Comparison of the simplified methods of the ISO 13790 standard and detailed modelling programs in a regulatory context

The CEN standards that support the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requirement for calculation of the energy consumption of buildings allow various methods to be used for the same calculation. The impact of using the different methods within the updated ISO 13790 standard for space heating and cooling energy calculations was examined with a parametric analysis of a common building specification. The impact was assessed by considering the energy band, which would be assigned for the building based on the calculation results. The standard describes three different methods that can be used for the calculations: a monthly quasi-steady state method, a simplified hourly method and detailed simulation. For most cases studied, differences in the building rating given by the various methods were a maximum of one band. More significant differences were noticed in some cases. Parameter values in the monthly method were determined, which would lead to improved matching.     

Energy conservation in honey storage building using Trombe wall

This paper investigates energy conservation, mitigation of CO₂ emissions and economics of retrofitting for a honey storage building with Trombe wall for winter heating application. The passive heating potential of Trombe wall for a honey storage building was estimated using TRNSYS building simulation software. This honey storage building is located at Gwalior (latitude: 26°14′N) in India. During winter months, the room air temperature of building falls below the required temperature range of 18–27 °C which is suitable for honey storage. So, the room air temperature range is maintained in the building using a 2.3 kW capacity electrical oil filled radiator (or room air heater) which accounts for the major energy consumption of the building on an annual basis. On account of which there are significant CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere from the honey storage building. Hence, this case study was conducted to recommend the passive heating concept to the stakeholders of the building so as to conserve the energy requirement for room air heating. The investigation showed that the room air temperature can be easily maintained in the range suitable for honey storage using a vented Trombe wall. The experimental work was carried out for the existing building on a typical clear day of harsh winter month of January to validate the results of TRNSYS model of the present building. The statistical error analysis showed a good agreement between model and experimental results. This investigation concludes that there is potential of energy conservation up to 3312 kWh/year and associated reduction in CO₂ emissions (∼33 tonne/year) using a Trombe wall. Also, the retrofitting of building is economically viable as the simple payback period is only about 7 months.     

An approach for energy conscious renovation of residential buildings in Istanbul by Trombe wall system

Turkey has a great potential of solar energy, which is the primary source of renewable energy; however, sufficient benefit cannot be obtained from this clean energy source. In Turkey, 36% of the total energy consumed in buildings is used for heating. Due to the lack of regulations in encouraging the solar energy utilization in buildings, the heating energy consumption plays an important role in the energy economy of our country. Therefore, energy conservation methods become necessary. Energy conservation is important for the existing buildings as for the new buildings. In this study, the south facade of a flat in an existing building in Istanbul in Turkey is recommended to be renovated by the application of Trombe wall principle, which is a well-known indirect passive solar gain system. An approach is proposed for this application and the comparison of the existinsg facade with the renovated facades has been made according to thermal performances and hourly variations of wall interior temperatures. The results of this theoretical application study are given in this paper.     

海洋性气候条件下新型特隆布墙被动降温的通风模式研究

针对被动式太阳房普遍存在的夏季室内过热问题，对海洋性气候条件下带有新型特隆布墙的被动式太阳房进行了实验研究，分析了不同被动降温模式的降温效果和室内空气温度分布。给出了适用于该类太阳房被动降温的最佳通风模式。认为内壁面温度是室内气温最显著的影响因素。与内陆地区利用自然通风降温的效果进行了对比。分析表明提高通风量、强化夜间通风可以改善海洋性气候条件下被动降温的效果。     

大连地区特隆布墙夏季不同降温方式的实验研究

对比分析了五种方案下墙体的温度场和得热量,确定了较为合理的特隆布墙夏季运行方案,即卷帘白天放下、夜间开启,外通风口全天开启,内通风口自动启闭。与对比房的比较结果表明采用该方案不仅有效解决了特隆布墙夏季过热问题,而且还可以对室内进行一定程度的被动式降温。针对实际应用,提出了进一步强化特隆布墙降温效果的措施。     

基于增量法的土钉墙支护设计方法研究

对于土钉支护设计,与复杂的计算分析相比,简化设计方法更加实用。在增量法的基础上,提出了一套基于增量法的完整的土钉墙设计方法。土钉支护设计计算所用的荷载建议采用考虑放坡的库仑主动土压力;土钉的内力可采用增量法进行计算,进而求出土钉所需的钢筋直径;建议采用库仑滑动面确定土钉的最大内力作用点,根据已确定的土钉的最大内力和库仑滑动面的位置计算土钉伸入到锚固土体里的长度,从而得到各排土钉的总长度;整体稳定采用《建筑基坑支护技术规程》(JGJ120—99)建议的方法进行验算。提供了一个成功应用基于增量法的土钉墙设计方法进行设计的工程实例,工程实践表明应用该方法进行设计是简便可行的。     

特朗贝墙体冬季集热性能的计算及预测

特朗贝墙体的集热性能对特朗贝墙式被动式太阳能建筑的热性能具有重要影响。本文借助计算程序采用一维热网络模型对特朗贝墙体的集热性能进行了分析计算,计算中考虑了被绝大多数同类研究忽略的空气间层内玻璃盖板侧的自然对流换热,以及玻璃盖板与吸热面的辐射换热。在被动式太阳能建筑中用实测值对被动式太阳房的热性能进行了验证;并基于此计算方法,对特朗贝墙式被动式太阳能建筑的热性能进行了讨论。     

