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1.
Smart sunglasses based on electrochromic polymers are proposed and developed in this study. This article discusses the design, processing, and the optical and electrical performance of a prototype smart sunglasses based on cathodic electrochromic (EC) polymers, which show several merits compared with traditional materials for sunglasses lens as well as other smart window materials. It is a multilayer design of device. The conjugated polymer, poly[3,3‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐thieno [3,4‐b] [1,4]dioxepine] (PProDOT‐Me2), is utilized as the electrochromic working layer. The counter layer of the device is vanadium oxide (V2O5) film, which serves as an ion storage layer. There is also a polymer gel electrolyte acting as the ionic transport layer, sandwiched between the working and counter layers. The characteristics of the prototype device are reported, including transmittance (%T), driving power, response time, open circuit memory, and lifetime. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
2.
The novel electro-photochromic solid electrolyte films were successfully synthesized by in situ sol–gel synthesis of tungsten trioxide (WO3) working electrode within gelatin/lithium cosolvent system. The transparent free-standing single-layer film with adhesiveness and flexibility, darken significantly under the UV radiation with photo-response time of 30 s and gradually reversed once the source of UV was blocked. Moreover, casted film on the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass showed electrochromic (EC) behavior as well in presence of ion storage counter electrode. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the amorphous nature of an in situ synthesized gelatin-based film. The prepared film containing 30 wt% LiClO4 and 10 wt% WO3 (sample designated as GLi30W10) shows ionic conductivity value of 1.1 × 10−4 S/cm. The EC performances of the device with the following configuration; ITO/GLi30W10/NiO/ITO, was investigated by means of UV and cyclic voltammograms. Good performances and fast electro-response times (2 s/1 s) of the device were demonstrated with coloration efficiency of 51.54 cm2/C. 相似文献
3.
We developed a new electrochromic device by using compact Prussian blue (PB)/antimony tin oxide (ATO) nano-composites as anodic electrode and viologen anchoring on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particles as cathodic electrode. The anodic electrode was based on a transparent nanostructured ATO nano-particle film and was electro-deposited by Prussian blue to form compact Prussian blue/ATO nano-composites by means of galvanostatic electrodeposition process. Nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films on conducting glass were modified with a mono-layer of viologen with two anchoring groups, which were much strongly adsorbed onto the surface of TiO2 nano-particles. A polymer gel electrolyte sandwiched between the anodic and cathodic layers is used as the ionic transport layer. The 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm electrochromic device shows high contrast (64.8%, at 600 nm) very low transmittance at colored stage (0.1%, at 600 nm), fast switching time (600 and 720 ms for coloration and bleaching, respectively), high coloration efficiency of 912 cm2 C−1 at 600 nm and good stability. The enhanced performance of the electrochromic device can be attributed to the ATO nano-particles as inter-conductive materials. 相似文献
4.
M.-N. Collomb-Dunand-Sauthier S. Langlois E. Genies 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》1994,24(1):72-77
The spectroelectrochemical behaviour of cast poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT) films (0.2 and 0.5 m) on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass electrodes has been investigated in organic media. These thin films exhibit interesting electrochromic properties and their application in electrochromic devices has been examined in liquid (CH3CN + LiClO4 0.3 M) and viscous electrolyte (PEO + CH3CH + LiClO4). Polyaniline (PANI) film appears to be a convenient complementary counter electrode since its transmission maximum corresponds to its oxidized state and that of POT film to its reduced state. Thin films of iridium oxide (IrO2) are also possible counter electrodes, even in acetonitrile, the electrochemical behaviour being mostly capacitive with a low transmission change. However, the best contrast is obtained with the POT/PANI system. 相似文献
5.
