验数据搜索、选优,确定了动力学模型参数。检验结果表明所建立的动力学模型可用于恒温阶段直接液化行为的模拟计算。     

Petroleum heavy oil mixtures as a source of hydrogen in the liquefaction of Cerrejon coal

Petroleum heavy oil and anthracene oil were used as hydrogen donor solvents in a coal liquefaction test. A positive synergistic effect was obtained when mixed (petroleum heavy oil; anthracene oil) solvent was employed. The temperature of maximum conversion was also lower for this mixed solvent than for any of the solvents alone. It is shown from the ¹ H n.m.r. spectral data that petroleum heavy oil acts as a hydrogen donor to anthracene oil resulting in hydroaromatic derivatives. These hydroaromatic species donate hydrogen to the coal fragments. The ¹ H n.m.r. spectral data allow monitoring of the temperature at which the petroleum heavy oils have maximum donor capacity and consequently the temperature for coal liquefaction in this process.     

Coal dissolution in high boiling process solvents

The liquefaction of a bituminous coal has been studied using distillate and non-distillable, coal-derived solvents. Different classes of solvent components can interact non-additively during reaction with coal to either promote or retard the process of coal dissolution. Above certain concentrations, polyfunctional compounds in heavy coal-derived liquids effect a measurable reduction in coal conversion and product selectivity by accentuating the degree of condensation reactions. Substantial removal of these compounds can be achieved by precipitation in a paraffinic solvent. Retrogressive reactions are reduced and positive synergistic interactions can be realized by the blending of heavy solvents with selected components, such as polycondensed aromatics, and with lower boiling, hydrogen-donor species.     

Co-processing of heavy oil with wood biomass using supercritical <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis>-xylene and <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecane solvents

Heavy oil was co-processed with wood biomass by using supercritical m-xylene and n-dodecane. The effects of the solvent, temperature, hydrogen, and catalyst on vacuum residue (VR) upgrading were evaluated using residue conversion, coke formation, and product distribution as performance parameters. VR was subjected to co-processing with microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose) or oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB), and the parameters were compared with those obtained from VR upgrading. Co-processing of VR/cellulose using a catalyst and hydrogen led to higher conversion (72.6 wt%) than co-processing of VR/EFB at 400 °C and the highest yield of light product (65.7 wt%). Using the Fe₃O₄ catalyst with H₂ for co-processing positively influenced generation of the light product fraction. VR upgrading and co-processing using supercritical solvents could eliminate a certain amount of sulfur compounds from heavy oil. Co-processing of wood biomass with petroleum feedstocks in existing oil refineries can reduce the capital costs of bulk treatment.     

Chemistry of solvents in coal liquefaction: Quantification of transferable hydrogen in coal-derived solvents

Hydrogen was evolved as hydrogen sulphide when coal-derived solvents for liquefaction were heated with sulphur (dehydrogenation method) and their naphthene contents were quantified by titration and ¹³C n.m.r. analysis to estimate the amount of transferable hydrogen from hydroaromatics present in the solvent. Examination of synthetic solvents consisting of model compounds confirmed the validity of both approaches. The content of transferable hydrogen, thus measured, in the various solvents correlated well with their liquefaction activities using Morwell brown coal. This suggests that the sufficient stabilization of radical fragments derived thermally from the coal at the initial stage of its liquefaction leads to high conversion. It was also shown that the dehydrogenation method was applicable to non-distillable heavy fractions of coal-derived liquids such as SRC which are difficult to measure by n.m.r. because of their limited solubility.     

Effect of pre-swelling of coal on its solvent extraction and liquefaction properties

Effects of pre-swelling of coal on solvent extraction and liquefaction properties were studied with Shenhua coal. It was found that pre-swelling treatments of the coal in three solvents, i.e., toluene (TOL), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and tetralin (THN) increased its extraction yield and liquefaction conversion, and differed the liquefied product distributions. The pre-swollen coals after removing the swelling solvents showed increased conversion in liquefaction compared with that of the swollen coals in the presence of swelling solvents. It was also found that the yields of (oil + gas) in liquefaction of the pre-swollen coals with NMP and TOL dramatically decreased in the presence of swelling solvent. TG and FTIR analyses of the raw coal, the swollen coals and the liquefied products were carried out in order to investigate the mechanism governing the effects of pre-swelling treatment on coal extraction and liquefaction. The results showed that the swelling pre-treatment could disrupt some non-covalent interactions of the coal molecules, relax its network structure and loosened the coal structure. It would thus benefit diffusion of a hydrogen donor solvent into the coal structure during liquefaction, and also enhance the hydrogen donating ability of the hydrogen-rich species derived from the coal.     

Catalytic effects of MoCl3- and NiCl2-containing molten salts in hydroliquefaction of Akabira bituminous coal with and without hydrogen-donor vehicle

Catalytic effects of MoCl₃-LiCl-KCl and NiCl₂-LiCl-KCl molten salts in hydroliquefaction of Akabira bituminous coal were studied. In the absence of solvent, both catalysts showed high coal conversion activity and high selectivity for the formation of hexane-soluble oil product. Oil yields from the catalytic runs were 3.4–3.0 times that from a non-catalytic run. Addition of hydrogen-donor tetralin considerably increased the oil yield and conversion and reduced the total hydrogen consumption. About 95 and 91 wt% daf coal was converted into pyridine-solubles and 59 and 54 wt% into oil with relatively low total hydrogen consumption (3.5 and 3.1 wt% daf coal) with the MoCl₃ and NiCl₂ catalysts respectively, in the presence of tetralin. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that these catalysts enhanced the depolymerization of the coal organic matrix. Analysis of the liquefaction products suggested that the catalysts effectively catalysed the hydrocracking of polyaromatic structures contained in heavy products to hydroaromatics with relatively small ring sizes, explaining the high oil selectivity.     

