Enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index upon the human body

This paper aims to clarify the handling technique of the solar radiation in an element of the thermal environment evaluation indices and to add expansions and improvements to conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETF (Kurazumi et al., 2009) that can quantify the comprehensive effect on sensational and physiological sense and the effect of individual meteorological elements on the same evaluation axis applicable to an outdoor environment. Mean radiant temperature and radiant heat transfer coefficient of the outdoor space was defined. Enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe that is ETF including short-wave solar radiation in outdoor space was defined. This sensational and physiological climatic environment index can make temperature convert each effect of difference in posture; air velocity; long-wave radiation in the outdoor space; short-wave solar radiation; contact surface temperature and humidity into individual meteorological elements. The addition of each temperature-converted factor is possible and quantifying the composite effect on sensational and physiological sense in the outdoor spaces as well as the discrete effect of each meteorological element is possible on the same evaluation axis. Consequently, it is possible to make the climate modification effects due to tree shade and areas of water that improve the urban thermal environment quantitatively explicit.     

Evaluation of enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index

The purpose of this paper is made to clarify that the relationship between the human physiological and psychological responses and the enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index upon the human body. Environmental factors and human physiological and psychological responses were measured. It was made clear that the variables by which summer outdoor environmental factors influence the thermal sensation vote are heat conduction, humidity and short-wave solar radiation. The variables that affect the thermal comfort vote are air velocity, heat conduction and humidity. ETFe, into which the environmental factors that are the variables for human response are incorporated, showed good correspondence with the thermal sensation vote. Similarly, ETFe has a good correspondence with thermal comfort vote. The usage of ETFe as a thermal environment evaluation index for summer outdoor spaces is valid. The threshold for the human body with regards to thermal environment stimuli in an outdoor space is higher than the thermal environment stimuli in a summer indoor space.     

New index indicating the universal and separate effects on human comfort under outdoor and non-uniform thermal conditions

The purpose of this study is to propose new thermal index for outdoor and non-uniform environments with heat conduction, such as when a person sits on a bench at a park. This paper describes mathematically the theory of how solar radiation and heat conduction, as well as air temperature, humidity, air velocity and longwave radiation, are incorporated into the new index and how these thermal factors that may not be uniform are treated. Another important feature is that separate indices are generated for each factor while the new index is derived. It is expected that the new index will help us to understand how much each factor affects the human thermal comfort in outdoor and non-uniform environments with heat conduction.     

低气压环境下标准有效温度与舒适区的计算

在低气压环境下对两节点模型进行了修正,同时通过实测皮肤温度验证了其准确性。在此基础上对热环境评价指标——标准有效温度(SET*)进行了计算,分析了低气压下SET*的变化规律,并在不同低气压环境下对ASHRAE Standard 55中的舒适区进行了修正。计算结果表明,在相同环境参数条件下,随着大气压力的降低,对应的标准有效温度降低。相应地,随大气压力的下降,人体舒适区范围向干球温度较高的方向移动。低气压环境下舒适区对应的干球温度上下限值均比常压下高,且温差范围增大。     

The influence of heat capacity and its spatial distribution on the transient wall thermal behavior under the effect of harmonically time-varying driving forces

An analysis was developed for the theoretical investigation of heat capacity and of the effects of its spatial distribution on the thermal behavior of structural walls of uniform thermal resistance. The numerical solution of the governing differential equations under the appropriate initial and boundary conditions, allows the prediction of the time-varying heat flux during the transient heating of walls until quasi steady-state conditions are developed asymptotically. It is derived that as far as the fundamental physical behavior of a clear wall section is concerned, although the time depended heat flux is effectively damped and phased out as the wall heat capacity increases, the average quasi steady-state heat flux is constant, irrespectively of wall heat capacity, incident solar radiation intensity, radiation absorption at the exterior wall surface and particular weather conditions defining wall heat loss or gain. However, even though the average quasi steady-state heat flux is constant irrespectively of the wall heat capacity, its time depended value during the development of transient is strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of heat capacity at a direction perpendicular to the wall plane, something which is determined by the wall time constant.     

