Airflow and air temperature distribution in the occupied region of an underfloor ventilation system

Measurements were carried out in an office-type experimental room ventilated by a floor return-type underfloor ventilation system to investigate the distributions of airflow velocity and air temperature. A fan-powered floor air unit (FAU) with rectangular supply and return air outlets covered by straight-profile linear bar-type air diffusers was installed to deliver the conditioned air in the experimental room. Turbulence intensity and draught rate distributions inside the room were also calculated by using the measured data. From the experimental results, it is found that undesirable high air velocities and high draught rates were created within a small region near the supply outlet of the FAU. Temperature differences between different height levels were maintained within an acceptable comfort level under the tested supply air conditions and heat loads. The results indicated that the temperature stratification could be maintained at an acceptable comfort level by designing the supply air conditions properly. A clearance zone is suggested as a design consideration for locating the FAUs and occupants to avoid undesirable draught discomfort to the occupants.     

Impact of dynamic airflow on human thermal response

Airflow fluctuation is an important factor affecting indoor thermal environments and human thermal response. In this study, dynamic airflows with different fluctuation characteristics were generated by a dynamic air supply terminal. The influence of three different kinds of airflows, constant airflow, simulated natural airflow and sinusoidal airflow, on thermal comfort was studied. Subjective experiments indicated that a dynamic airflow can cause a stronger cold sensation, and that air movement with 1/f fluctuations similar to natural wind is more acceptable than other dynamic airflows in warm environments. Moreover, the impact of draughts in dynamic airflows on human thermal response is different in neutral-warm (30 degrees C) and cool-neutral (26 degrees C) thermal environments. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: By means of a dynamic air supply terminal it is possible to generate artificial airflows that simulate natural wind indoors. This kind of airflow with higher velocity is more comfortable and causes less draught sensation than the constant airflows supplied by conventional fans. While the cooling effect of this airflow is utilized in the built environment, the design temperature of air-conditioning system can be increased and the amount of energy consumption can be reduced dramatically.     

Experimental study of airflow characteristics of stratum ventilation in a multi‐occupant room with comparison to mixing ventilation and displacement ventilation

The motivation of this study is stimulated by a lack of knowledge about the difference of airflow characteristics between a novel air distribution method [i.e., stratum ventilation (SV)] and conventional air distribution methods [i.e., mixing ventilation (MV) and displacement ventilation (DV)]. Detailed air velocity and temperature measurements were conducted in the occupied zone of a classroom with dimensions of 8.8 m (L) × 6.1 m (W) × 2.4 m (H). Turbulence intensity and power spectrum of velocity fluctuation were calculated using the measured data. Thermal comfort and cooling efficiency were also compared. The results show that in the occupied zone, the airflow characteristics among MV, DV, and SV are different. The turbulent airflow fluctuation is enhanced in this classroom with multiple thermal manikins due to thermal buoyancy and airflow mixing effect. Thermal comfort evaluations indicate that in comparison with MV and DV, a higher supply air temperature should be adopted for SV to achieve general thermal comfort with low draft risk. Comparison of the mean air temperatures in the occupied zone reveals that SV is of highest cooling efficiency, followed by DV and then MV.     

地板送风静压层内气流流动特性研究

通过实验测试和CFD模拟,研究了地板静压层内有一根横梁时,静压层内的气流流动特性及局部阻力系数的理论计算式.研究结果表明,横梁高与静压层高之比为0.3～0.7,静压层内速度为0.2～1.0m/s,Re为4.08×103～2.04×104时,局部阻力的理论计算值与实测值非常接近,该理论计算式可用于计算局部阻力系数.     

Study on dynamic characteristics of natural and mechanical wind in built environment using spectral analysis

What are the differences and similarities between natural and mechanical wind in built environment? This is an interesting question that has not been well answered yet. In the paper, spectral analysis is applied to study the dynamic characteristics of natural and mechanical wind in different conditions. The results show that in the frequency region sensitive to human sensation, the power spectrum characteristics of natural wind and mechanical wind have obvious differences as well as interesting connections. The power spectrum exponent (β$\beta$ value) of natural wind is between 1.1 and 2.0 in the human sensitive frequency region, while the value of mechanical wind is between 0 and 0.5 around the air supply outlet. With the diffusion of mechanical wind, β$\beta$ value will increase gradually and reach the value of the typical natural wind when the mean velocity is lower than 0.25 m/s. Finally, the influence of spectral characteristics on human sensation for airflow is discussed.     