A self-assembly technique and copolymerization were used to buildup a self-doped polyaniline (SPANI) ultra-thin film on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The monomers used were aniline and its derivative MSAN (m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid). Successful MSAN/AN copolymerization and film formation were simultaneously performed in aqueous solution with the addition of oxidant (APS, ammonium persulfate). The film deposition rate of a high AN/MSAN ratio system is generally higher than that of a low AN/MSAN ratio system. Cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectroscopy, and α-step instruments indicate a systematic dependence of the film thickness of these ultra-thin films on the assembly time and temperatures. The Auger depth profile reveals the elemental distribution in these films and exhibits different deposition rates between AN and MSAN. XPS N1s spectra also show the variation of the degree of doping. This SPANI film can be used as an electrochromic electrode in a corresponding device. Carboxyl-terminated-butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) blended with LiClO4 was used as a solid polymer electrolyte. A total solid electrochromic device was assembled as ITO/SPANI/LiClO4-CTBN/PEDOT:PSS/ITO, where PEDOT:PSS is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) as the counter complementary electrode. The device was pale gray at −1.5 V and blue at +1.5 V. 相似文献
6.
Specroelectrochemical,switching kinetics,and chronoamperometric studies of dibenzyl derivative of poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene) thin‐film‐based electrochromic device
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Raja Lakshmanan Palani Prabhu Raja Narayanapura Channegowda Shivaprakash Sindhu Sukumaran Nair 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2014,131(17)
The dibenzyl derivative of poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT‐Bz2) thin film is deposited onto ITO‐coated glass substrate by electropolymerization technique. The electropolymerization of ProDOT‐Bz2 is carried out by a three‐electrode electrochemical cell. The cyclic voltammogram shows the redox properties of electrochemically prepared films deposited at different scan rates. The thin films prepared were characterized for its morphological properties to study the homogeniety. Classic six‐layer structure of PProDOT‐Bz2 electrochromic device using this material was fabricated and reported for the first and its characterizations such as spectroelectrochemical, switching kinetics, and chronoamperometric studies are performed. The color contrast of the thin film and the device achieved are 64 and 40%, respectively, at λmax (628 nm). The switching time is recorded and the observed values are 5 s from the coloring state to the bleaching state and vice versa. The chronoamperometry shows that the device performed up to 400 cycles, and it is capable of working up to 35 cycles without any degradation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40717. 相似文献
7.
K. Boufker 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》1995,25(8):797-802
The lithiation behaviour of sputtered molybdenum oxide thin films is reported. Results indicate that such films prepared and dry lithiated under certain conditions undergo reversible lithium insertion without exhibiting a significant optical property change in the solar spectral range. Hence, such films have potential for use in electrochromic (EC) systems as counter electrodes for lithium ion storage. An all-solid EC system was fabricated and studied for its optical switching behaviour using an amorphous tungsten oxide film as the base EC layer. Encouraging results were found relative to the application of such MoO3 films for lithium ion storage. 相似文献
8.
This paper describes a fabrication method of a logotype-selective electrochromic (EC) glass. The EC glass performance based on the sample size, WO3 film thickness, and internal impedances under various applied voltages are also discussed. The logotype-selective electrochromic glass was fabricated by the sputter deposition process. Both working and counter electrode were coated with ITO/WO3 films. The specific logotypes of “NCUT” and “NUU” can be displayed with positive and negative voltages applied to the EC glass. EC glasses of various sizes (1 cm2, 4 cm2, 9 cm2, 25 cm2, and 100 cm2) were also fabricated by sputter deposition process. When voltage (?3.5 V) was applied to the device, the active layer of the assembled device changed from almost transparent to a translucent blue color (colored). The average transmittance in the visible region of the spectrum for a 100 cm2 EC device was 73% in the bleached state. The best device, with a 140 nm WO3 active layer, had average transmittances in the colored and bleached states of 11.9% and 54.8%, respectively. Cyclic voltammogram tests showed that reproducibility of the colored/bleached cycles was good. Nyquist plots showed that increasing the device size decreased the current density, and the electrolyte impedance increased because of a low conductive electrolyte in the device. 相似文献
9.
