垂尾抖振响应主模态控制的地面模型实验

根据飞机垂尾抖振响应的特点,提出飞机垂尾抖振响应主模态控制概念和方法,用于垂尾抖振响应压电主动控制系统设计.采用自主研制的弓形压电作动器,并用随机激励力模拟抖振载荷,进行了垂尾模型抖振控制地面实验.结果表明,采用抖振主模态控制方法,可使垂尾模型梢部抖振位移响应功率谱密度函数的第1阶模态峰值降低94％,第2,3阶模态峰值分别降低53％和85％；采用弓形压电作动器为控制执行元件可有效实施垂尾抖振响应主动控制.     

飞机抖振试飞方法研究

首先介绍了抖振发生的机理,及对飞机结构的影响,指出了飞机抖振边界试飞的目的。在总结对比抖振试飞方法的基础上,提出了适合飞机抖振的试飞方法收敛转弯法。在机翼不同位置安装振动传感器,对试飞数据进行均方根分析和自功率谱分析的基础上建立抖振响应和迎角的关系,发现抖振响应主要集中于机翼二阶模态频率,确定了抖振初始迎角,综合各个飞行状态的数据,得到了飞机的抖振边界,为今后飞机的抖振试飞提供了很好的借鉴。     

中塔对大跨度三塔连跨悬索桥抖振性能的影响

为探讨中塔对大跨度三塔连跨悬索桥抖振性能的影响,以世界第一大跨度三塔连跨悬索桥——泰州大桥为研究对象,通过基于有限元的结构非线性时域分析,研究了中塔型式和中塔纵向刚度对大跨度三塔连跨悬索桥风致抖振响应的影响。实测模态参数与计算模态参数的对比验证了所建立有限元模型的准确性。研究结果表明:相比人型中塔,A型中塔可显著降低主梁扭转抖振位移并削弱竖向与横向位移响应;主梁侧向抖振位移几乎不受中塔纵向刚度的影响,增加中塔纵向刚度可以一定程度上抑制主梁竖向及扭转抖振位移响应;中塔纵向刚度变化对边塔平动抖振位移影响微弱,在一定范围内增加中塔纵向刚度可以显著降低中塔顺桥向平动和扭转抖振位移,同时在略微增加边塔扭转抖振位移的前提下可以一定程度上抑制中塔横桥向平动抖振位移。     

集装箱起重机的脉动风场仿真及响应分析

基于准定常假定,采用谐波叠加法仿真集装箱起重机的脉动风场并对其进行脉动风载作用下的抖振响应分析。风场仿真结果表明,除自谱的低频误差较大外,风速样本的功率谱密度与目标值完全一致。岸桥前梁端点的位移响应谱表明,低频的脉动风载荷对岸桥的基频模态具有最强的激振效应,且紊流风作用下岸桥前梁端点顺风向抖振最大位移高达53mm,可能会激起梁上小车与轨道的耦合振动,影响梁上电动小车行驶安全性,而横向和竖向脉动风下的振动位移很小,可忽略不计。     

300MW汽轮发电机组轴系扭振机电耦合冲击响应的模拟研究

大型汽轮发电机组轴系扭振是发电机机械系统与电网系统相互耦合作用的结果。由于电网负荷变化的随机性,突发性及多样性,机组承受的扭振冲击载荷及其响应特性十分复杂。本文采用弹性连续体振动波动方程的解析方法,分析了300MW汽轮发电机组的扭振响应特性,并针对几种典型的外部激励,对网机耦合作用下机组轴系的扭振强迫振动进行了计算机模拟考核。     

一种伺服驱动定位末端抖振问题的抑制分析及解决办法

针对交流伺服传动系统定位时的末端抖振问题,选用数字化双T型陷波滤波器抑制抖振,实验中发现陷波滤波器的位置响应滞后,仍存在较大的相角误差,经参数整定后,提出基于陷波滤波器的相位补偿方案,在应用中能较好地抑制弹性负载条件下伺服系统定位时的末端抖振问题,且位置相角滞后也得到了减小。     

机械抖动激光陀螺的随机振动响应分析

对机抖激光陀螺进行了随机振动响应分析,以考察其承受动力学环境的能力。介绍了基础激励下结构随机振动响应的分析方法,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了机抖激光陀螺的有限元模型并进行了模态分析,与试验结果对比表明,计算误差＜7%,验证了模型的合理性和精确性。对机抖激光陀螺的轴向和横向随机振动激励进行了有限元计算,对轴向激励下随机振动的试验结果和有限元分析结果进行了对比,通过分析对结构加速度响应的功率谱密度等统计量,研究了随机振动试验中机抖激光陀螺结构的随机响应,指出了现有结构设计的薄弱环节,提出了改进意见,为机抖激光陀螺的研发和设计提供了参考依据。     

计及接触线脉动风激励的受电弓主动控制研究

针对外部环境脉动风激励对弓网耦合系统动态耦合性能造成的影响,提出了一种受电弓变论域模糊分数阶P ID主动控制方法.修正了脉动风激励下的简化弓网模型,分析了脉动风激励在接触线产生的抖振力,得到了不同风攻角和风速下的弓网系统接触压力.将接触压力误差及误差变化率作为变论域模糊分数阶P ID控制的输入,实时调整P ID参数.利用论域伸缩因子调整模糊控制论域,提高了模糊控制精确性.利用Oustafod滤波器有理化了分数阶微积分算子,提高了PID控制器灵活性.仿真结果表明,设计的控制器在脉动风环境下能有效减小接触压力波动,降低弓网离线率,提高了系统的鲁棒性.     

