GH4169合金均匀化过程中相变动态原位研究

为揭示GH4169合金在均匀化处理过程中成分和组织的演变规律,利用高温金相显微镜实时原位观察热处理过程中合金的显微组织,定量分析了冷却后合金中Laves相的粒度分布,用电子探针EPMA探讨了合金中Nb元素在热处理前后的分布规律。结果表明,GH4169合金升温到1151℃时,邻近Laves相周围区域开始初熔。1180℃热处理后GH4169合金中Laves相颗粒数增加,但Laves相最大颗粒尺寸显著减小,小颗粒Laves相比例略有增加。在1180℃保温时,GH4169合金中已有液相存在,但NbC未溶解。热处理后合金中原枝晶间黑色区域的Nb元素偏析仍存在,但Nb元素在枝晶轴γ相中分布更加均匀。     

Nb含量对GH4169合金钢锭偏析规律的影响

利用光镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等手段分析了不同Nb元素含量的GH4169合金钢锭组织特点及元素偏析规律,并对经单阶段均匀化热处理后钢锭的组织及残留析出相特征进行分析.结果表明:随着Nb元素含量增加,GH4169合金铸锭由边缘到心部,枝晶组织粗化,二次枝晶间距增大,Nb、Ti元素的偏析系数亦增大;经1160℃保温20h的均匀化处理后,Nb添加量越多,未回溶的析出相残留越多,且残留析出相有很明显的聚集趋势,残留析出物聚合体主要为富Nb的Laves相及富Nb、Ti元素的碳化物.不同Nb元素含量钢锭中Laves相完全回溶需要的时间应不相同,在高Nb含量条件下,传统的均匀化工艺无法使Laves相完全回溶;若同时考虑钢锭的尺寸因素,高Nb含量条件下,残留析出相的聚合体可能会演化为“黑斑”缺陷而使钢锭报废.     

Nb含量对GH4169合金钢锭凝固及均匀化过程相演化规律的影响

以不同Nb含量的直径160 mm GH4169合金钢锭为研究对象,利用热力学软件Thermo-Calc的模拟计算及电子探针成分分析,系统研究了Nb元素含量变化对GH4169合金钢锭凝固及均匀化过程相演化规律的影响。结果表明:Nb元素含量的增加会降低合金初熔点和终熔点,扩大凝固区间,增加偏析形成的趋势;Nb元素含量的增加还可以提高GH4169合金钢锭凝固过程Laves相的析出温度,若Nb元素偏析浓度超过7.0%,Laves相的析出温度会高于标准均匀化温度1160℃,导致部分高浓度下生成的Laves相无法回溶。进一步的凝固过程中各相Gibbs自由能变化规律分析表明,GH4169合金凝固过程中,当达到Laves相的析出温度后,Laves相的形成激活能要显著小于MC碳化物,此时高浓度的Nb元素主要用于Laves相的析出和生长,Laves相的大量形成抑制了MC碳化物的进一步形成和长大,导致了Laves相与MC碳化物集合体的产生。上述的热力学分析结果与实际钢锭的相析出回溶实验结果一致。     

激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金微观偏析行为研究

目的减轻不同热处理状态下激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。方法采用激光增材制造方法对球磨Nb合金化后的合金粉末进行快速成形,获得具有较高Nb含量的GH4169合金试样。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、维氏硬度测试方法,对沉积态、固溶态和直接时效态试样进行分析,研究因合金中Nb含量变化引起的微观偏析对沉积态和热处理态合金的枝晶组织和显微硬度的影响。结果随着Nb含量的增加,一方面,由于枝晶间的Nb含量增加,枝晶间(γ+Laves)共晶数量增加,且共晶组织形貌更为连续;沉积态试样的显微硬度由228.4HV增大至534.1HV。另一方面,枝晶干Nb元素含量增加,枝晶干与枝晶间Nb元素含量的差异缩小,Nb元素的偏析比由8.59减小至4.13。后续固溶处理后,枝晶结构逐渐消失,枝晶间Laves相的数量随之减少,枝晶干与枝晶间的微观偏析减轻;固溶态试样硬度值随之减小,减小趋势随固溶温度的升高而逐渐平缓。随着Nb含量的增加,直接时效处理后,各试样显微硬度值在微观区域内的均匀性提高,枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异减小。结论合适的热处理制度既可以实现合金元素的均匀化,还能减小枝晶干与枝晶间强化相的析出差异,减轻激光增材制造高Nb含量GH4169合金组织中的微观偏析。     