空调工况下空气柱送风仿真模拟与舒适度评价

本文对空调工况下空气柱(上送下回)送风的气流组织,温度场,速度场,空气龄进行了仿真模拟。结果表明。制冷工况下,送风温度为18℃、20℃,风速为3 m/s、空气柱高度为2~2.5 m时,单柱舒适区大小为21 m×21 m×1.7 m,区域ADPI值均大于80%,平均PMV值为-0.34,平均PDD值为8.67%。制热工况下(上送下回),送风温度为26℃、28℃、30℃,风速为2~4 m/s、空气柱高度为2~2.5 m时,区域ADPI值均大于90%,平均PMV值为-0.47,平均PDD为10.2%。单柱区域内制冷工况热舒适性优于制热工况舒适性。     

架空地板送风系统技术探讨

探讨了架空地板送风系统的工作原理和特点，分析了该系统的送风静压层和送风特性，并从这种送风特性出发，综述了架空地板送风系统在室内空气品质、热舒适性和节能等方面的特点。通过分析，得出架空地板送风系统能够减小空气龄，提高换气效率和通风效率，显著改善室内空气品质；在热舒适方面，架空地板送风系统可以通过使用者调节出风方向和风量达到热舒适：在能耗方面，架空地板送风系统由于仅需维持工作区环境参数，使得送风量和风机压头减小，制冷机效率提高，在风机能耗和冷热源能耗上有着显著的经济效益。最后得出了架空地板送风系统将被广泛应用的结论。     

Numerical and experimental study of velocity and temperature characteristics in a ventilated enclosure with underfloor ventilation systems

Airflow and temperature distributions in an enclosure with heat sources ventilated by floor supply jets with floor or ceiling air exit vents were investigated using experimental and numerical approaches. These ventilation configurations represent the floor return or the top return underfloor ventilation systems found in real applications. Experiments and numerical simulations were performed on a full-sized environmental chamber. The results reveal that the temperature stratification in the enclosure highly depended on the thermal length scale of the floor supply jets. When the thermal length scale of the supply jet was >1, temperature stratification was minor for all tested heat densities and air distribution methods. Significant vertical temperature gradients occurred when the jet thermal length scale was <1. Changes in air distribution methods also became significant for temperature stratification at small supply jet thermal length scales. Temperature stratification also affected the terminal height of the momentum-dominant region of the vertical buoyant supply jets. The applicability of these results to underfloor ventilation design was also discussed. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In designing underfloor ventilation systems, supply jet conditions and heat load density have to be considered to avoid thermal discomfort because of excessive temperature stratifications. This study demonstrated, by both numerical simulations and experiments, that thermal length scale can be used as a design indicator to predict thermal stratifications under a floor return and a top return underfloor ventilation setting.     

下送风空调技术原理及应用探讨

本文针对下送风空调的两种主要形式——置换通风和地板送风就其各自工作原理、室内空气分布特性、优点及存在问题等进行了分析比较,并对两种空调送风方式的适用性进行了分析,为合理设计和采用下送风技术提供参考。     

阻漏层的工程检验--洁净手术部空气净化系统新末端

当高效过滤器由于层高等原因不能设置在终端的静压箱时,经过高效过滤器的送风将受到后面管道和静压箱的污染,达不到应有的洁净度。文中介绍了最初酝酿的阻漏层概念及由此产生的新末端装置,有效防止送风气流被污染,改善其速度的均匀性和气流的平行度。文中人出了这一概念的最初实际检验情况,即工程试用的测定结果及两年内试用效果的跟踪,最后对常规的新末端装置的做法作了工程上的经济比较,认为值得推广。     

Numerical evaluation of louver configuration and ventilation strategies for the windcatcher system

The windcatcher system is a green architectural feature that uses natural ventilation to induce external airflow into residential buildings. This paper presents different configuration and ventilation strategies for the windcatcher to evaluate the performance of the system in relation to ventilation and indoor particle dispersion. A commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code is used to evaluate the windcatcher’s performance using different numbers of louvers and louver lengths. The effects of buoyancy and window positions on the system’s performance are considered. The flow rate of air induced into the windcatcher is found to increase with the number of louver layers and the highest ventilation rate is reached when the louver length equates with the reference length. With respect to the buoyancy effect, the results show that the system performs well in stimulating airflow and removing contaminants when a window is positioned on the leeward side. A uniform and low particle concentration is created when a window is positioned on the leeward side. However, due to the high air velocity below the windcatcher, the general airflow distribution of the system is not uniform. A damper or egg crated grill should be installed at the terminal of the system, especially when the external wind is strong.     

