Microstructural Characterization of Cold-Sprayed Nanostructured FeAl Intermetallic Compound Coating and its Ball-Milled Feedstock Powders

It is difficult to deposit dense intermetallic compound coatings by cold spraying directly using the compound feedstock powders due to their intrinsic low-temperature brittleness. A method to prepare intermetallic compound coatings in-situ employing cold spraying was developed using a metastable alloy powder assisted with post-heat treatment. In this study, a nanostructured Fe/Al alloy powder was prepared by ball-milling process. The cold-sprayed Fe/Al alloy coating was evolved in-situ to intermetallic compound coating through a post-heat treatment. The microstructural evolution of the Fe-40Al powder during mechanical alloying and the effect of the post-heat treatment on the microstructure of the cold-sprayed Fe(Al) coating were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the milled Fe-40Al powder exhibits lamellar microstructure. The microstructure of the as-sprayed Fe(Al) coating depends significantly on that of the as-milled powder. The heat-treatment temperature significantly influences the in-situ evolution of the intermetallic compound. The heat treatment at a temperature of 500 °C results in the complete transformation of Fe(Al) solid solution to FeAl intermetallic compound. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

Effects of Annealing on the Fabrication of Al-TiAl3 Nanocomposites Before and After Accumulative Roll Bonding and Evaluation of Strengthening Mechanisms

The strengthening mechanisms of Al-TiAl₃ nanocomposite, fabricated using cold roll bonding, annealing, and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) on Al sheets sandwiching with pure Ti powder were investigated in the present study. With annealing at 590 ℃ for 2 h, TiAl₃ intermetallic compound was formed. After subsequent ARB process up to 5 cycles, final composite consists of ultrafine Al grains of less than 500 nm with TiAl₃ particles larger than 200 nm. The strength and hardness of the final composite are 2.5 and 3.5 times the initial values, with an ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa, which is dominated by grain-boundary strengthening due to the ultrafine Al grains, and Orowan strengthening due to the small TiAl₃ particles. For comparison, an alternative fabrication route of cold roll bonding-ARB-annealing was also studied. This study showed that annealing before ARB is a critical factor in producing an ultrafine grain structure containing TiAl₃ particles.     

铝/钛异种合金激光熔钎焊接头特性

以C02激光为热源，以A1Si12焊丝为填充材料，对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金和5056铝合金异种材料激光熔钎焊进行研究，采用SEM、EDS、XRD和金相显微镜分析接头的微观结构特征，通过拉伸实验评定接头的力学性能。研究结果表明：所得接头具有熔焊和钎焊双重性质，即铝母材局部熔化，为熔化焊，而钛母材与焊缝金属之间存在金属间化合物层钎焊界面；钎焊界面上部的金属间化合物层组成复杂，可分为2层，即呈针状或芽状的Ti-Al-Si系金属间化合物层和以Ti-Al系金属间化合物为主的连续层；钎焊界面下部的金属间化合物层较薄；拉伸试样断裂倾向于发生在紧邻钎焊界面的焊缝上，平均抗拉强度为298．5MPa。     

Fe3Al金属间化合物的价电子结构与其力学性能的关系

对长程有序金属间化合物Fe3Al(Fe-28Al)进行淬火处理(有序度截留)研究，处理后获得的B2结构对Fe3Al的力学性能产生了极大的影响，实验结果表明，处理后Fe3Al的硬度和强度有明显的下降。运用固体与分子经验电子理论(EET)对比研究了Fe3Al金属间化合物的两种结构(DO3型和B2型)价电子结构与其力学性能的关系，发现价电子结构与力学性能之间有很好的相关性。     

大气等离子喷涂球磨Fe-Al合金制备FeAl涂层及其结构表征

FeAl金属间化合物具有良好的抗高温氧化和硫化、抗高温冲蚀性能与较高的高温强度,且密度小、成本低。将FeAl用作SOFC支撑体材料,不仅可提高SOFC的高温强度,而且可显著降低其制作成本。本研究采用机械合金化工艺制备了Fe–35Al粉末,通过大气等离子喷涂(APS)制备了FeAl涂层。利用XRD、SEM表征了球磨粉末及热处理前后涂层的微观结构。研究结果表明,通过大气等离子喷涂球磨粉末,可以制备出FeAl金属间化合物涂层,涂层经800℃热处理30h后,可提高FeAl相的有序度。     