低温地板辐射供暖特性参数的研究

建立了低温地板辐射供暖房间各围护结构的热平衡关系式，计算了地板表面温度、热流密度、室内空气温度和围护结构内表面温度。介绍了计算地板表面温度和围护结构内表面温度的耦合程序，测试了地板辐射供暖房间的特性参数。     

The effect of turbulence intensity on local skin temperature and subjective responses to draft

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether turbulence intensity affects local skin temperature drop, and whether subjects’ dissatisfaction with draft can be correlated to the local skin temperature drop. Eighteen subjects were exposed to two levels of turbulence intensity (15% and 30%) at mean air velocities of 0.3 and 0.6 m/s respectively for 1 h. Subjective responses to draft were registered every 10 min and skin temperatures at the back of the neck were recorded throughout the sessions. More subjects felt uncomfortable due to draft when exposed to high turbulence than exposed to low turbulence. Skin temperature drop after 1 h exposure under high turbulence intensity is significantly larger than that under low turbulence intensity. Percentage of subjects dissatisfied with draft positively correlated to the local skin temperature drop.     

三种中高温工质热力性质分析

简要分析了中高温工质R123,R142b和R134a的化学性质,用热力学指标综合评价了3种工质的性能。评价结果表明,R134a适用于中低温热泵机组,R142b适用于供热温度较高的小型热泵装置,R123适用于中高温热泵机组,且供热温度可以达到80℃。     

基于时间和温度依赖性的SBS/ 多聚磷酸复合改性沥青流变性能研究

为分析多聚磷酸掺量对SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青高温流变特性的影响,对比复合改性沥青与基质沥青、SBS改性沥青流变特性的差异,本文采用SK90号基质沥青、制备4.5%SBS改性沥青以及SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青。对沥青试样进行60℃频率扫描和30℃-60℃温度扫描试验,分析沥青结合料复数模量、相位角随加载频率和温度的变化规律。结果表明:SBS改性沥青、SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青的复数模量值远大于基质沥青,SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青的复数模量随着多聚磷酸掺量的增多而增大;SBS改性沥青和SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青的相位角随荷载作用频率上升而迅速增大;SBS改性沥青和SBS/多聚磷酸复合改性沥青的温度敏感性较基质沥青有了显著的改;3.5%SBS+1.6%PPA复合改性沥青的复数剪切模量大于改性剂掺量为4.5%的SBS改性沥青。     

SBS改性沥青的黏温特性研究

SBS改性沥青的黏温特性与普通沥青不同。用目前的黏度测试方法测试SBS改性沥青黏度,根据黏温曲线确定的SBS改性沥青混合料的拌和与压实温度过高,过高的拌和与压实温度会引起SBS改性沥青的老化、环境和生产安全问题。从改性沥青的高温流变特性入手,分析改性沥青的黏度试验方法,研究SBS改性沥青的黏度变化规律。由试验结果可知,当温度低于150℃时,黏度对温度的依赖性很大,但是当温度高于150℃时,黏度对温度的依赖性逐渐减小;随着温度的升高,SBS改性沥青的黏度值对剪切速率的依赖性逐渐减弱。因此在测试SBS改性沥青的黏度时,必须在试验温度下规定相应的剪切速率,这对合理确定SBS改性沥青的拌和与压实温度至关重要。     

硫酸盐侵蚀环境因素对混凝土性能的影响--研究现状综述

硫酸盐侵蚀是影响混凝土耐久性的一项重要因素,在实际工程中混凝土材料往往处于不同的硫酸盐环境中如不同浓度、不同温度以及干湿循环等等,本文系统地阐述了国内外关于环境因素对硫酸盐侵蚀混凝土的研究现状,总结了已有的研究成果并结合最新的研究动态指出该研究中存在的若干问题,为以后的研究提出了一些建议。     

SBS改性沥青生产贮存过程中软化点变化的分析

对SBS改性沥青在生产过程、贮存过程及14d左右贮存过程中软化点的变化过程作了分析，总结了其变化规律，以便更好地控制改性沥青的质量。     

特立尼达湖改性沥青混合料在高温多雨地区应用初步研究

通过室内试验对特立尼达湖改性沥青(TLA改性沥青)的性能进行研究,并通过试验研究了TLA改性沥青混合料的性能,通过室内配合比设计以及验证,为其在我国高温多雨地区的应用提出理论基础。     

