循环流化床锅炉返料量减少的问题处理及对策

循环流化床锅炉系统改造后，出现返料风压突然降低以及返料器中基本没有返料的现象，经反复调整仍无效果。停车检修后，对返料风机选型、物料分离系统和返料装置进行了细致排查，发现是由于返料器风帽用错及脱落过多而引起。最后，对循环流化床锅炉分离返料常见的故障进行了简单分析。     

有侧吹风环流料封阀水平孔口流动阻力特性

引　言循环流化床锅炉由于具有诸多优点 ,使其在国内外得以迅速发展 .然而在已投运的循环流化床锅炉中也暴露出一些亟待完善解决的问题 .环流料封阀是目前在循环流化床锅炉上应用最多的一种固体颗粒回送控制装置 .实际运行表明 ,这种返料装置结构简单、运行可靠 ,能够很好地满足稳定返料和密封的要求 ,是一种很有发展前途的返料器 .但它缺乏对循环物料的调节和控制能力 ,返料室有时会出现局部流化不良从而导致结焦 .试验研究表明[1～ 3],只要环流料封阀在结构上设计合理 ,它就能像Ｌ阀一样 ,对固体颗粒循环量具有调节和控制作用 ,且可在较宽…     

循环流化床回流物料循环的特性

为了研究循环物料在流化床内回流并参与循环的过程,进一步揭示流化床内物料的循环特性,文中搭建了冷态循环流化床顶部回流试验台。利用激光多普勒粒子动态分析仪(PDA)对塔内颗粒回流时床内气固二相流场和颗粒浓度分布进行了测量。同时对物料回流量和床内表观气速等操作条件对回流过程的影响进行了考察。研究表明,回流颗粒在流化床内的返混可以分为3个区域:回流区、返混加速区和主流区,回流颗粒造成床内流场的不均匀性。回流长度主要受物料回流量和床内表观气速影响。     

循环流化床气体返混及停留时间的分布

本文采用脉冲示踪技术,研究了直径140 mm循环流化床内气体的返混特性及其停留时间分布规律,并通过一维轴向扩散模型,得到了气体轴向扩散系数。实验结果表明,在循环流态化条件下,气体轴向流动明显偏离于平推流,并且随操作气速增大或颗粒循环速率的减小,气体轴向返混程度减小。     

循环流化床燃烧数学模型及试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动基础方面的研究成果, 提出床内气固浓－淡流动模型, 建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型, 考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程以及煤燃烧、污染气体的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等过程． 在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究, 模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好, 表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流动床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程．     

油页岩循环床锅炉中温分离回输系统Loop Seal工作特性的研究

在目前世界上投入商业运行最大容量的 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上 ,进行了全尺寸的中温分离系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的工作特性热态试验 ,得到了油页岩循环流化床燃烧中温分离回输系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的运行参数、温度特性及其循环物料的颗粒特性和含碳量分布 ,试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值     

浅析循环流化床锅炉的经济运行

1前言循环流化床锅炉是一种其燃烧方式介于层状燃烧与悬浮燃烧之间的新型燃烧设备。燃料在炉内像沸腾的开水一样,呈沸腾状。为了提高锅炉效率设计了一次返料及二次返料,循环流化因而得名。了解循环流化床锅炉的优缺点及其对效率的影响,并有针对性地进行技术改造,对提高运行经济     

75t/h循环流化床锅炉返料系统存在问题及改造措施

阐述了75 t/h循环流化床锅炉返料系统堵塞的现象及成因分析,在此基础上,提出了改造措施。     

影响BT-75/4.4-M循环流化床锅炉床温因素分析

循环流化床锅炉的床温是循环流化床锅炉最重要的控制参数，它直接影响着整个锅炉的热效率和脱硫效率，从云天化股份有限责任公司的循环流化床锅炉的实际运行出发，分析了影响循环流化床锅炉床温的各种因素，其中主要因素有煤质、煤量、煤粒粒径、一次风、二次风、脱硫剂、循环灰量和床层高度等，据此选择出适合云天化循环流化床锅炉的床温，并利用返灰量来自动调节控制锅炉的床温。     