A [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine)/WO3 hybrid (denoted as Ru-WO3) film was prepared as a base layer on an indium tin oxide electrode by electrodeposition from a colloidal solution containing peroxotungstic acid, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). A ruthenium purple (RP, FeIII4[RuII(CN)6]3, denoted as FeIII-RuII) layer was electrodeposited on a neat WO3 film or a Ru-WO3 film from an aqueous RP colloid solution to yield a WO3/RP bilayer film or a Ru-WO3/RP bilayer film, respectively. The spectrocyclic voltammetry measurement reveals that FeII-RuII is oxidized to FeIII-RuII by a geared reaction of [Ru(bpy)3]2+/3+ and FeIII-RuII is reduced by a geared reaction of HxWO3/WO3 in the Ru-WO3/RP film. These geared reactions produced electrochromic hysteresis of the RP layer. However, the absorbance change in the hysteresis was smaller than that for the Ru-WO3/Prussian blue bilayer film reported previously, resulting from the lower electroactivities of any redox component for the Ru-WO3/RP film. The lower electroactivities could be explained by the specific interface between the Ru-WO3 and RP layers. It might contribute to either an increase of the interfacial resistance between the Ru-WO3 and RP layers, or formation of the physically precise interface between the layers to make it difficult for counter ions to be transported in the interfacial liquid phase involved in the redox reactions in the film. The specific interface at the Ru-WO3 and RP layers could be formed possibly by the electrostatic interaction between [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and terminal [Ru(CN)6]4− moieties of RP. It could be suggested by the decreased redox potential of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the Ru-WO3 layer from 1.03 to 0.61 V by formation of the RP layer. 相似文献
10.
Electrochromic devices incorporating an electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film and a free standing, transparent film of a proton conducting polymer electrolyte with high ambient temperature ionic conductivity of 10−2 S cm−1 have been fabricated with and without the ion storage electrodeposited Prussian blue (PB) counter electrode layer. While coloration efficiency increases as a function of applied potential in the sole PEDOT device with largest values of CE(max,VIS) ∼ 120 cm2 C−1 and CE(max,NIR) ∼ 133 cm2 C−1 attained at Vc = −1.9 V, the PEDOT:PB device shows a digression from this trend. Much higher coloration efficiencies in the visible (247 cm2 C−1 at 570 nm) and NIR (116 cm2 C−1 at 1100 nm) regions are achieved for the PEDOT:PB device at a relatively lower reducing voltage of −0.8 V. The PEDOT:PB device shows fast switching redox process (tc = 2.6 s and tb = 1.3 s for a 50% optical contrast at 632.8 nm) and a highly reversible charge density as the ratio of Qinserted to Qextracted was found to vary between 0.8 and 1.0. When switched between the clear and blue states for 2000 cycles, the insignificant drop in peak current density maxima observed for the PEDOT:PB device, i.e. the good cycling stability, the facile fabrication of device assembly, the ease of scaling up the electrolyte and electrochromic coatings, indicate that this method can be adapted as a simple and inexpensive alternative to conventional electrochromic windows with high cost components. 相似文献
11.