带冷凝热回收的直流变频恒温恒湿空调机组热湿分控实验研究

基于已有的带冷凝热回收的直流变频恒温恒湿空调机组,提出了一种串级控制的热湿分控方法。为了验证该控制方法的可行性,对机组出风温湿度控制效果和被控房间的温湿度控制效果进行了测试。实验结果表明,采用该控制方法的恒温恒湿机组能满足实验工况下的热湿控制要求,送风温度控制精度为±0.2℃,送风含湿量控制精度为±0.2g/kg,被控房间的干球温度控制精度为±0.04℃,被控房间的露点温度控制精度为±0.02℃。     

进出口水温对大温差洗浴废水热泵机组性能的影响

洗浴废水中含有大量废热,为最大限度地回收洗浴废水热能,提出了双机串联大温差热泵机组。机组额定设计工况为：蒸发器侧洗浴废水进出口温度分别为30℃和6℃,冷凝器侧自来水进口温度为10℃,制取热水出口温度为45℃。通过实验研究了自来水进口温度、热水出口温度及洗浴废水入口温度对热泵机组制热性能（COP）的影响。实验结果表明,当自来水进口温度从5℃升高到15℃时,整体机组COP从5.0降低到3.85;当热水出口温度从40℃变化到50℃时,整体机组COP降低了7.5%;当洗浴废水进口温度从30℃升高到35℃时,整体机组COP提高了3.1%。在无辅助热源时,若洗浴废水温度从30℃降低到6℃,热水出水温度为45℃,自来水的温度必须要高于12℃;若洗浴废水入口温度达到35℃,即使自来水温度为6℃,热水出口温度也能达到45℃。     

Investigation of groundwater flow and saturated multi-layer soil on the ground temperature response of an energy pile through thermal response and recovery testing

Thermal response testing (TRT) and thermal recovery testing were conducted on a full-scale precast energy pile installed in saturated multi-layer soils to investigate the thermal response on the pile and soils. The thermal and physical properties of the soil were assessed through laboratory testing and compared to the estimated properties from the thermal response and thermal recovery tests through use of the finite cylinder source (FCS) method and the moving infinite line source (MILS) method. The MILS method was used to assess Darcy’s velocity through thermal recovery testing at 13 m depth within the pile, eliminating the influence of ambient temperature and potential heat input from the TRT Unit. The ground temperature response was monitored parallel and perpendicular to groundwater flow in three locations during heating input and subsequent recovery, while the pile temperature distribution was monitored within the embedded U-loops. The results showed that thermal conductivity estimates were consistently higher from TRT results when compared to laboratory results, and application of the MILS method recorded values greater than the FCS method, particularly in thermal recovery. The MILS was shown to accurately predict Darcy’s velocity through thermal recovery testing, recording a value within the range estimated through laboratory testing. Furthermore, the ground temperature response displayed significant influence of the various soil layers through a temperature curvature with depth developing over time.     

谈空气源热泵技术及其应用

介绍了空气源热泵的工作原理及特点,结合工程实例,对空气源控制系统的组成、工作流程及维护管理进行了重点论证,指出空气源热泵技术具有节能、环保的优点,是一项值得推广应用的新型技术。     

Effect of temperature and pressure on the thermal conductivity of sandstone

Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of dry sandstone was measured over a temperature range from 275 to 523 K and at pressures up to 400 MPa with a guarded parallel-plate apparatus. The estimated uncertainty of the ETC measurements is 2%. The porosity of the sample was 13%. A rapid increase of ETC was found for dry sandstone at low pressures between 0.1 and 100 MPa along various isotherms. At high-pressure range (P>100 MPa) a weak linear dependence of the ETC with pressure was observed. The pressure effect is negligibly small after first 80–100 MPa where bridging of microcracks or improvement of grain contacts takes place. We interpreted the measured ETC data using a various theoretical and semi-empirical models in order to check their accuracy and predictive capability. The effect of structure (size, shape, and distribution of the pores), porosity, and mineralogical composition on temperature and pressure dependences of the ETC of sandstone was discussed. To estimate the effect of temperature and pressure on the ETC of sandstone the pressure, β_P, and temperature, β_T, coefficients of ETC were calculated from the measured values of ETC. The measured values of the ETC were also used to calculate the values of the isothermal compressibility, χ_T, and thermal expansion coefficient, α. The equation of state of sandstone was developed using the measured ETC data.     

环境温湿度变化对古建筑保护的影响及对策

以泉州地区的地理环境和气象特征为背景，阐述了温湿度变化对泉州古建筑的影响，提出了改善古建筑环境温湿度的方法，指出合理绿化、改善通风条件，对古建筑的保护具有一定的作用。