应变程度对Cu-12%Ag合金纤维相形成及导电性能的影响

通过冷拉拔制备了纤维相增强的Cu—12％Ag合金(质量分数),研究了纤维组织形成过程及变形程度对合金电导率的影响,讨论了影响电导率的机制并建立了分析模型．随着变形程度的增加,共晶体演变成细密的纤维束结构,电导率降低．合金导电主要依赖于Cu基体而非共晶体,共晶纤维束与Cu基体界面间距随应变率增大而减小是合金导电性能下降的主要因素．根据界面散射模型建立了电阻率与变形程度之间的函数关系,可预测不同应变条件下合金的导电性能．     

Ag含量对纤维相强化Cu-Ag合金组织及性能的影响

通过冷拉拔结合中间热处理制备了不同Ag含量的纤维相强化Cu—Ag合金,研究了Ag含量对合金组织形态、强度和电导率的影响．Ag含量在6％-24％范围内的合金铸态组织包含初生α枝晶、共晶体和次生相．在拉拔过程中,共晶体及次生相均演变成细密的纤维形态．随Ag含量的升高,共晶体及次生相数量增多,合金强度及应变硬化速率升高,电导率下降,尤其当Ag含量增加使合金组织中的共晶纤维束增多并呈连续网状分布时,电导率下降更为明显．高Ag含量合金中共晶体纤维束的强化效应明显高于低Ag含量合金中次生相纤维的强化效应,但其对合金导电性能的损害程度也高于后者．     

稀土元素对纤维复合Cu-6%Fe合金组织和性能的影响

采用冷拉拔结合中间热处理方法制备了纤维复合强化Cu-6%Fe、Cu-6Fe%.0.05%RE和Cu-6%Fe-0.3%RE(质量分数)合金,观察并测定了不同变形程度下合金显微组织、力学性能和电学性能,研究了稀土微合金化在双相纤维强化Cu-Fe合金中的作用.添加0.05%～0.3%的稀土元素可以明显细化Cu-6%Fe合金初晶组织但对纤维复合形态不产生明显影响.随变形程度增大,合金强度上升而电导率下降.在较高变形程度条件下,稀土元素能够使Cu-6%Fe合金应变硬化效应减弱和电导率下降趋势变缓,导致在一定拉拔变形程度后含稀土合金的抗拉强度低于而电导率高于不含稀土合金.     

应变过程中Cu-6%Ag合金的组织纤维化及导电特性

通过冷拉拔应变制备了纤维相强化的Cu-6%Ag(质量分数,下同)合金,研究了不同应变条件下合金的显微组织和电阻率变化规律,讨论了应变对Cu-6%Ag合金导电性能的影响机制.随应变程度的增加,原始组织中的Cu基体晶粒、不平衡共晶体及次生相粒子最终演变成细密的纤维结构,合金电阻率上升.次生相界面、共晶体与Cu基体界面及位错对电子散射作用程度的变化导致了合金电阻率在不同变形程度范围内有不同的变化规律.当变形超过一定程度后,电阻率升高规律与来自较高Ag含量合金中纤维相尺度进入纳米数量级的界面散射模型相符.     

应变过程中Cu-6%Ag合金的组织纤维化及导电特性

通过冷拉拔应变制备了纤维相强化的Cu-6%Ag(质量分数,下同)合金,研究了不同应变条件下合金的显微组织和电阻率变化规律,讨论了应变对Cu-6%Ag合金导电性能的影响机制.随应变程度的增加,原始组织中的Cu基体晶粒、不平衡共晶体及次生相粒子最终演变成细密的纤维结构,合金电阻率上升.次生相界面、共晶体与Cu基体界面及位错对电子散射作用程度的变化导致了合金电阻率在不同变形程度范围内有不同的变化规律.当变形超过一定程度后,电阻率升高规律与来自较高Ag含量合金中纤维相尺度进入纳米数量级的界面散射模型相符.     

退火温度对纤维复合Cu-12%Ag合金应力-应变行为的影响

采用大变形冷拉拔制备了双相纤维复合Cu-12%Ag合金,测定了不同温度退火的合金拉伸曲线.研究了退火温度对合金应力-应变行为的影响.在拉伸载荷作用下,400℃以下退火的合金主要发生弹性应变,500℃退火的合金主要发生塑性应变.退火温度达到300℃时,合金的抗拉强度和弹性模量均有一定程度的下降.退火温度高于300℃时,抗拉强度及弹性模量显著下降.当退火导致纤维界面密度及局部应变下降时,合金的塑性流变能力提高但强度下降.当退火导致界面分布不均匀时,则会同时损害双相组织的强化效应和塑性流变能力.     

