搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料流动形式

采用完全热力耦合模型对搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行模拟,并详细分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动形式.结果表明,模型可以成功预测搅拌摩擦焊接过程材料流动和温度分布情况.通过对搅拌头周围材料流动的研究,分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中飞边现象形成的主要原因.研究了搅拌摩擦焊接构件不同厚度上材料的三维流动形式,通过与二维情况的比较证实,二维情况下的材料流动数值模拟结果对应于搅拌摩擦焊接构件靠近下表面部分的材料流动情况.从等效塑性应变的分布也能证实搅拌头轴肩对靠近上表面的材料行为具有明显影响,而对下表面附近材料行为影响较弱,从而说明二维情况对应三维情况靠近下表面的部分.     

搅拌摩擦焊接技术实现非直线焊缝过程中的材料行为分析

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接技术在焊接非直线焊缝时材料的流动行为以及焊接过程中的力学特征。结果显示,搅拌焊接构件后退侧材料的流动较前进侧更为剧烈,且越靠近肩台部分材料的流动速度越大,搅拌头向原焊接构件前进侧移动将导致材料流动速度增加,搅拌头平移方向变化的瞬时会明显改变搅拌头周围材料流动速度的分布规律。搅拌探针-焊接构件接触面上的接触压力分布是比较均匀的。     

焊接工艺参数对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料塑性流动行为的影响

以轴肩端面为同心圆的带螺纹搅拌头为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了三维塑性材料流动模型,对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的塑性流动进行了数值模拟,研究焊接工艺参数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,在搅拌头附近区域材料的塑性流动剧烈,且轴肩附近材料的流动速度高于搅拌针边缘材料的流动速度;随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加,搅拌头附近区域材料流动更剧烈,且高速流动的材料区域范围变大;焊接速度的提高对搅拌头及其附近区域材料的流动影响不大。     

搅拌摩擦焊中动态再结晶及硬度分布的数值模拟

使用率相关弹粘塑性本构模型模拟了搅拌摩擦焊接过程,并着重研究了过程参数对搅拌摩擦焊接动态再结晶过程以及搅拌区内材料硬度的影响．结果表明,在搅拌区内焊接构件上、下表面沿垂直于焊缝方向的硬度分布规律不同．焊接构件顶部材料的硬度分布符合实验得到的结果,即焊缝中心线附近材料硬度较低,热力影响区外材料硬度逐渐升高并最终达到母材的硬度;但是在焊接构件下表面并不显示这一硬度分布规律．搅拌区内材料的硬度与搅拌头转速无明显关系,但随焊速的增加而增加．焊接构件中部材料的晶粒尺寸大于焊接构件底部材料的晶粒尺寸,且搅拌区内晶粒尺寸随搅拌头转速的增加趋于均匀．     

搅拌摩擦焊界面摩擦及材料流动行为仿真

采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究了6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中的界面摩擦行为与材料流动行为。通过在搅拌头-工件界面采用剪切力边界条件,实现了焊接过程中界面摩擦与材料流动的完全耦合分析。结果表明,搅拌头与工件间的界面摩擦行为呈现显著的非均匀特征：轴肩芯部及环形槽内呈近似黏着摩擦,轴肩外缘区域呈滑动摩擦;搅拌针侧面呈现不同程度的滑动状态,界面滑动比例随其到轴肩的距离增加而增加。摩擦界面附近存在厚度为0.66～4 mm的低粘度区。在低粘度区,工件上部材料流动速度可达0.17 m/s,应变率可达85.7 s-1;在工件下部材料流动速度可达0.017 m/s,应变速率可达11.7 s-1。从材料流经低粘度区的流动路径来看,搅拌摩擦焊过程材料流动呈现多圈旋转及直通两种模式。仿真得到的温度、低粘度区形状及标记材料沉积位置均得到了实验结果的印证。     

搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面弧形纹形成模型

建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊缝表面弧形纹形成过程模型，解释了弧形纹弧峰、弧谷的形成原因。焊接过程中，轴肩与母材表面间所形成的软化层沿着搅拌头的转动方向缓缓向轴肩后方流动。形成了软化薄层，并不断增厚。当轴肩与流动到轴肩后侧的软化层两者界面处的分子间吸附力不足以带动软化层整体向前运动时，软化层外侧的薄层与轴肩脱离，并在随后的冷却过程中硬化而形成弧峰。上述行为在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中反复发生，导致相邻弧峰间产生一凹陷，形成弧谷。焊缝表面相邻弧峰间距与搅拌头行走速度成正比，与搅拌头的转速、轴肩／母材间的摩擦系数成反比。     