The ionic liquid (PYR14TFSI) has proved to be the key material to make a Li-ion conducting element of a complete electrochromic device, when interposed between transparent film electrodes like WO3 and Li-charged V2O5. The key features of this ionic liquid and its mixtures with LiTFSI are the excellent transparency in the visible and NIR optical regions, the good ionic conductivity and the electrochemical compatibility with inorganic Li-intercalation oxide thin film electrodes used in electrochromic devices. The higher optical contrast found during WO3 colouration with PYR14TFSI-LiTFSI, compared to that in a conventional non-aqueous electrolyte like PC-LiTFSI, was attributed to the larger inertness of the former one (no decomposition reaction at the lowest electrode potential). This highly conductive ionic liquid has been incorporated into a polymer matrix (P(EO)10LiTFSI), in order to obtain a transparent solid electrolyte with high Li ion conductivity and good mechanical stability. Finally this solid PYR14TFSI-P(EO)10LiTFSI transparent ion conductor was interposed between the same electrodes as above in order to yield a fully solid-state, Li-ion electrochromic device. This new solid electrolyte was able to transfer reversibly a Li ionic charge between 5 mC cm−2 and 10 mC cm−2 from the lithium storage electrode LixV2O5 to the WO3 electrochromic electrode in less than 100 s at room T, darkening the device from an initial 80% to a final 30% transmittance (at 650 nm). Such a device has been tested first under various constant current conditions, and later under potentiostatic control using ±2 V steps. The latter method allows not only for a faster response of the electrochromic system, but provides also an easier life stability test of the device, which withstood 2000 cycles with little changes in its optical contrast. 相似文献
12.
Siang-Fu Hong 《Electrochimica acta》2010,55(12):3966-11840
In this paper, we describe a novel red-to-gray poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT) electrochromic device (ECD) with the aid of a zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF)/PEDOT:PSS counter electrode. The application of ZnHCF to an ECD is first reported. ZnHCF has long suffered from poor deposition yield problem, but we demonstrate that a robust ZnHCF film can be prepared by spin coating of a liquid suspension composed of ZnHCF nanoparticles and PEDOT:PSS ink on ITO. It was found that the ZnHCF/PEDOT:PSS composite worked much better with PMeT than pure ZnHCF or pure PEDOT:PSS from both electrochemical and optical aspects. With a LiClO4/PC electrolyte, the PMeT ECD having ZnHCF/PEDOT:PSS as its counter electrode could be reversibly switched between its red state (>0.8 V) and its gray state (<0 V). For a 2 cm × 2 cm prototype device, the response time for coloration was less than 1 s. The maximum transmittance modulation of the device could attain 45.3% at 750 nm, which resulted in a corresponding coloration efficiency of 336.8 cm2/C. The maximum contrast ratio was 5.45 at 720 nm. In addition, the charge capacity of the ECD could retain 95% of its original value after 10,000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry aging test, although an electrodeposited PMeT film alone could be cycled several hundred times only. To sum up, this work proposes a new, cost-effective transparent counter electrode and brings a stable, high visual-contrast PMeT ECD prototype for further development of a red-color bistable display. 相似文献
13.
Hongli Wang Chunmei Tang Qian Shi Mengyao Wei Yifan Su Songsheng Lin Mingjiang Dai 《Ceramics International》2021,47(6):7666-7673
Indium tin oxide/silver/indium tin oxide (ITO/Ag/ITO, IAI) multilayer structures were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering as a conductive transparent electrode for inorganic all-solid-state electrochromic devices. A thin layer of silver (Ag) with various thicknesses was inserted between two layers of ITO films. The XRD and SEM results revealed that the microscopic morphology of Ag film was closely related to the thickness. Besides, the electrical and optical properties of the IAI multilayers were significantly influenced by the Ag layer thickness. The optimized IAI multilayers demonstrated the best combination of electrical and optical properties with a figure of merit of 54.05 (sheet resistance of 6.14 Ω/cm2and optical transmittance of 90.83%) when the Ag film was 10 nm thick. In order to evaluate the IAI multilayers as a transparent electrode for electrochromic applications, two ECDs with the structures of ITO/NiOx/LiPON/WO3/ITO and ITO/NiOx/LiPON/WO3/IAI were prepared, and their electro-optical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and spectroscopic measurements. Compared with ECD the pure ITO top electrode (ITO/NiOx/LiPON/WO3/ITO), the ECD with the IAI top electrode (ITO/NiOx/LiPON/WO3/IAI) presented a slightly smaller optical modulation amplitude, but a faster switching speed. All our findings indicate that the IAI multilayer structure is a promising alternative to the ITO thin film for inorganic all-solid state electrochromic applications. 相似文献
14.