熔体过热处理工艺对GH4169合金组织和力学性能的影响

选用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子万能试验机研究了不同熔体过热处理对GH4169合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:熔体过热处理后,合金组织形貌规整,γ+Laves共晶团、有害Laves相析出数量减少,分布均匀;合金室温综合力学性能显著提高,存在最佳过热温度,此时Rm最大值为721 MPa,约是过热处理前的1.5倍;GH4169合金的硬度降低,存在最小值为10.15HRC,与过热处理前相比,降低26.7%;Nb、Mo元素偏析显著降低。     

激光增材制造Nb合金化GH4169合金组织分析

采用球磨合金化的方式,在常规GH4169合金粉末中添加Nb元素,利用激光增材制造技术成形了具有不同Nb含量的GH4169试样,研究了Nb含量对激光增材制造GH4169合金组织的影响。结果表明：激光增材制造Nb合金化GH4169合金显微晶粒结构仍为粗大柱状晶组织;随着Nb含量的增加,合金粉末在熔池中合金化反应放热量增多,使得柱状晶的生长方向由偏离激光束中心向外生长逐渐变化为朝向激光束中心向内生长。由于熔池中溶质浓度和粉末熔化放热量的增加,使得枝晶间γ+Laves共晶组织的数量增多,逐渐形成连续网状的共晶组织;DSC分析结果发现,随着Nb元素添加量的增加,共晶Laves相的初熔点升高,枝晶干γ相的熔点略有降低。另外,合金化改变了初生γ相的成分,枝晶干Nb元素含量最高浓度达到7.5wt.%,合金固溶强化作用得到加强。     

磷硼复合添加对GH4169合金均匀化的影响

利用微观组织分析手段、差示扫描量热法和布氏硬度研究了复合添加适量磷、硼对GH4169合金铸态组织和均匀化的影响。结果表明:GH4169合金中磷、硼的复合添加促进Nb、Ti的偏析和块状Laves相的形成。适量的磷、硼导致GH4169合金的初熔温度下降40℃,相应的均匀化温度选择在1120℃而不是通常的1160℃。均匀化处理可有效消除Laves相和显微偏析,硬度测试表明磷、硼有可能阻碍合金元素的扩散,均匀化时间有所延长。     

超塑成形对GH4169合金激光焊接组织的影响

采用激光连接/超塑成形组合技术制造了GH4169合金三层板结构件,研究了超塑成形(温度965℃,成形时间130min)对GH4169高温合金激光焊接组织的影响.试验结果表明:GH4169高温合金激光焊接组织主要由树枝晶构成,枝晶间中有Nb元素偏聚现象,即形成了一种金属间化合物Laves相;焊接组织在超塑成形后,焊缝中心出现了粗大的等轴晶粒,熔合线附近的柱状晶粒变得粗大,成形后大部分Laves相转变为δ相,但仍有少部分Laves相保留了下来;成形后焊缝的维氏硬度明显提高,由成形前的331.63HV0.1提高到391.74HV0.1,接近成形后母材的硬度415.63.超塑成形对GH4169高温合金激光焊接组织有明显的改善作用.     

均匀化温度对K4169合金显微组织和持久性能的影响

研究了两种均匀化温度下的热处理对K4169合金显微组织、Nb偏析和持久性能的影响。结果表明,随着均匀化温度的提高,合金中Laves的体积分数逐渐降低。1120℃时,Nb元素仍强烈偏析于枝晶间;当温度升高至1160℃时,Nb元素的偏析程度得到显著改善。经固溶和时效处理后,δ相分别主要以魏氏组织和颗粒状析出,1160℃处理试样中γ′′相的体积分数较大。650℃/620 MPa持久性能测试结果表明,持久寿命随均匀化温度的提高显著增加,但延伸率有所降低。持久断裂类型由穿晶韧性断裂变为沿晶-穿晶复合脆性断裂。     

冷却速率对GH4169合金铸态组织和力学性能的影响

通过水冷铜坩埚熔炼吸铸制备了不同直径的GH4169高温合金圆柱试样,采用金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)等对其凝固组织和析出相进行了分析,研究冷却速率对GH4169合金铸态组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着冷却速率的增加,合金二次枝晶臂间距减小,凝固枝晶组织明显细化;Laves相尺寸减小且呈现弥散分布;Nb和Mo元素的偏析减轻;合金硬度和强度提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.