喷水灭火氯化聚氯乙烯管道的压力设计基础及国内外标准比较

分析了中美及ISO（欧洲）塑料压力管道标准体系及定级要求的差异,其中国标（GB）标准体系与欧洲（ISO）标准体系要求一致,与美国（ASTM）标准体系有一定区别,但其聚合物管道长期性能评价的原理一致。分别介绍了ASTM D2837、ISO 9080和GB 182525等标准提出的PVC⁃C管道的压力设计基础以及管材混配料的定级曲线,阐明了依据GB/T 39380.1—2021如何判定喷水灭火用PVC⁃C管道混配料的定级曲线是否合格。通过对国内外氯化聚氯乙烯（PVC⁃C）消防管材标准进行了对比,结果标明,国标与美标规格尺寸、管材壁厚等性能要求上基本一致;我国GB/T 39380要求的管道系统可以保证在我国的消防压力设计条件下（20 ℃）50年的安全使用期。     

Rubber heat engines,analyses and theory

It has long been known that elastomeric solids could be used as the working “fluid” in engines designed to convert heat into mechanical work. In the past rubber heat engine cycles were not given serious consideration since energy alternatives were not in demand and a majority of the scientific community is unaware of their gas-like thermodynamic behavior. Consequently, past work has dealt with the subject primarily as a novelty or as a demonstrative proof of thermodynamic behavior. This paper provides an idealized mechanical and thermodynamic analysis of the rubber cycle and compares it to an equivalent cycle wherein a gas is the working fluid. Experimental data on a small rubber fiber engine is included which confirms the high power potential of these engines when they are designed using modern elastomeric fibers. These materials have remarkable properties and can respond rapidly to cyclic thermal disturbances. Power densities of roughly one watt/g of rubber have been attained using only a 30°C difference between the heat source and heat sink. Engine speeds well over 1000 RPM have also been attained when atmospheric pressure steam was used as the heat source. The analyses demonstrate that elastomers are ideally suited for energy conversion when only small temperature differences are available.     

Effect of rubber on the environmental stress-crack resistance of polyethylene

The property of environmental stress cracking is a critical performance factor in the polyethylene product areas of rigid and flexible containers, wire and cable insulation and pipe or conduit. It has been known for quite some time that the addition of an elastomeric material to polyethylene can improve its resistance to environmental stress cracking. However, the information reported in the literature on the subject is rather limited and as far as can be determined no attempt has been made to determine the rubber variables affecting the environmental stress cracking performance of polyethylene. In studying the effect of rubber on the environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) of low and high density polyethylene, the choice of base resin is important. With some resins the addition of rubber doubles the ESCR while with others a fiftyfold improvement can be effected. Of the elastomers investigated in this study, Enjay Butyl 007 a copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene gave the greatest stress-crack improvement in both low and high density polyethylene. Evaluation of a series of polyisobutylenes indicate that the higher its molecular weight the more effective its performance as a stress crack additive. The effect of rubber on other properties of the polyethylenes such as melt index, stiffness, permeability, chemical resistance, brittle point temperature, and impact strength is also discussed.     

聚乙烯管道热熔接头可靠性评价方法研究

介绍了目前国内外聚乙烯管道熔接接头可靠性评价的短期力学性能和长期耐慢速裂纹拓展的主要检测方法及其适用性研究.近年来,超声波相控阵被广泛应用于熔接接头可靠性无损检测,其自动化检测和结果智能化判定是一个重要的研究方向.目前我国标准中对熔接接头可靠性检测的项目较少,为使聚乙烯承压管道向厚壁、大口径、高耐压、耐高温、长寿命和更...     

常压浇注聚氨酯弹性体油田用自封胶芯的研制

介绍了石油开采用聚氨酯弹性体自封胶芯制品原材料的选择、模具设计、制备工艺流程等.通过改变原料体系中多元醇、扩链剂种类及配比,异氰酸酯基质量百分数等对材料性能的影响的试验,确定选用综合性能较好的聚酯型聚氨酯弹性体,合成出满足油田作业对聚氨酯自封胶芯更高使用要求的弹性体材料.     