An analysis of strengthening mechanisms in a mechanically alloyed,oxide dispersion strengthened iron aluminide intermetallic

An iron aluminide alloy of base composition Fe-40Al has been prepared by mechanical alloying and processed using a variety of powder consolidation methods and heat treatments to produce a range of grain sizes and oxide dispersoid sizes. The strengths of these materials have been determined at room temperature and related to the various aspects of microstructure. Fine dispersoid particles may pin grain boundaries and help determine the fine grain size and contribute very significantly to the material strength. Grain size strengthening is shown to be a rather small component of the material strength, with the matrix strength being rather high for this intermetallic. The influence of other factors such as texture and the direction of application of stress (tension or compression) are also briefly discussed.     

摩擦增材辅助Ti/Al搅拌摩擦搭接接头特征分析

为解决Ti/Al异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接接头强度低、搅拌针磨损等问题,提出一种摩擦增材辅助搅拌摩擦搭接焊(friction addition-friction stir lap welding, FA-FSLW)技术. 该新工艺延续了固相连接的优势,具有热输入量低、界面金属间化合物薄等特点.文中研究了以6082铝合金作预沉积层辅助实现3 mm厚2A12铝合金板与4 mm厚TC4钛合金板之间的连接,焊接过程中搅拌头扎入铝沉积层而不接触钛表面,得到抗拉载荷最大为12.2 kN的接头.结果表明, FA-FSLW复合焊接头的界面迁移越大,接头承载越小.同时,发现界面处的Ti, Al元素发生了明显互扩散,Si元素在界面偏聚,与Ti, Al元素发生冶金反应后形成层状纳米级Ti-Al-Si金属间化合物,为提高接头强度奠定基础.     

双连续复合材料SiC/Fe-40Cr与SiC/Al2618合金干摩擦磨损行为的实验研究与数值分析(英文)

利用环环式摩擦磨损试验机研究双连续复合材料SiC/Fe40Cr与SiC/2618Al合金在滑动速度30~105m/s,载荷1.0~2.5MPa条件下的干摩擦磨损性能。实验结果表明,在较高的载荷和滑动速度下,SiCn/2618Al复合材料的磨损机制是两体磨料磨损和氧化磨损。作为增强相的连续网络结构的SiC陶瓷可避免通常发生在传统的粒子增强复合材料上的第三体磨损现象。机械混合层(MML)极大地控制了复合材料的磨损速率和摩擦系数。在进行较高的滑动速度测试时,由于机械混合层的间歇的生形和消除,复合材料表现出较高的摩擦系数和波动。为了便于有限元模型(FEM)计算,用一个连续结构单元来代表三维碳化硅结构增强铝基复合材料的微观结构。利用有限元模型(FEM)预测的复合材料磨损和应力应变数据与实验数据一致     

Effects of intermetallic compound on the electrical and mechanical properties of friction welded Cu/Al bimetallic joints during annealing

Al/Cu metal joints applied for the electrical connector was joined by the friction welding method to limit the formation of intermetallic compound under optimum friction welding condition. To guarantee the reliability of the Al/Cu joints in service requirement, the effects of the intermetallic compound layer on the electrical and mechanical properties have been investigated under various annealing conditions. Two kinds of intermetallic compounds layer were formed in the joints interface and identified by AlCu and Al₂Cu. The growth kinetic of these intermetallics during the annealing can be followed by volume diffusion process. The activation energy of Al₂Cu, AlCu and total intermetallic compound (AlCu + Al₂Cu) represented 107.5, 98.42 and 110.22 kJ/mol, respectively. A thicker intermetallic compound layers could seriously degrade the electrical resistivity and tensile strength. The electrical resistivity with 21 μm thickness of intermetallic compound was 45 μΩ cm and increased to be 85 μΩ cm with 107 μm of intermetallic compound. Tensile strength remarkably decreased from 85 MPa to near zero at the annealing condition of 773 K and 129.6 ks and fracture occurred through the intermetallic compound layers.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and the effects of sliding distance and material removal mechanism on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite and its matrix alloy were investigated. The hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite was prepared by stir casting route. The hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the composite are increased by 17%, 38%, and 30% respectively compared with those of the matrix alloy, while the elongation of the composite is decreased by 48% compared with that of the matrix alloy. The wear rate of the materials is increased with increasing the abrasive size and the applied load and does not vary with the sliding distance. The wear surfaces and wear debris of the materials were characterized by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (HR FESEM) and wear mechanism was analyzed for low and high load regimes.     