超大口径天线结构的风振响应

为明确大型天线结构风振响应特性,以待建的110m全可动天线为研究平台,对其展开各迎风姿态下的风荷载特性分析。根据刚性模型风洞试验结果,探讨了反射面平均风压分布规律及最不利风向角。在此基础上,采用基于随机振动理论的非线性时程分析法进一步对结构的风致动力响应展开研究,总结了风振响应特性。结果表明,该结构自振频率分布密集,结构较柔,其风振响应是一个窄带过程,振动能量随着俯仰角的增大而逐渐提高,且高阶振型逐渐对风致振动有所贡献。该成果可为天线结构抗风设计提供较为全面的荷载取值参考。     

基于瞬态激励的CVT传动系统扭振响应研究

金属带式无级变速器(Metal V-belt Type Continuously Variable Transmission,CVT)通过摩擦传动,带轮与金属带之间始终存在滑移,该特性区别于有级式变速器。为了研究CVT传动系统在瞬态激励下的扭振响应,根据某型号CVT主、从动带轮与金属带之间摩擦系数的实验数据,建立该传动系统数学模型并进行仿真试验,将该模型在低速比下的扭振响应与有级式变速器在瞬态激励下的扭振响应进行对比。结果显示,由于滑移率的存在,瞬态激励下CVT传动系统不会发生典型的shuffle现象,而是表现出高频低幅的振动特性,没有与车身发生共振。     

Using defined structures on very thin foils for characterizing AFM tips

Knowledge of tip geometry is necessary for reproducible atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. This is particularly important for measurements in contact mode, in which a certain wear of the tip will always occur. For small or flat structures or for structures of larger dimensions, knowledge of the tip radius and the entire tip geometry is important. Additionally, the tilt of the tip in relation to the sample is of importance. Normally, very complicated lithographically manufactured structures for tip characterization are used. In contrast, the structures shown in this work are very simple. For measuring the tip geometry very thin foils patterned by focused ion beam (FIB) were used. In this work we demonstrate the possibility of determining the AFM tip geometry and the tilt based on several different large structures. A proven algorithm was developed for the reconstruction of the tips. The shape of FIB-structured foils was determined by electron microscopy prior to AFM measurements. This new method for determining tip shape is also presented as it compares to other current methods. In this case a discussion on the stability and advantages of the new method is presented.     

A new topology optimization scheme for nonlinear structures

A new topology optimization algorithm based on artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCA) was developed and applied to geometrically nonlinear structures. A finite element method and the Newton-Raphson technique were adopted for the nonlinear topology optimization. The distribution of material is expressed by the density of each element and a filter scheme was implemented to prevent a checkerboard pattern in the optimized layouts. In the application of ABCA for long structures or structures with small volume constraints, optimized topologies may be obtained differently for the same problem at each trial. The calculation speed is also very slow since topology optimization based on the roulette-wheel method requires many finite element analyses. To improve the calculation speed and stability of ABCA, a rank-based method was used. By optimizing several examples, it was verified that the developed topology scheme based on ABCA is very effective and applicable in geometrically nonlinear topology optimization problems.     

Mobility analysis of the deployable structure of SLE based on screw theory

Scissor-like element has a number of applications in deployable structures such as planar deployable structure (PDS) and ring deployable structure(RDS). However, the mobility analysis of the multi-loop deployable structures is made more difficulty by the traditional mobility formula, because the deployable structure is a very complex structure with multi-loop. Therefore, On the basis of screw theory, the calculation method of mobility of deployable structures of SLE is thoroughly discussed. In order to investigate the mobility, decomposing and composing structures(DCS) are developed, and the basic units are able to be obtained. On the basis of the deployable structures’ geometrical characteristics, there exists a closed-loop quadrilateral structure and some non-closed-loop quadrilateral structures in PDS. Also, a six legs parallel structure is present in RDS. The basic units’ mobility can be solved by both the methods of screw theory and topology constraint graphs. Then, composing the related basic units, the formula of planar deployable structures’ mobility can be built and solves the mobility of ring deployable structure. The analysis method solves the mobility analysis of the multi-loop deployable structures which is difficulty by the traditional method, and plays an important role in further research about the mobility of other complex deployable structures.     