聚乙烯及其复合管道安全检测与评价方法

聚乙烯及其复合管道广泛应用于油气输送、城市燃气等能源领域,其安全性至关重要。焊接接头的安全检测及评价是聚乙烯及其复合管道系统安全的关键技术。介绍了聚乙烯管道焊接接头的无损检测原理及方法、冷焊检测技术以及缺陷分类与失效模式三方面内容。对电熔和热熔焊接接头分别采用超声相控阵和耦合聚焦技术进行超声检测,并给出了缺陷剖切与检测结果的对比图。提出了物理概念清晰、工程应用方便的冷焊超声检测方法。将电熔接头中的缺陷分为熔合面缺陷、孔洞、结构畸变和过焊。分别对含不同类型和大小缺陷的电熔接头进行力学性能测试,发现电熔接头存在三种典型的失效模式,即沿电熔套筒壁贯穿裂纹失效、熔合面失效以及沿电阻丝所在平面贯穿裂纹失效。根据试验测试与理论分析结果,提出了相应的安全评定方法。所提出的方法,填补了国内外在聚乙烯管道安全检测与评价方法方面的技术空白,提高了燃气管道的本质安全性。     

Predicting the residual life of PVC sewer pipes

Abstract

Ipswich Water commenced reviewing the service lives of different pipe materials in its gravity sewer system. Unlike other pipe materials, PVC sewers had no failure histories nor deterioration revealed in CCTV inspections, even after 25 years of service. Therefore, establishing a realistic predicted life was not possible using statistical analysis of historical field failure data. The approach taken was to exhume a number of elastomeric seal jointed PVC sewer pipes that had been in service for periods of up to 25 years. The samples were tested for selected mechanical properties and joint performance characteristics which might be considered age dependent. The results indicated there had been no deterioration in the material and the joints continued to meet current performance specifications. Two methods of quantifying the condition of PVC sewer pipelines and predicting the residual life are suggested. Based on this analysis, the pipelines examined have not exhibited any significant deterioration and should provide many more years of service.     

橡胶密封圈密封性能预判方法研究

介绍一种橡胶密封圈密封性能的预判方法。该预判方法通过设计加工测试工装,安装压力传感器和位移传感器,测得橡胶密封圈在使用过程中应力-应变的变化关系,可以对不同配方橡胶材料及不同截面形状密封圈的密封性能进行初步预判。     

管法兰标准在压力容器行业中的应用现状及探讨

本文从压力容器行业着手,通过对现行行业管法兰标准、国家管法兰标准的分析比较、及其在该行业中的应用现状和存在问题的探讨,提出了在现阶段使用现行行业管法兰标准、国家管法兰标准与《容规》的规定之间矛盾的处理方法,阐述了管法兰标准统一的可行性,建议尽快制定、实施统一的管法兰标准、废止现行行业、国家管法兰标准。     

Fluid absorption during forward roll coating of porous webs

Forward roll coating is a common process to deposit thin liquid films onto a continuous web. When the web is porous, some amount of the fluid is forced into the web in the nip. This removal of fluid, along with the deformation of the backing material, influences transfer in the nip as well as operational issues such as misting and coating defects. While much has been reported on forward roll coating for non-porous webs, little has been done when the web is porous.A laboratory roll coating device is used to characterize the pressure profile, the rubber deformation, and the film thickness as the fluid is in contact with a porous web. A pressure transducer is used to record the pressure profile in the nip. The film thickness on the steel roll surface and the gap between the rolls are measured with capacitance probes. Silicone oils, with three different viscosities, are used as test fluids. Three different papers are used in these tests. A model is proposed to describe the pressure profile, rubber deformation, and absorption in a forward roll coating device. The differential equations are solved to describe the nip behavior. A simplified model is also proposed, using an average nip pressure and Darcy's law, to predict penetration in the nip. The proposed models compare well with the experimental results and predict the dependence on viscosity, nip load, and paper permeability. The experimental results with low viscosity fluids show some speed dependence that is not captured by the model, but the high viscosity fluid behavior agrees well with model predictions.     

几种常见给水PVC工程管道的对比分析

从混配料技术要求、允许内压及抗外压能力、设备要求、性能指标要求及接口形式5个方面分别介绍并对比了硬聚氯乙烯(PVC-U)给水管、高性能硬聚氯乙烯(PVC-UH)给水管、抗冲改性聚氯乙烯(PVC-M)给水管及双轴取向聚氯乙烯(PVC-O)给水管4种硬质聚氯乙烯管材,并重点总结了PVC-UH管道的选取优势和应用案例,最后针...     