循环流化床两级返料器冷态试验研究

在高度为3 m、直径为0.1 m的循环流化床冷态试验台上,通过测量不同工况下的系统压力及物料循环流率,研究了采用两级返料器时,不同压力平衡口位置对系统运行特性的影响,并对比研究了采用单级返料器和两级返料器结构形式循环流化床系统的运行特性。试验结果表明:当采用两级返料器时,在合理的压力平衡口位置范围内,相同工况下不同压力平衡口位置对系统运行特性影响不大;在相同的操作条件下,采用不同结构形式的返料器,系统物料循环流率的变化趋势基本一致,采用两级返料器结构形式时各级立管压降之和与采用单级返料器立管压降基本相同;利用压力的标准方差来表示压力脉动的大小,结果显示:采用单级返料器时,在提升管不同高度处和立管底部压力脉动均比较大,而采用两级返料器结构形式运行更加稳定。     

Solids flow characteristics in loop-seal of a circulating fluidized bed

The hydrodynamics of solids (FCC) recycle in a loop-seal (0.08 m) at the bottom of the downcomer (0.08 m-I.D.x4.0 m-high) in a circulating fluidized bed (0.1 m-I.D.x 5.3 m-high) have been determined. Solid flow rate through the loop-seal increases linearly with increasing aeration rate. At the same aeration rate, the maximum solid flow rate can be obtained at a loop-seal height-to-diameter ratio of 2.5. The effects of solid inventory, solid circulation rate and gas velocity on pressure balance around the CFB have been determined. At a given gas velocity and solid circulation rate, pressure drops across the downcomer and loop-seal increase linearly with increasing solids inventory in the bed. At a constant solid inventory, pressure drops across the riser and the downcomer increase with increasing solid circulation rate but decrease with increasing gas velocity in the riser. The obtained solid flow rate has been correlated with pressure drop across the loop-seal.     

Experimental Investigation into the Hydrodynamics of Flow of Solids through a Loop Seal Recycle Chamber

The working of loop seal is one of the least understood aspects of a circulating fluidized bed boiler although this component is critical to the operation of such boilers. The present work is an experimental study of the flow of solids; through the recycle chamber of a loop seal in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The effect of different parameters on the velocity of solid overflow through the recycle chamber is investigated. The sharp‐crested weir theory of free surface water flow was used to analyze the solid flow through the loop seal. The analysis gives a good indication of the validity of the above theory for solids overflow over a weir. The results show that the solid flow rate increases with increase in bed height above the weir and the particle size had no effect on the value of the weir coefficient.     

负压差立管插板阀调节颗粒质量流率的实验分析

在大型循环流化床装置上,通过改变负压差立管上的插板阀的开度,测定不同颗粒质量流率条件下插板阀上下的流态和脉动压力,以此分析插板阀对下料过程颗粒质量流率的调控机制。实验结果表明,对于立管的下料过程插板阀的开度存在一个临界开度,将插板阀的开度范围划分为非可控制区和可控制区。当插板阀的开度大于临界开度时,处于非可控制区,不能进行颗粒质量流率的调节,此时插板阀上下的流态一致,脉动压力曲线相似;当插板阀的开度小于临界开度时,处于可控制区,可以进行颗粒质量流率的调节,此时插板阀上的流态是移动床,阀下的流态是雨状下落流,上下的脉动压力曲线不同。     

循环流化床锅炉一体化外置式换热器

大型循环流化床锅炉广泛采用各种形式的外置式换热器。传统的换热器只能实现换热器（EHE）和返料机构（loop seal）之间的物料流量的调节,此时进入EHE的物料将会全部顺次流过各个换热仓室,很难对外置床中的各种受热面的传热量进行单独调节。本文首次提出了一种全新的非机械阀式外置式换热器布置方式,通过控制流入各个换热仓室的固体物料流量,从而达到对各换热仓室中布置的受热面的换热情况进行单独调节。同时把EHE和loop seal结合在一起,保证向炉膛的返料。文中对这种一体化外置式换热器及其返料机构中的物料流动特性进行了冷态试验研究。试验结果表明,这种外置式换热器有很好的物料分流和流量控制特性。可以通过调节运行参数和结构参数来控制两个换热室、EHE和loop seal以及两个返料口之间的物料流量和比例。同时还得到了物料在换热室的流动特性。通过对可见输送分离高度的测量,提出了分配室和换热室相对隔板高度的设计方法。     

液固外循环流化床换热器主压降的实验研究

以喷嘴为颗粒循环装置的液固外循环流化床换热器为研究对象,考察颗粒直径、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒初始加入量及流体黏度对主压降的影响,得出了稳定操作情况下,液固外循环流化床换热器主压降与上述因素之间的经验关联式,计算值与实验值吻合较好,为外循环流化床换热器的设计计算提供依据。     