非屏蔽门地铁车站站台空调系统冷量有效利用率的数值分析

针对非屏蔽门闭式地铁站台,来自区间隧道的活塞风将影响站台空调送风射流,从而影响站台冷量的分布。在此两股气流相互的耦合基础上,提出了站台空调冷量有效利用率的概念。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,建立闭式地铁站台三维几何模型,模拟得到了列车在区间匀速运行、减速进站、停站和加速离站4个阶段的地铁站台1.5 m高度水平面的速度场和温度场,并以此计算分析了相应车况下,站台空调冷量有效利用率。由变因素分析,得到冷量利用率受空调送风温度和送风口数量影响最显著。     

Wind characteristics of a strong typhoon

The wind characteristics of a strong typhoon (Typhoon Maemi 2003) are analyzed on the basis of 10 min wind speed samples. The wind speeds were measured simultaneously by nine vane and seven sonic anemometers at a height of about 15 m. Turbulence intensity and scale, gust factor, peak factor, decay factor of the coherence function, probability distribution function, power spectrum, and their variations with wind speed are obtained. Wind-direction-dependent analysis is conducted on the wind characteristics. Turbulence intensity decreases with wind speed and remain almost constant when the wind speed becomes high. The averaged values of gust factor and peak factor are 1.6 and 3.3, respectively. The spatial cross correlation and decay factor of the coherence function increase slightly with wind speed. The probability density function of fluctuating wind speed of a strong typhoon follows a Gaussian distribution, and the power spectrum of strong wind can be expressed by a Karman-type spectrum at the low frequency. The wind characteristics of this strong typhoon are shown to be very similar to those of non-typhoon winds.     

Uniformity of stratum‐ventilated thermal environment and thermal sensation

Three human test series were conducted to evaluate the uniformity of the thermal environments in a stratum‐ventilated chamber with dimensions of 8.8 m (L) × 5.1 m (W) × 2.4 m (H). In all, nineteen conditions were generated by adjusting the room temperature, supply airflow rate, and supply terminal type. An air diffuser performance index (ADPI) of at least 80% was achieved for most cases. This result shows that the air velocity and temperature in the occupied zone are reasonably uniform. Subjective assessments using the ASHRAE 7‐point scale indicate that the thermal sensations of the subjects in stratum ventilation are also uniform. This study examines the applicability of the predicted mean vote (PMV) model for evaluating stratum ventilation. When compared to the actual mean thermal sensation votes (ATS), the PMV values are acceptable. The PMV results at a height of 1.1 m above the floor show better agreement with the ATS than at a height of 0.1 m.     

超高层建筑施工中氨气抑制的数值模拟

针对超高层建筑施工中典型空气污染物氨气,运用CFD方法构建武汉中心三维立体模型,模拟标准k ε条件下自然通风和机械通风2种抑制措施对氨气浓度整体影响效果并确定其影响进深。结果表明:稳态下机械通风对降低模型整体氨气浓度效果有限,单个送风口沿送风方向影响进深约为6.1 m,垂直于风速方向约为1.2 m,且送风口影响进深随风速变化极小;自然通风对降低模型整体氨气浓度效果明显,进风口对氨气浓度影响进深约为17.5 m,随高度增加逐渐递增的进风速度在通风前15 s对氨气浓度影响明显,稳态时风速增加自然通风影响进深增加有限;施工中可主要采用自然通风抑制氨污染,幕墙封闭后可利用机械通风并辅以导风板等设施提高机械通风影响效果。     

Measurement of the Reynolds stress structure and turbulence characteristics of the wind above a two-dimensional trapezoidal shape of hill