Numerical study on rubber compounds made of reactivated ethylene propylene diene monomer for fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators

A huge amount of rubber waste coming from tire industry or other sources (eg, weather strips producers) has attracted interest from researchers to investigate the possibility of recycling used rubber for various products, particularly in construction sector. This article presents a series of experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the feasibility of regenerated synthetic rubber ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) for production of a building seismic isolation system. Four rubber blends using two different sources of regenerated EPDM are considered in this study. The mechanical properties of the recycled rubber under study are evaluated through uniaxial tensile and relaxation tests, considering the accelerated aging effect. Based on several hyperelasticity and viscosity models of rubber available in the literature, several numerical test simulations on rubber compounds and on a prototype of fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREIs) are performed. The test results reveal that the proposed regenerated EPDM compounds can be particularly suitable for the production of unbonded FREIs, especially because they are able to exhibit low/moderate tensile stresses at high-shear strain. The results also show that not all regenerated rubber blends fulfill the durability requirements of rubber for seismic isolation after accelerated aging tests. The durability of the specimens seems to be mainly affected by the choice of the regenerated rubber source.     

Multilayer coextrusion of rubber compounds

This research work presents the first continuous multilayer coextrusion system for high viscosity elastomeric materials. Three unvulcanized rubber materials were chosen to validate the system: two butyl rubbers and a polyisoprene. The elastomers were characterized under oscillatory shear and the results used to perform computational flow simulations to investigate the effect of geometry on the flow path and flow rate. Successful extrudates of 8 and 32 layers were extruded at two different throughput rates for rheologically matched and rheologically mismatched material pairs. The results show good layering performance for both systems with little existence of viscous encapsulation and acceptable pressure drops. Computational and experimental results both show a nonuniform layer thickness distribution due to the geometric design of the layer multiplier extrusion dies, which were designed to minimize pressure drop in the system. This nonuniformity decreases with increasing number of layers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1520–1527, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Aqueous chloramine diffusion into elastomers

Aqueous chloramine diffusion into styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber was analyzed using approximate analytical and numerical solutions of Fick's second law of diffusion to develop long‐term mass intake prediction curves. Diffusion coefficients were calculated for 1 mg/L chloramine concentration at three temperatures (23, 45, and 70°C) and also for 23°C at three chloramine concentrations (1, 30, and 60 mg/L). The reasonableness of using increased temperature and/or chloramine concentration to accelerate the diffusion process to obtain long‐term information was discussed. For 1 mg/L chloramine concentration, the activation energy for the diffusion of chloramines into SBR and natural rubber were computed to be 51.13 and 77.29 kJ/mol, respectively. Also, concentration profiles were developed to understand the extent of penetration through the elastomer thickness over time and temperature. Considering the reports of elastomeric compound failure in chloramine disinfectant water distribution systems because of swelling, this study will be helpful in understanding the performance of the elastomeric compounds in the system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Interface evolution and penetration behavior during two‐component transfer molding. Part II: Simulation and experiment

Simulation and experimental study of the pressure‐controlled sequential sandwich transfer molding of two SBR rubber compounds under isothermal condition have been carried out to obtain a two‐layered sandwich structure. One SBR compound, which is intended for the skin material, is first laid up in the cavity. Then, another SBR compound, intended for the core material, is transferred to penetrate into the skin material and to push the lay‐up to fully fill the cavity, resulting in an encapsulated skin/core sandwich structure. Two cases involving different material combinations with different viscosity ratios have been studied. The rheological interaction of the skin/core components and its effect on the penetration behavior and interface shape have been investigated. The influence of processing conditions, such as the volume fraction transferred and pressure, is discussed. The penetration and encapsulation behavior, and the interface development are found to be significantly affected by the rheological properties of the compounds and the volume fraction transferred. However, at a constant volume fraction transferred, the pressure imposed during transfer molding is found to have a little effect on the interface development. These experimental findings are in good agreement with the present predictions based on the model and simulation proposed in Part I of this study. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:697–713, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Role of nanoclay distribution on morphology and mechanical behavior of rubber‐modified polyolefins