弯曲载荷作用下工字形截面梁腹板中心穿透裂纹的应力强度因子

工字形梁是工程中最常见的结构之一。其中的任何裂纹都将成为结构断裂失效的隐患。带有裂纹的工字形梁是典型的三维有限边界问题,用经典方法求解其裂纹的应力强度因子通常是相当困难的。文中利用裂纹非自发扩展的能量释放率建立一个求解弯曲载荷作用下工字形截面梁中心裂纹的应力强度因子的新方法。给出工字形截面梁裂纹非自发扩展能量释放率G^＊ -积分与应力强度因子的关系,同时也给出G^＊ -积分与载荷、几何参量以及力学性能参数的关系,进而得到工字形截面梁腹板中心裂纹的应力强度因子。     

基于MSC的装配结构模态分析技术研究

在装配结构按合面处添加附加面,利用多点约束(MPC)技术,将装配结构连接在一起,通过合理定义附加面的材料属性皋达到模拟装配零件之间实际连接刚度的目的。在MSC/Nastran平台上,对一种典型的、经过附加面处理的装配结构进行了棋态分析、并与刚性连接、一体化结构的模态分析结果进行了比较,得出了十分有益的结论,对实现复杂装配结构的模态分析具有重要参考意义。     

单晶硅各向异性湿法刻蚀的形貌控制

针对摆式微加速度计的制作,对利用两种添加剂共同修饰的TMAH刻蚀液的单晶硅湿法刻蚀技术及其相关刻蚀特性进行了研究。分析了两种添加剂之间的作用机理及对单晶硅湿法刻蚀的影响,选择合适的添加剂刻蚀液配比,实现了稳定的刻蚀形貌控制。通过两种添加剂的共同作用,获得了具有光滑刻蚀表面(粗糙度约为1nm)和良好凸角保护(凸角侧蚀比率小于0.8)的刻蚀形貌。实验结果表明,在三重溶液(TMAH+Triton-X-100+IPA)下的刻蚀形貌具有明显优势。最后,基于添加剂对疏水性单晶硅材料的作用机理及表面张力调节,表面活性剂和酒精类添加剂之间的相互作用分析了刻蚀形貌发生变化的原因。以典型悬臂梁-质量块的制作为例,验证了采用该单晶硅刻蚀形貌控制方法可以获得微加速度计光滑的悬臂梁表面和无需凸角补偿的完整质量块。相比于其它制作工艺,该方法简单、易操作,有利于提高微机电器件的性能。     

TiC-TiN-TiC-Al_2O_3涂层CP3型硬质合金抗弯强度及其分散性的研究

通过X衍射法对CP3型硬质合金涂覆TiC TiN TiC Al2 O3 四层硬质层的组织结构进行了研究 ,用扫描电镜观察了涂层的断口形貌 ,用划痕法测定了涂层与基体的结合力 ,用三点弯曲法测定了涂覆前、后该硬质合金的抗弯强度 ,并应用Weibull统计方法对该材料的抗弯强度及其分散性进行了分析。研究结果表明 :涂层组织由TiC、TiN和Al2 O3 组成 ,涂层中无发达的柱状晶 ,涂层与基体结合良好 ,涂覆后硬质合金的平均抗弯强度从涂覆前的2 119MPa下降到 15 80MPa ,但其抗弯强度的分散性变化不大     

A preparation method for observing intracellular structures by scanning electron microscopy

In order to observe intracellular structures by scanning electron microscopy, excess cytoplasmic matrix must be removed from the fractured surface of cells. Previously we reported an Osmium-DMSO-Osmium method devised for this purpose. This method is very effective in revealing intracellular structures, but requires osmium tetroxide for initial fixation with some consequent disadvantages. In the present study, a revised Osmium-DMSO-Osmium method is reported, in which an aldehyde mixture is used as the initial fixative instead of osmium tetroxide. As fixation is carried out by perfusion in this revised method, better preservation of fine structures is achieved than by the original method, especially in the central nervous tissue which tends to suffer from post-mortem degeneration. Moreover this method can be applied to cytochemical studies of intracellular structures with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, acid phosphatase of lysosomes is demonstrated in a coloured SEM micrograph.     

ARMA MODELS FOR MODAL ANALYSIS: EFFECT OF MODEL ORDERS AND SAMPLING FREQUENCY

Modal analysis is usually conducted in the frequency domain. If frequency domain methods work very well when damping is low, noise level is low and natural frequencies are not too much closed, these methods however by requiring an averaging of the samples, are always time-consuming. On the other hand, time-series analysis are very attractive because samples with very short length are sufficient, but these time-series methods are actually not user friendly. This paper compares the accuracy of three auto-regressive moving average methods (recursive least-squares, output error and corrected covariance matrix methods) for identifying modal parameters of mechanical systems. These methods are applied to industrial structures both from numerical simulations and from experimental measurements. It is shown that these methods are very sensitive to the sampling frequency and that an optimal sampling frequency must be selected in order to have confidence in the identification. When sampling frequency chosen is too high, the order of the model must be increased which leads to a lack of accuracy. A sampling frequency selected approximately between three and ten times the maximal frequency of interest was revealed as acceptable while oversampling led to false results. The output error method was the less accurate one for the studied cases, especially for the damping rate identification. Elsewhere the corrected covariance matrix method revealed as the more accurate, the less sensitive to sampling frequency and the more stable method according to the selected order. The corrected covariance matrix method was applied to a complex industrial application with completely unknown dynamic behaviour and number of degrees of freedom. The application of the corrected covariance matrix method allowed to find the number of frequencies in a specific bandwidth and furthermore to identify the modal parameters.