Nick Vlachopoulos Jarl Nissfolk Alain Briançon Christian Grave Ralf Mesmer Michael Ryan Anders Hagfeldt 《Electrochimica acta》2008,53(11):4065-4071
Progress in recent years in the field of electrochromic displays based on viologen modified high-surface area TiO2 electrodes (Vio2+/TiO2) has moved the technology towards commercialisation. Viologen molecules (Vio2+), derivatised with phosphonic acid attachment groups can be chemisorbed on nanostructured TiO2 layers of thickness 2-10 μm. Characterisation by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that colourless Vio2+/TiO2 is reversibly reduced to the strongly coloured cation radical species Vio+/TiO2. This system can constitute the working electrode of an electrochromic display with a capacitive doped SnO2 electrode as counter electrode, the latter coated by an electrochemically inert white light-reflecting layer. Such a device is stable upon repeated colouration-bleaching cycles with a bleached-to-coloured state contrast ratio exceeding 5. Multicolour displays can be achieved by patterning different electrochromophores onto different areas of one working electrode. 相似文献
15.
Transparent and adherent CeO2-ZrO2 thin films having film thicknesses ∼543-598 nm were spray deposited onto the conducting (fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass) substrates from a blend of equimolar concentrations of cerium nitrate hexahydrate and zirconium nitrate having different volumetric proportions (0-6 vol.% of Zr) in methanol. CeO2-ZrO2 films were polycrystalline with cubic fluorite crystal structure and the crystallinity was improved with increasing ZrO2 content. Films were highly transparent (T ∼ 92%), showing decrease in band gap energy from 3.45 eV for pristine CeO2 to 3.08-3.14 eV for CeO2-ZrO2 films. The different morphological features of the film obtained at various CeO2-ZrO2 compositions had pronounced effect on the ion storage capacity and electrochemical stability. CeO2-ZrO2 film prepared at 5 vol.% Zr concentration exhibited higher ion storage capacity of 24 mC cm−2 and electrochemical stability of 10,000 cycles in 0.5 M LiClO4 + PC electrolyte due to its film thickness (584 nm) coupled with relatively larger porosity (8%). The optically passive behavior of such CeO2-ZrO2 film (with 5 vol.% Zr) is affirmed by its negligible transmission modulation irrespective of repeated Li+ and electron insertion/extraction. The coloration efficiency of spray deposited WO3 thin film is found to enhance from 47 to 107 cm2 C−1 when CeO2-ZrO2 is coupled as a counter electrode with WO3 in an electrochromic device (ECD). These films can be used as stable ‘passive’ counter electrodes in electrochromic smart windows as they retain full transparency in both the oxidized and reduced states and ever-reported longevity. 相似文献
16.
Optically variable windows (smart windows), which control the transmission of light into buildings and vehicles, are of interest both for the control of solar heat load and for privacy applications. Such windows are likely to utilize electrochromic technology to achieve optical control. An electrochromic device consisting of a cathodically colouring tungsten trioxide (WO3) film, an anodically colouring Prussian blue (PB) film, and a polymer electrolyte was made. The polymer electrolyte was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol doped with H3PO4 and KH2PO4 to accommodate the conduction of both H+ and K+ ions. The electrochromic WO3 and PB films functioned in a complementary way such that the device was coloured or bleached by the application of –0.5 V or +0.5 V (WO3 films vs PB film), respectively. The spectral characteristics of the coloured device confirmed the complementary colouration of WO3 and PB in the device. 相似文献
17.