厚板双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场及流场数值模拟

针对30 mm厚5A06铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的焊接过程,建立温度场及流场的数值模型,计算两种搅拌工具作用下的温度场及流场分布情况。模拟结果发现,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场靠近轴肩区域的温度高,沿板厚中心方向温度逐渐降低,呈哑铃状分布,后退侧温度高于前进侧温度;采用锥形搅拌针焊接时的焊缝温度高于圆柱形搅拌针作用的焊缝。流动场模拟结果表明,工件上、下表面轴肩作用范围内的材料流动最为剧烈,工件内部材料流动相对较弱,采用平行槽结构的搅拌针材料呈横向流动规律,而螺纹结构的搅拌针作用下材料流动较紊乱,材料流动情况与两种搅拌工具作用下的焊缝形貌吻合较好。     

2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊二维流场的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了基于有限体积法的二维塑性材料流动模型,对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的塑性流动进行数值模拟,研究了焊接参数影响焊缝区域在沿垂直焊件表面方向上材料塑性流动特征的规律。结果表明,在紧靠搅拌头区域材料的塑性流动最剧烈,速度明显高于距搅拌头较远的区域,且材料在回撤边发生绕流现象;随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加,搅拌头附近区域材料流动速度增加,且材料流动较剧烈的区域明显扩大;焊接速度的提高对搅拌头及其附近区域材料的流动影响不大。     

基于湍流计算模型的TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊过程的流场分析

以TC4钛合金为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立搅拌摩擦焊过程的三维有限体积模型,选取k-ε湍流计算模型,利用数值模拟的方法对材料的塑性流动行为进行了研究。结果表明:搅拌头及其附近区域的材料流动方向与搅拌头的旋转方向相同,且此区域的材料流动速度远大于其它区域;受接触点线速度的影响,轴肩附近的材料流动速度大于焊件内部与搅拌针接触区域材料的流动速度,且搅拌针附近材料的流动速度随搅拌针的直径减小而减小。     

搅拌摩擦焊接的三维欧拉模型

建立基于固体力学的搅拌摩擦焊接三维欧拉模型,并与文献的试验结果和ALE模型计算结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。基于此模型,进一步研究搅拌头轴肩及搅拌针等部位对总扭矩的贡献,结果表明,搅拌头轴肩对总扭矩贡献最大,搅拌头针部底面对总扭矩贡献最小,且总扭矩随搅拌头转速的增加而减小。搅拌头针部与轴肩的热输入比在不同搅拌头转速下维持在0.42附近,保证了无轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程的顺利进行。     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process

This paper presents a 3D numerical model to study the material flow in the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the material in front of the pin moves upwards due to the extrusion of the pin, and then the upward material rotates with the pin. Behind the rotating tool, the material starts to move downwards and to deposit in the wake. This process is the real cause to make friction stir welding process continuing successfully. The tangent movement of the material takes the main contribution to the flow of the material in friction stir welding process. There exists a swirl on the advancing side and with the increase of the translational velocity the inverse flow of the material on the advancing side becomes faster. The shoulder can increase the velocity of material flow in both radial direction and tangent direction near the top surface. The variations of process parameters do have an effect on the velocity field near the pin, especially in the region in which the material flow is faster.     

搅拌摩擦焊接三维流动模型

建立了搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中塑性软化层的流动行为物理模型,该模型根据不同部位的流动特点将软化层的流动分成三部分,轴肩端面附近的软化层流动、搅拌针上部的软化层流动和搅拌针端部附近的软化层流动行为。轴肩端面附近的软化材料首先流入搅拌针行进过程中于搅拌针后部形成的空腔内,剩余软化材料围绕着轴肩侧面缓缓地由前进侧流动到搅拌针的后部,并于轴肩后部侧表面上形成了焊缝表面弧形纹的弧峰;搅拌针上部附近的软化层以剪切的方式从搅拌针前部流动到搅拌针后部;搅拌针端部附近的软化层以挤压的方式从搅拌针的前部流动到搅拌针的后部。     

Numerical simulation of effect of rotational tool with screw on material flow behavior of friction stir welding of Ti6A14V alloy