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out to measure the mean velocity and turbulence structure of the wind flow over a two-dimensional trapezoidal shape of hill. The quadrant analysis technique was employed to analyze the structure of the Reynolds stress. Analysis of the turbulent velocity spectrum of the wind above the hill under different wind attack angles is conducted. The fractional speed-up ratios of the present measured results are found in agreement with the wind tunnel data of Lemelin et al. (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 28 (1988) 117) for the case of the wind attack angle of 30°. Measurements of the mean velocity profiles disclose that the speed-up phenomenon is mostly manifest at Z/H=0.6 for the case of wind attack angle of 10°. Turbulence intensity profiles measured at different locations show that the turbulence intensity decreases as shifting from far upstream location of the hill (X/H=−20) to the downstream location at the center of hill (X/H=0). The decrease of the turbulence intensity is obviously at the distance close to the surface of the hill. Results of the quadrant analysis indicate that the sweep and ejection events are the major contributors to the Reynolds stress. Others like inward and outward interaction events make negative contributions. The values of the stress fractions of ejection and sweep events become the lowest as the wind attack angle is 20°. Analysis of the turbulent velocity power spectrum density shows that the spectrum density is increasing in the lower-frequency region as the wind attack angle increases. The power spectrum density is found to decrease for increase in the wind attack angle at the higher-frequency region.     

发热量密集场所下送风空调负荷计算方法分析

分析了下送风房间空调负荷的特点,指出了下送风空调系统与传统空调系统在负荷计算方法上的差异,介绍了2种目前用于下送风空调负荷计算的主要方法即数值计算法和修正系数法,并对2种方法的计算特点、适用范围等进行了详细论述.数值计算法是一种可精确求出下送风房间空调负荷的计算方法,但是过程较繁琐,计算量较大,需借助专门的软件才能实现.在进行发热量密集车间下送风负荷计算时,应优先考虑采用整体修正系数法.     

Determination of particle concentration in the breathing zone for four different types of office ventilation systems

Many factors affect the airflow patterns, thermal comfort, contaminant removal efficiency and indoor air quality at individual workstations in office buildings. In this study, four ventilation systems were used in a test chamber designed to represent an area of a typical office building floor and reproduce the real characteristics of a modern office space. Measurements of particle concentration and thermal parameters (temperature and velocity) were carried out for each of the following types of ventilation systems: (a) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return; (b) conventional air distribution system with ceiling supply and return near the floor; (c) underfloor air distribution system; and (d) split system. The measurements aimed to analyse the particle removal efficiency in the breathing zone and the impact of particle concentration on an individual at the workstation. The efficiency of the ventilation system was analysed by measuring particle size and concentration, ventilation effectiveness and the indoor/outdoor ratio. Each ventilation system showed different airflow patterns and the efficiency of each ventilation system in the removal of the particles in the breathing zone showed no correlation with particle size and the various methods of analyses used.     

动态气流作用下的人体可感频率

搭建了动态气流个体送风装置,产生出0.005～2.5Hz范围内不同频率的气流,对受试者进行人体热反应投票实验。结果显示,28℃下气流的波动可感频率范围为0.2～1.3Hz,无波动感范围为气流频率小于0.08Hz和大于2.1Hz;在0.5Hz和1Hz气流作用下,受试者热感觉投票值较低,甚至达到了偏凉的状态,由此可以推断,在平均风速相同的情况下,气流的波动增强了人体的冷感。     

Characterizing airflow through fabric air dispersion system using a porous media model

No existing diffuser models may be used to effectively describe the fabir air dispersion system (FADS), a new ventilation terminal made of ploymer. A porous media model was proposed to describe FADS in present work. And the corresonpongding mathematical model was developed for the airflow through FADS. The characteristics of airflow through FADS was predicted using the commercial software FLUENT with the standard k ? ? turbulent model. The simulation results were well matched with the corresponding experimental value suggesting that it is feasible to describe FADS using the porous media model. Results showed that the air in the central zone flows forward with a decreasing velocity along the flow direction, and the air in the porous fibre eventually creeps out through its tiny-size holes at very low speed in the direction perpendicular to the porous fibre. The airflow close to the FADS is evenly distributed along the flow direction with a very low velocity. It is also concluded that the internal total pressure and dynamic pressure decrease slightly, while the internal static pressure increases slightly with a decaying increment along the flow direction of the FADS.