This paper reports the qualities of WO3 film and NiO film added to a counter electrode and their use in a double-sided electrochromic glass device. A mixture of argon and oxygen gasses with ratios of Ar/O2 of 1.5, 2, 3, and 5 were used for the deposition of the working electrode of WO3 film for EC glass. The structure of double-side EC glass consists of glass/ITO/NiO/electrolyte/WO3/ITO/glass/ITO/WO3/electrolyte/NiO/ITO/glass layers. The working electrode of WO3 film controls the color presented, the applied voltage controls the color depth, and the counter electrode controls the transparency in the bleached state. The double-sided EC glass with double WO3 films and double NiO films have faster coloration/bleaching rates than do single-sided EC glass. A mixture of Ar/O2 ratio of 3.0 has the best coloration/bleaching property of the ratios tested. Compared to the single-sided EC glass, the double-sided EC glass has lower transmittance of about 72% and 6% than the 78% and 12% during coloration and bleaching states in the visible light region with +1.5 V and ?3.5 V applied. 相似文献
18.
Electrosynthesis and characterization of an electrochromic material from poly(1,6‐bis(2‐thienyl)pyrene) and its application in electrochromic device
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Electrochemical polymerization of 1,6‐bis(2‐thienyl)pyrene (BTP) could be achieved in acetonitrile/dichloromethane (ACN/DCM) (1:1, by volume) solution containing sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) as a supporting electrolyte. The resulting polymer poly(1,6‐bis(2‐thienyl)pyrene) (PBTP) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV–vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting polymeric film has distinct electrochromic properties and exhibits three different colors under various potentials. Moreover, the PBTP film showed reasonable optical contrast (DT %) at 700 nm is found to be 29% and satisfactory response time is measured as 1.3 s. An electrochromic device (ECD) based on PBTP and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) was also constructed and characterized. This ECD has these qualities: quick switching time, reasonable contrast, and good optical memories and redox stability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39770. 相似文献
19.
A new composite film was prepared by depositing hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO2) particles into a polymer matrix comprising of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS). The composite, PEDOT-PSS-RuO2, showed an enhanced capacitance and optical properties due to the presence of RuO2 particles in the composite. Specific capacitance of the PEDOT-PSS-RuO2 composite was found to be 1409 F/g. After anodic polarization, the PEDOT-PSS-RuO2 composite film exhibited enhanced visible-light coloration in comparison with PEDOT/PSS and simple RuO2 films. Differential voltabsorptometric curves (dA/dt versus potential (derivative cyclic voltabsorptogram, DCVA)) were deduced for few selected wavelengths to characterize the optical properties. The changes in the electrochromic characteristics (in the visible region) of the composite is attributed mainly to transition of Ru(III) to Ru(IV). SEM images revealed the presence of smaller sized particles of hydrous ruthenium oxide in the composite film. The existence of smaller size RuO2 particles having more active surface area is the reason for the enhanced capacitance and optical properties. 相似文献
20.
Lianyi Xu Jinsheng Zhao Chuansheng Cui Renmin Liu Jifeng Liu Huaisheng Wang 《Electrochimica acta》2011,(7):4819
1,4-Bis(2-thienyl)-benzene monomer is successfully synthesized via coupling reaction. Poly(1,4-bis(2-thienyl)-benzene) (PBTB) is electrochemically synthesized and characterized. Resulting polymer film has distinct electrochromic properties. Its application in electrochromic devices (ECDs) is discussed. PBTB is switched between yellow in the neutral state and green in the oxidized state. Electrochromic switching of PBTB film is performed and the polymer film shows a maximum optical contrast (ΔT %) of 44.8% at 610 nm in visible region with a response time of 1.6 s. The coloration efficiency (CE) of PBTB is calculated to be 162 cm2 C−1. Electrochromic device (ECD) based on PBTB and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is also constructed and characterized. Maximum contrast (ΔT %) and switching time of the device are measured as 29.5% and 0.43 s at 628 nm. The CE of the device is calculated to be 408.9 cm2 C−1. Clear change from green (at neutral state) to blue color (at full oxidized state) of this ECD is demonstrated with reasonable cycle life. 相似文献