The rotational tool is put forward, which is composed of the one-spiral-flute shoul-der and the rotational pin with screw. Using the turbulent model of the FLUENT software, material plastic flow behavior during the process of friction stir welding of Ti6Al4V alloy is researched by the numerical simulation method and then the effect of rotational tool geometry on material flow during the welding process is attained. The results show that the flow direction of the material near the rotational tool is mainly the same as the rotational direction of the tool while the material near tool flows more violently than the other regions. For the tapered rotational pin, the flow velocity of material inside the workpiece decreases with the increase of the distance away from the workpiece surface because of the change of pin diameter. For the rotational tool, the flute added to the shoulder and the screw added to the pin can greatly increase the flow velocity of material during the welding process while the peak value of the flow velocity of material appears on the flute or the screw. Moreover, the rotational tool with the one-spiral-flute shoulder is better than the tool with the concentric-circles-flute shoulder. Decreasing the width of pin screw and increasing the diameter of pin tip are both good for the increase of flow velocity.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊接头塑化金属流动形态分析

在搅拌摩擦点焊过程中,塑化金属的流动形态是影响焊点成形及接头力学性能的主要因素。通过采用镶嵌标识材料的方法,研究了搅拌摩擦点焊过程中接头塑化金属的流动形态。结果表明,在焊点横截面上,匙孔两侧塑化金属发生塑性变形的宽度基本相同,从焊点表面到底面,塑性变形区宽度逐渐减小。在焊点的上部,塑化金属主要受轴肩的作用,在轴肩摩擦力和材料之间的剪切力作用下沿搅拌针旋转的方向运动,随着距焊点表面距离的增大,塑化金属沿搅拌针旋转方向的运动趋势逐渐减小。搅拌针周围的塑化金属在搅拌针螺纹向下的压力作用下,以螺旋状向焊点底部运动,运动到焊点底部后受底板的阻碍和未塑化金属的挤压作用从搅拌针四周向焊点上部运动。     

Minor cutting edge–workpiece interactions in drilling of an advanced nickel-based superalloy

Drilling is one of the key machining operations for manufacturing safety critical components that must comply with strict surface quality standards. The influence of major flank wear of drilling tools on workpiece surface quality has been well established; however, similar information concerning minor cutting edge is currently missing from literature. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and discussions of the influence of the drill's minor cutting edge to workpiece surface integrity and residual stress distribution for RR1000, a newly developed nickel-based superalloy. These effects are critical to the acceptance of this new material in relation to tool geometry and machining strategies. The thickness of material drag in the hoop direction has been found to be the highest at the top and the least at the bottom of the hole, which is directly related to the contact duration between the minor cutting edge and workpiece surfaces; moreover this difference increased at higher levels of wear of the minor cutting edge. On-line process monitoring techniques have been employed to further understand the material drag phenomena, including feed force, torque and acoustic emission. Compressive axial and tensile hoop stresses at the surface of the holes have been measured as a function of depth and correlated both with metallurgical analysis of drilled surfaces and the process monitoring signals. It was found that the increased material drag associated with a worn tool resulted in compressive hoop surface residual stresses near the entrance hole in correspondence with trends in the processed acoustic emission signal. This work suggests that material drag increases with the duration of the minor cutting edge–workpiece interaction such that plastic deformation is the greatest near the drill entrance holes and that process monitoring of the degree of material drag in hoop direction can be practicable.     

搅拌针形状影响搅拌摩擦焊过程金属塑性流动规律的数值模拟

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌工具的实际结构,利用Fluent流体力学软件建立了搅拌摩擦焊的有限体积模型,对搅拌针的形状影响材料塑性流动行为的规律进行了研究.结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到焊件表面以及到搅拌针旋转轴的距离增加而减小;当减小搅拌针的锥角以及减小搅拌针的螺纹槽宽度时,焊件内部材料的流动速度得到提高.当搅拌工具在焊接过程中顺时针旋转时,对于左螺旋搅拌针,搅拌针附近的材料向下流动,而热力影响区材料的流动方向向上,此规律与右螺旋搅拌针时相反.     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接过程数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了三维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明,在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料流动比较混乱,发生多次绕流现象;焊缝下部材料流动规律性较明显:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形和流动,在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针.焊缝中部具有底部和上部材料的流动特点,是探针和轴肩共同影响的结果.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行可视化研究,试验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.