Fluid mechanics of circulating fluidized beds

A fluid mechanical model of segregated vertical gas-solids flow has been developed. Mass and force balances were set up with the aid of this model and, finally, a dimensionless state and pressure drop diagram was calculated. In this diagram, the pressure gradient caused by the solids transport is plotted in dimensionaless form versus the superficial gas velocity in the form of a particle Froude number. Parameter is the ratio of the solids volumetric flow rate at minimum fluidization to the gas volumetric flow rate. The state and pressure drop diagram is valid for a given gas-solids system, i.e. for a given Archimedes number and given minimum fluidization porosity. The fluid mechanical behaviour of different types of circulating fluidized beds can be explained with the aid of the state and pressure drop diagram for segregated vertical gas-solids flow. As an example, the operating behaviour of circulating fluidized bed with a syphon in the solids downcomer is discussed. Measurements of the circulating solids mass flow rates are compared with calculation results.     

Solid Recycle Characteristics of Loop‐seals in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

Solid recycle characteristics through a conventional and a newly developed loop‐seal (0.08 m i.d.) system are determined in a circulating fluidized bed of FCC or silica sand particles. In the loop‐seal developed here, gas was injected downward tangentially to the wall of the loop‐seal to increase solids mass flux with stable flow. For conventional loop‐seal, solids mass fluxes increase linearly with increasing aeration rate but it reaches a maximum value. At the same aeration rate with different aeration locations (0.1 – 0.6 m) in a conventional loop‐seal, a maximum solids mass flux is seen at a height to diameter ratio of 2.5. For the newly developed loop‐seal, mass fluxes of FCC and sand particles are higher and more stable than in conventional loop‐seal at the same aeration rate. The solid mass fluxes obtained have been correlated with the aeration rate and Archimedes number.     

循环型高通量输送床的建立与控制

密相输送床气化和双流化床气化是基于循环型流化床反应器发展起来的两种新型煤和生物质气化技术,根据这两种技术对流动的要求,提出了在循环流化床的下行床底部耦合一段移动床,为输送床内的流动提供足够高的驱动压力而提高颗粒循环量的技术思想。在根据该思想而建立的直径90 mm的输送床实验装置上的实验研究表明,利用所提出的床型构造可在表观气速9.6 m•s^-1下实现400 kg•m^-2•s^-1的颗粒循环量。输送床的一次风速和移动床松动风速是影响颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度的主要因素,但循环量随输送床一次风速的增大而增加的走势弱于普通循环流化床。移动床松动风速在小于颗粒最小流化速度的范围内轻微变动即可显著改变颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度。在保持输送床总气速不变的前提下,通过二次风可在40%的比例范围内调节颗粒循环量,且调节作用随二次风位置的增高而减弱。     

Predicting the pressure drop across the solids flow rate control device of a circulating fluidized bed

The control of the solids circulation rate in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) can be obtained by means of a mechanical valve located at the bottom of the return leg. The valve acts by provoking a pressure drop that depends on the degree of the opening. The aim of this work is to develop a predictive model for the pressure drop in a butterfly valve used as a control device for the solids circulation rate. A model has been developed and validated against experimental data obtained from a 0.1 m id, 6 m high CFB using a group B powder. The equations proposed by, Jones and Davidson [D.R.M. Jones, J.F. Davidson, The flow of particles from a fluidised bed through orifices, Rheologica Acta 4 (1965) 180] and Cheng et. al. [L. Cheng, P. Basu, Solids circulation rate prediction in a pressurized loop seal, in: K. Chen (Ed.), Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 76, 1998, p. 761] to predict the discharge rate of granular solid through orifices have been modified to account for the shape of the openings in the valve. A corrective parameter, which is based on the dimensionless hydraulic diameter of the valve opening, has been introduced. Very good agreement with the experimental data was obtained.     

Drying Kinetics in the Riser of Circulating Fluidized Bed with Internals

Solid particles were dried in the riser of circulating fluidized bed with internals to study the drying kinetics. Experiments were conducted in a circulating fluidized bed, having perforated plates as internals covering wide range in the operating parameters. The effects of various operating parameters, i.e., initial moisture content, temperature, and flow rate, of the heating medium and solid circulation rate on the rate of drying have been critically examined. It has been observed from the present investigation that the presence of internals enhances the solids holdup in the riser of circulating fluidized bed. The drying efficiency of a circulating fluidized bed with internals has been compared with the drying performance of a circulating fluidized bed without internals under the same operating conditions.