Polyolefin blends have attracted great attention for years because of their improved physical and mechanical properties; especially when micro/nanofillers are present in the compound. Previous investigations have proven that incorporation of small amounts of nanoclay can enhance physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. This research has focused on the role of clay distribution on morphology and mechanical properties of ternary nanocomposites containing a rubbery phase. High‐density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/clay (HDPE/EVA/clay) is opted as a typical model for this purpose. EVA is selected to act as both compatibilizer, because of having polar vinyl groups, and rubber‐modifier, because of its elastomeric properties, in this ternary blend. Nanocomposite preparation was performed via one‐ and two‐step mixing routes to achieve two different desired morphologies. Tensile and Izod impact tests, and different microscopic techniques, were used to evaluate nanostructure and mechanical performance of blends. Results of the study proved two distinct morphologies forming as a result of different incorporated processing techniques. Mixing components simultaneously leaded to a structure in which, clay platelets are located at the HDPE/EVA interface, whereas in the two‐step processing route, most of the clay platelets are encapsulated by the EVA second phase particles. According to the results of the current study, encapsulation of the nanofillers by the second rubbery phase harms mechanical properties of the blend and should be avoided. On the other hand, much better mechanical performance is obtained when the clay platelets are located at the matrix/rubber interface. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41993.     

Defects classification and failure modes of electrofusion joint for connecting polyethylene pipes

As electrofusion (EF) technology is widely used in connecting polyethylene (PE) pipes and other plastic pipes or composite pipes, research in safety assessment of EF joints has been of major concern. EF joints with defects are very common in practical applications. These defects may greatly reduce the mechanical performance of the EF joints and threat safety running of the pipeline system. To evaluate hazard of these defects and provide a basic understanding for the failure mechanism of EF joints, a comprehensive study on defects and failure modes is conducted in this work. The defects in EF joints are classified into four categories: poor fusion interface, over welding, voids, and structural deformity. The forming reasons of these defects are analyzed in detail. The mechanical properties of EF joint containing these defects are investigated by conducting peeling tests and sustained hydraulic pressure tests. Test results show that there are three main failure mode of EF joint under inner pressure, that is, cracking through the fusion interface, cracking through the fitting, and cracking through copper wire interface. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

The effect of pressure and contaminants on slow crack growth in a butt fusion in a polyethylene gas pipe

The effect of welding pressure and surface contaminants on butt fusion in a commercial polyethylene gas pipe was studied by measuring the slow crack growth resistance of the joint. Two weld pressures, 1.61 and 0.31 MPa, were used. The contaminants Vaseline, graphite, and Teflon were coated on the surface. It was found that the high pressure produced a weld with much better slow crack growth resistance than that by low pressure. At high weld pressure, Vaseline and graphite showed a negligible effect on weld quality. Teflon greatly reduced the lifetime, especially at low weld pressure. Test results showed that sufficient pressure was necessary to squeeze out the thin skin layer that occurs at the weld interface, along with any contaminants. The butt fusion joints were always much weaker than the reference pipe. This result was attributed to the difference in both cooling rate and molecular orientation between the pipe and weld. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一种矿用新型增强PE结构壁管材

基于环刚度定义(ISO 9969—2007),设计制造了一种以纤维增强高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为原料,用于煤矿井下瓦斯抽采的新型"工字钢"缠绕结构壁管材,并对其性能进行了检测。结果表明:同传统管材相比,新型管材具有更高的环刚度以及良好的耐温性能。另外,在满足要求的条件下,同规格新型管材的单位质量显著降低,最高减幅可达44.4%。     

洗涤冷却管出口处的射流深度和界面波动特性

采用压差传感器和高清摄像仪对洗涤冷却管出口处射流深度和洗涤冷却室内气液界面波动特性进行了冷模实验研究,研究发现,随着表观气速的增大,射流深度呈指数式增大,由此提出了主流射流深度与洗涤冷却管出口处动量通量的经验式,其最大射流深度可达2.51 cm,同时采用VOF模型和RNG κ-ε 湍流模型对其进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。研究结果还表明,洗涤冷却管出口处液面波动对床层内气液两相环流脉动的影响较为显著。