Microstructure and properties of high silicon aluminum alloy with 2% Fe prepared by rheo-casting

The morphology changes of both Fe-containing intermetallic compounds and the primary Si phase of Al-20Si-2Fe- 2Cu-0.4Mg-1.0Ni-0.5Mn (mass fraction, %) alloy produced by semi-solid rheo-diecasting were studied. The semi-solid slurry of high silicon aluminum alloy was prepared by direct ultrasonic vibration (DUV) which was imposed on the alloy near the liquidus temperature for about 2 min. Then, standard test samples of 6.4 mm in diameter were formed by semi-solid rheo-diecasting. The results show that the DUV treatment suppresses the formation of needle-like β-Al₅(Fe, Mn)Si phase, and the Fe-containing intermetallic compounds exist in the form of fine Al₄(Fe, Mn)Si₂ particles. Additionally, the primary Si grows up as fine and round particles with uniform distribution in a(Al) matrix of this alloy under DUV treatment. The tensile strengths of the samples at the room temperature and 573 K are 230 MPa and 145 MPa, respectively. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between 25 °C and 300 °C is 16.052 8×10^?6 °C^?1, and the wear rate is 1.55%. The hardness of this alloy with 2% Fe reaches HB146.3. It is discovered that modified morphology and uniform distribution of the Fe-containing intermetallic compounds and the primary Si phase are the main reasons for reducing the CTE and increasing the wear resistance of this alloy.     

JOINING OF Ni_3Al BY PRESSURIZED COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS USING GLEEBLE 1500 TEST SIMULATOR

1.Orderedintermetalliccompoundsandintermetallic--Inatrixcompositeshaveemergedasanewclassofadvancedmaterialsforstmctundapplications.AInongthesecompounds,nickelaldrinideNi,hi,whichhastheLI,--typeofferedcrystalstructurebelowitsmeltingpoint(1395t),isanattractivematerialforuseatelevatedtemperatures['J.UnfortUnately,theweldabilityOftheseintermetalliccomPOundsbyconventionalfusionweldingp~essesisgenerallyverylicitedbecauseoftheirhighsusceptibilitytohotcrackingbothintheheat--affectedzoneandinthefus…     

三维连续镍-铝(骨架)增强铝基复合材料的磨损行为

采用真空吸铸和真空热处理技术制备了三维连续镍-铝(骨架)增强铝基复合材料,研究了其在干摩擦条件下的磨损行为.结果表明,复合材料的耐磨性能远优于基体合金.主要是由于硬的Ni2 Al3金属间化合物(骨架)裸露在磨损表面,成为微凸体,起承载作用,抑制或延迟了基体从轻微磨损向严重磨损的转变时间.同时将载荷分散至各个方向,抑制了磨损面基体合金因塑性变形产生的流失.基体合金的磨损机制为严重粘着磨损,复合材料的磨损为以磨粒磨损为主和轻微的粘着磨损.     

基于FactSage的Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢的组织及力学性能

借助FactSage数值模拟软件对Fe-(10~20)Mn-(5~10)Al-(0~0.5)C系低密度钢的凝固及冷却路径、相变及析出相进行了研究,利用FactSage软件中的FSstel数据库对该体系的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了Mn、Al及C元素对凝固及冷却过程中相变及析出相的影响,并得到了Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢的平衡凝固相变路径图。结果表明,Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢中热力学计算出的平衡相有液相、铁素体、奥氏体和κ-碳化物, 由1600 ℃冷却至600 ℃完整的平衡相变路径为:液相→液相+铁素体→液相+铁素体+奥氏体→铁素体+奥氏体→铁素体+奥氏体+κ-碳化物。C和Mn含量的增加可扩大Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢奥氏体相区,Al元素增加缩小奥氏体相区。κ-碳化物的析出温度随着Al与C含量的增加而升高,Al与C元素均可促进κ-碳化物析出。Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢800 ℃时效3 h后的抗拉强度为602 MPa,屈服强度为520 MPa,断后伸长率为28.6%,时效5 h后的抗拉强度为729 MPa,屈服强度为685 MPa,断后伸长率为22.4%,随着时效时间增加,试验钢的强度增加,断后伸长率降低。Fe-15Mn-8Al-0.25C低密度钢的密度为6.99 g/cm³,相比普通钢材减重效果达10.4%。     