Separation of Solids from Coal Liquefaction Products via Countercurrent Solvent Deasphalting

Abstract

Counter-current deasphalting is a key unit operation in the Dow Liquefaction Process. The Dow developed deasphalter removes typically 99.8–99.9% of the ash and 94–95% of the toluene insoluble hydrocarbons from the coal liquefaction product.

The deasphalted oil, after separation from solvent, contains less than 0.05% ash. Deasphalted coal liquefaction product, a low sulfur, low residue, premium synthetic oil, constitutes 40% of the net liquefaction products. The deasphalter residue typically contains 40% ash and up to 25% hydrocarbonaceous coal solids. It has a heating value of approximately 9000 BTU/1b and is produced as a viscous pumpable fluid. These properties are important in the Dow Process where deasphalter residue is gasified to generate the hydrogen for the liquefaction step. The solvent used in the deasphalter is a paraffinic 50–75° light oil cut from the liquefaction unit.

The counter-current deasphalting technology is based on the results from model and batch studies and results from the operation of two different 23 kg/hr continuous deasphalters. Operational parameters which have been studied include: extraction temperature and pressure, solvent to oil ratio, feedrate, coal oil composition and variations in column design.

The mass transfer which occurs during the deasphalting of coal liquefaction product is accompanied by interfacial tension gradients which develop naturally during the extraction process. The resulting interfacial convection (referred to as a Marangoni instability) profoundly enhances the rate of the extraction process and greatly simplifies the design of the extraction column.     

Solvolytic liquefaction of coals with a series of solvents

Solvolytic liquefaction of coals of different rank was studied with a variety of solvents at 370–390 °C under nitrogen in order to elucidate the role of solvent in coal liquefaction of this kind and to find a suitable solvent for the highest yields of liquefaction. The yield was found to depend strongly upon the nature of the coal as well as the solvent under these conditions. Pyrene and a SRC-BS pitch were excellent solvents for Miike coal, which was fusible with high fluidity at these temperatures. However, the former was less efficient for Itmann and Taiheiyō coals which were fusible at a higher temperature and non-fusible, respectively. The mechanism of solvolytic liquefaction is discussed, including nature of coal and solvent at reaction temperatures, in order to understand the properties required for high yields with non-fusible coals in solvolytic liquefaction. It is found that for liquefaction with a high yield if the coal is non-fusible, solvolytic reaction should take place between solvent and coal, so giving a liquid phase of low viscosity at the reaction temperature. The solvolytic reaction may be one of hydrogen transfer when SRC-BS is used as the solvent.     

Synergistic effects between light and heavy solvent components during coal liquefaction

As part of research to examine coal conversion in solvents containing high-boiling-point components, experimental studies were carried out with model compound solvents. The dissolution of bituminous and subbituminous coals was investigated in pyrene-tetralin and 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The effects of donor level, gas atmosphere, hydrogen pressure and conversion temperature were determined. At 400 °C, in the presence of hydrogen gas, pyrene-tetralin solvent mixtures show synergism in coal conversion. At donor concentrations as low at 15 wt%, the degree of conversion was almost as high as in pure tetralin. This phenomenon was not apparent in 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The relative ease of reduction of pyrene and its ability to shuttle hydrogen is considered to be a principal reason for this difference in behaviour. Conversion in pure pyrene and in pyrene-tetralin mixtures at low donor concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen pressure. At 427 °C, bituminous coal conversion was higher in a 30 wt% tetralin-70 wt% pyrene mixture than in either pure compound. It was found that in the absence of coal pyrene can be hydrogenated by H-transfer from tetralin as well as by reaction with hydrogen gas. This can provide a means to increase the rate of transfer of hydrogen to the dissolving coal through the formation of a very active donor (dihydropyrene). During coal liquefaction, several pathways appear to be available for hydrogen transfer for a given coal, the optimal route being dependent upon the solvent composition and the conditions of reaction.     

Effects of solvent and iron-compounds on the liquefaction of brown coal

Hydrogen-donor solvents such as hydrophenanthrene are the most effective aromatic solvents for the liquefaction of brown coal. The hydrogen-donating ability of the solvent is more important for brown coals than for bituminous coals, because the thermal decomposition and subsequent recombination of the structure of the brown coals occurs rapidly. Three-ring aromatic hydrocarbons are more effective solvents than two-ring aromatics, and polar compounds are less effective solvents with brown coals than with bituminous coals. The thermal treatment of brown coal, accompanied by carbon dioxide evolution at temperatures > 300°C, in the presence of hydrogen-donating solvent did not affect the subsequent liquefaction reaction. However, thermal treatment in the absence of solvent strongly suppressed the liquefaction reaction, suggesting that the carbonization reaction occurred after the decarboxylation reaction in the absence of hydrogen donor. To study the effect of various iron compounds, brown coal and its THF-soluble fraction were hydrogenated at 450°C in the presence of ferrocene or iron oxide. The conversion of coal and the yield of degradation products are increased by the addition of the iron compounds, particularly ferrocene, and the yield of carbonaceous materials is decreased.