大变形Cu-10Ag原位纳米纤维复合材料

以不同的凝固速率制备了Cu-10Ag亚共晶合金。铸态结构由初生Ag沉淀,(Cu+Ag)共晶和Cu相组成。采用大变形制备了Cu-10Ag合金原位纤维复合材料。其中由初生Ag沉淀相所形成的Ag纤维具有较大直径(d)并可用幂指数关系d=C·exp(-0.228η)拟合,式中η是真实应变,C是与合金原始晶体尺寸有关的系数,而由(Cu+Ag)共晶中的Ag层所形成的Ag纤维具有更细直径(几纳米)。低温中间热处理可进一步细化Ag纤维尺寸和改进性能。经热机械处理的Cu-10Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料具有高强度(σb＞1.5 GPa)和高电导率(＞60％IACS)。大变形Cu-10Ag合金原位纳米纤维复合材料显示了两阶段强化效应。讨论了影响Ag纤维尺寸的因素和复合材料的强化与形变机制。     

强磁场对Cu-25Ag合金凝固、拉拔组织及导电性能的影响

在有无磁场条件下进行Cu-25Ag(%,质量分数,下同)合金凝固实验,并对铸锭进行冷拉拔处理,系统的研究强磁场对Cu-25Ag合金凝固组织、拉拔组织以及复合材料电导率的影响。发现有无磁场条件下合金凝固组织和拉拔组织都有所不同。无磁场条件下初生Cu一次枝晶较长,以柱状枝晶方式生长,在试样顶部,枝晶生长方向沿弧形径向;在试样中部,生长方向与试样轴向夹角约45°;试样下部,生长方向与试样轴向夹角约90°。另外,共晶组织壁厚较薄,两相分布不均匀,片层间距较大。强磁场条件下初生Cu一次枝晶变短,以胞状枝晶方式生长,在试样顶部,枝晶生长方向沿弧形径向,试样中部和下部,枝晶生长方向与试样轴向夹角约90°。共晶组织壁厚较大,两相分布比较均匀,片层间距较小。冷拉拔后,共晶网状结构被拉长、变细,形成纤维结构,无磁场条件试样中共晶纤维厚度和间距较小,强磁场试样中共晶纤维厚度和间距较大。随着纤维组织厚度不断减小,试样的电导率降低,并且相同变形量下有无磁场条件的试样电导率有所差别。对强磁场下合金凝固组织及拉拔组织影响机理进行了探讨,并分析了纤维组织对复合材料电导率的影响机制。     

试样厚度对共晶组织形态的影响

采用透明模型合金CBr4-11.7?Cl6(摩尔分数),对共晶合金定向凝固界面演化进行了实时观察,研究了初始非稳态凝固过程中试样厚度对于共晶合金界面能各向异性效应及层片间距调整机制的影响规律.结果表明,共晶界面能各向异性效应和层片调节机制与试样厚度显著相关.试样厚度大于48μm时,试样厚度对界面能各向异性的影响可以忽略;当试样厚度为48μm或更小时,界面能各向异性的效应开始显现,由于初始晶粒的取向不同,部分层片偏离温度梯度方向生长;当试样厚度为16μm时,层片间距的调整由初始的多层调节机制转变为准二维调节机制.     

预备热处理对纤维相复合强化Cu-12%Ag合金组织与性能的影响

对铸态组织采用高温700℃,2 h+720℃,2 h退火及低温450℃,10 h退火再进行冷拉拔,制备了Cu-12%Ag(质量分数)合金线材,通过观察退火前后显微组织及测定不同冷拉拔变形程度下合金的强度和电导率,研究了预备热处理工艺对纤维相复合强化Cu-Ag合金组织与性能的影响.高温退火能够充分消除枝晶偏析,减少共晶体数量并促进较粗大的次生相析出,使合金中溶质及相界面的电子散射效应较小.低温退火能够部分消除枝晶偏析,保持一定数量的非平衡共晶体及促进细小的次生相析出,使合金中分散相强化效应较明显.在相同的变形程度下,低温退火可使合金具有较高的强度,高温退火可使合金具有较高的电导率.Cu-12%Ag合金采用高温退火的预备热处理工艺可以得到更优良的综合性能.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。