时效对铜铝钎焊接头界面化合物和性能的影响

采用Zn-22Al钎料对铜铝异种合金进行了火焰钎焊,并用加速老化试验模拟了其服役环境.研究了时效过程中铜铝钎焊接头界面化合物的形貌变化及其对铜铝钎焊接头电阻率和抗剪强度的影响,并对其生长规律进行了初步计算.结果表明,铜侧界面化合物在250℃恒温时效过程中不断变厚,其生长规律呈抛物线状,且其生长系数约为6.1×10-13cm2/s;当界面化合物的厚度为4.2μm和18.1μm时,铜铝接头的电阻分别为120.3μΩ和132.9μΩ,该界面化合物厚度对电阻率的影响系数为0.25;铜铝接头抗剪强度在时效过程中先有3%的上升,随后逐渐降低至接头初始值的85%.     

TiAl/Ti/V/Cu/40Cr钢扩散连接界面组织结构对接头强度的影响

研究了TiAl/Ti/V/Cu/40Cr钢的扩散连接，结果显示：在TiAl/Ti界面处形成了对接头强度有利的Ti3Al TiAl双相层及Ti固溶体层，而Ti/V/Cu/40Cr界面处未出现金属间化合物及其它脆性相，接头最高拉伸强度可达420MPa，接近TiAl母材。     

铝/钛异种金属冷金属过渡熔钎焊接头分析

以ER4043的铝焊丝对6061铝合金和TA2纯钛进行CMT熔钎焊,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了焊接接头的微观组织特征,并通过拉伸试验对接头进行了力学性能的评定. 结果表明,焊接接头具有熔焊和钎焊双重性质:铝母材局部熔化,与熔化的焊丝金属混合后凝固形成焊缝;而没有熔化的钛母材通过Ti原子的扩散与焊缝金属形成金属间化合物结合层的钎焊界面. 钎焊界面处反应层可分为靠近钛板一侧的连续层Ti₃Al和向焊缝内部生长的锯齿状的反应层TiAl₃. 当钛板坡口角度为30°时,钎焊界面化合物生长均匀良好,接头会断裂在铝母材的热影响区,最高抗拉强度达到197.5 MPa.     

Ni_3Al有序金属间化合物的主要特性和应用

Ni_3Al有序金属间化合物由于在高温下具有优异的强度和抗氧化能力而越来越受关注。Ni_3Al金属间化合物的晶体结构为L1_2,是面心立方的有序衍生结构。Ni_3Al具有屈服强度对温度的反常关系。采用硼微合金化能有效减低材料的本征脆性和高温水气环境中的氢脆。应用6%～9%Cr合金化能减轻材料的中温脆性。,它可以应用粉末冶金、铸造和锻压方法进行工业生产。     

Microstructural characterization and properties of Al/Cu/steel diffusion bonded joints

We prepared Al/Cu/steel composite with a gradient structure using a vacuum hot-pressed diffusion method and investigated the Al/Cu/steel interface. The results show that a supersaturated solid solution with a thickness of about 2 um formed in the Cu/steel diffusion zone. Two kinds of intermetallic compounds, Cu₉Al₄ adjacent to the Cu side and CuAl₂ adjacent to the Al side, formed at the interface of the Al/Cu. The thickness of the intermetallic compound layer appeared to greatly affect conductivity and tensile strength. The conductivity and the tensile strength decreased from 36.9 MS/m to 24.2 MS/m, and from 70.9MPa to 40.7MPa, respectively, while the thickness increased from 3.5 um to 23 um. The fractures occurred between a supersaturated solid solution (Al in Cu) and Cu₉Al₄, or between Cu₉Al₄ and CuAl₂.     

SiCP/Al复合材料的真空扩散钎焊

文中采用Al/Cu/Al复合箔扩散钎焊SiC_P/Al复合材料,采用SEM,EDS,XRD分析接头界面组织,研究了钎焊温度对接头界面组织及力学性能的影响,并结合Al-Cu二元相图分析接头形成机制.结果表明,固定连接压力为1 MPa,保温时间为10 min,当钎焊温度从590℃升至640℃,接头界面产物由Al₂Cu+αAl共晶组织转变为断续的Al₂Cu金属间化合物,Al-Cu液相向两侧母材扩散的距离增加,接头的抗剪强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势.当钎焊温度为620℃,保温时间为10 min,连接压力为1 MPa时,接头的抗剪强度达到最大值69 MPa.