游泳池挡土墙计算简图及简化计算

以游泳池的钢筋混凝土挡土墙工程为实例,从土压力理论的基本假定和适用条件出发,对游泳池钢筋混凝土外挡土墙和排风井档土墙提出了新的计算简图以及弹性理论双向板的计算方法。     

Performance of EN ISO 13790 utilisation factor heat demand calculation method in a cold climate

The applicability of the utilisation factor method EN ISO 13790 is studied in modern Finnish buildings in the cold climate of Finland. The heat-demand results of EN ISO 13790 are compared against a validated dynamic simulation tool. It is shown that, with the default values of the numerical parameters of the utilisation factor, EN ISO 13790 gives in Finnish conditions as much as 46% higher or 59% lower heat demand of the building compared to the simulation tool, depending on the type of the building and its thermal inertia. The results of EN ISO 13790 can be calibrated for the residential buildings with the correct selection of the numerical parameters for Finnish conditions. With the new values of the parameters, the results are in good agreement in most cases; however, the maximum difference between the methods remained 29% for highly insulated residential buildings. For office buildings, heat demand was strongly underestimated in all the cases by the monthly method EN ISO 13790 regardless of the values of the parameters. The results of the study indicate that the monthly method EN ISO 13790 with new determined numerical parameters is reasonably applicable for residential buildings, but not applicable for office buildings. Therefore, the other methods of prEN 13790, i.e., simple hourly or detailed simulation methods, should be used for office buildings.     

剪力墙结构计算模型分析

比较全面地分析了目前国内外学者所采用的剪力墙结构计算模型,并重点介绍了多垂直杆元模型,用虎功原理推导了其单元刚度矩阵,应用这一模型计算了一片剪力墙的荷载一位移骨架曲线,并与试验曲线对比,表明了该模型具有较小的计算量和较好的计算精度。     

分离式双层玻璃幕墙连接构件计算及施工工艺

通过实际工程对分离式双层玻璃幕墙从结构设计与现场施工工艺两个方面进行了探讨,并论述了分离式双层玻璃幕墙的特点,以完善分离式双层玻璃幕墙的设计,为类似工程提供有益的参考。     

双壁钢围堰设计与施工计算

结合南京江心洲夹江大桥主墩深水基础工程的实况,介绍了主桥索塔基础施工方案,从钢围堰尺寸、构造、材料等方面对双壁钢围堰的设计与施工计算进行了论述,可为类似工程钢围堰设计和施工计算提供参考。     

如何通过计算确定挖孔桩护壁的厚度

针对如何确定挖孔桩护壁的厚度进行了探讨,介绍了相应计算公式,并结合具体实例进行了解说,以期指导今后施工中挖孔桩护壁厚度的确定,避免造成不必要的浪费。     

土钉墙的理论缺失和水泥土（钉）墙结构的建立

从挡土墙的基本理论着手,结合多年来对多种支护方法的研究和观察,分析了土钉墙、喷锚墙等柔性支护结构在变形控制问题上存在较大盲目性、偶然性的主要原因,并论证了由喷锚方法和水泥土(宽)墙结合的水泥土(钉)墙方法的可行性及经济性。     

浅析建筑幕墙结构设计计算

介绍了幕墙结构设计计算需要研究的大体内容及方法,并分析了幕墙结构设计计算过程中应该注意的一些问题,以使结构工程师对整体幕墙的结构体系与各基本分体系之间的力学体系有透彻的认识和掌握,从而使幕墙结构设计的思路更宽。     

水泥土挡墙抗倾覆稳定性计算若干问题

在水泥土挡墙抗倾覆稳定性计算中,墙背和墙面土骨架压力普遍采用朗金型或库伦型土压力理论计算,墙面土骨架压力也普遍视为抗力。至于墙面水压力和墙底水压力的定位,则有两种相反做法。本文对这些方法存在的问题进行了分析,提出了将挡墙抗倾覆稳定系数定义为挡墙重度调整系数并按基坑深度与挡墙高度之比调整墙背土骨架压力和墙面土骨架压力的方法。该方法能弥补现行水泥土挡墙抗倾覆稳定性计算方法的不足。     

密肋壁板复合墙体的刚度参数计算

针对密肋壁板作为一种新型节能住宅结构体系,研究了密肋壁板复合墙体刚度参数的计算方法,提出了密肋壁板结构体系具有抗震性能好、自重轻、刚度大、结构适应性强等特点,从而使密肋壁板复合墙体得到进一步的推广应用.     

幕墙预埋件锚板厚度计算方法探讨

本文以相关规范为依据,对预埋件的受力情况进行分析,探讨如何确定锚板厚度。并通过与常规做法相比较的方法,建议在外挑较大的幕墙设计中,预埋件锚板厚度应通过计算确定。     

表面式空气换热器热工计算的一种试算方法

介绍了该试算方法的理论依据,分析了具体的计算过程.     

基于破坏形式的复合土钉墙设计计算方法浅析

针对复合土钉墙的设计计算方法规范尚无明确规定的情况,通过分析复合土钉墙几种可能的破坏形式,提出了基于预防所析破坏形式的设计计算方法和施工措施,做到复合土钉墙的设计有的放矢,多个工程实践证明本方法是可行的。