确定大坝效应量真实分量比例的灰色距离测度研究

为了评价各因素对大坝监测效应量的综合影响程度,提出一种新的灰色距离测度,并应用于大坝效应量分量比例确定中.首先利用主成分确定各分量真实系数,然后应用该理论确定各个分量的比例.工程实例表明,该方法简单可行,能科学有效地确定大坝效应量分量比例.     

应用粗糙隶属度确定大坝效应量分量比例

为了评价各因素对大坝监测效应量的综合影响程度,研究了确定大坝监测效应量各分量比例的粗糙集方法.首先对原始监测信息进行数据离散化得到决策表,然后对决策表进行属性约简以去除影响极小的影响因素,最后用粗糙隶属度分析各主要因素的重要性指标及其在效应量中所占的分量比例.该方法能提取隐藏在数据中的潜在信息,而不需要预先给定数学模型和相关参数,有利于保证分析的客观性.实例分析表明,该方法简捷实用,可定量分析影响因素对效应量的影响程度.     

确定大坝效应量分量比例的神经网络方法

为了评价水位、温度等环境量对大坝观测效应量的综合影响程度，并由此定量分析评价大坝的运行状态，提出了确定大坝观测效应量的各分量比例的神经网络方法。根据大坝的观测资料，利用误差反向传播的神经网络(BP网络)建立效应量与环境量关系的神经网络模型，BP网络的输入变量为水位、温度、时效等环境量因子，网络的输出变量为效应量。利用网络的权值来表示网络的输入变量对网络的输出变量的影响程度，从而确定水位、温度等分量占效应量的比例。文章通过工程实例验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明，该方法简便实用，可定量分析水位、温度等环境对效应量的影响程度，有助于进一步分析大坝的安全性态。     

改进的LMD模型在大坝变形监测数据特征量分离中的运用

运用改进的局部均值分解(LMD)模型对大坝变形监测资料物理特征量进行分离,通过分离出的物理特征分量来分析大坝变形效应量的影响因素及程度。与统计回归模型相比,LMD模型不依赖事先确定影响因子的数学表达式,便可以合理地分离出大坝变形效应量的物理特征分量,自适应性较强,而且在一定程度上比统计回归模型分解结果更优。     

主成分回归分析在确定大坝效应量分量中的应用

大坝资料分析表明,水位、温度和时效等因素决定了坝体结构中各种效应量的发展变化情况。对某些具体问题进行研究或定量分析评价大坝的运行状态时,需要用到各分量的具体数值,通常这些分量是组合在一起的,很难得到其准确可靠的分量比例,特别是温度和水位,它们具有较高的相关性。而主成分分析方法可将原大量相关性较高的自变量转化为少数不相关的指标,从而为效应量的分离提供可靠的方法。将这种方法应用于一工程,结果验证了该方法实用、有效。     

大坝效应量及其分量分离的影响因素分析

根据大坝安全监控理论的相关知识,深入分析了效应量及其分量分离的影响因素。     

基于最优加权组合预测的隧道监控量测数据分析

监控量测技术可收集能反映施工过程中围岩动态的信息,据此判断围岩的稳定状态、确定二次衬砌时机及验证所选支护方式的合理性。通过对华蓥山隧道的监控量测数据分析,建立了多个回归模型进行比选,得到拟合精度较高的回归模型;基于最优加权组合预测法对拱顶沉降量进行预测,通过对比组合预测和单一预测模型的预测精度,验证了最优加权组合预测法的优越性;将最优加权组合预测的结果应用于沉降速率的分析,可以确定隧道二次衬砌的时间。研究结果表明:最优加权组合预测法在隧道监控量测数据分析中的应用,可以提高预测精度,较单一预测模型能更加有效地反映拱顶沉降的发展趋势;选取精度较高的单一预测模型进行最优加权组合预测,分析变形速率,可以为确定隧道的二次衬砌时间提供依据,具有一定的实用价值。     

浅埋暗挖隧道施工沉降监控量测

浅埋暗挖隧道在施工过程中不可避免地对地层产生扰动,以长春火车站站场地下通道的浅埋暗挖法施工为例,通过采取预加固和强支护施工措施,并对通道开挖过程中的沉降进行严密的监测,严格控制沉降值,有效保证了通道施工的安全。从沉降控制基准值的确定、监控量测系统设计、沉降控制措施等方面论述了该隧道施工的关键点。通道的开挖支护设计与施工监测方案对相似工程具有一定的借鉴性。     

从水电工程图中精确量算面积的方法

在水利水电工程建设中,经常需要准确地量算图纸中的面积,应用于施工招投标及工程完工时工程量结算.电脑技术的发展,为在地图上精确量取地理信息的定量数据提供了方便.可用不同的基本原理、公式来精确量取地图上的面积.介绍一种运用地图投影变换的原理、三次样条函数法以及测量中的加权平差方法,在地图上量取面积的精确算法.     

混凝土水下灌注量最佳首次灌注量的确定

过去钻孔灌注桩首次灌注量的计算数字棋型适合于浇桩而不适合于深桩,正确分析确定首次最优灌注量,是保证砼首次灌注成功的关键.     

悬浮颗粒在明渠剪切紊流中扩散系数计算公式研究

本文利用各向同性均匀紊流理论推导了明渠剪切紊流中心区固-液两相速度差的计算公式, 结果表明固液两相速度差依赖于颗粒密度、尺寸以及流体的平均速度和水力半径. 进而研究了悬浮颗粒在紊流中的扩散系数, 给出了紊流中的悬浮颗粒扩散系数的计算公式. 该公式充分考虑了悬浮颗粒粒径、密度等颗粒特征参数以及流体粘性系数、平均流速和水力半径等水流参数对悬浮颗粒在紊中的影响, 能够比较全面地描述悬浮颗粒在紊流中的扩散情况. 为了验证固-液两相流速度差计算公式, 作者进行了水槽实验, 实验结果与计算结果吻合良好.     

非平稳区域化变量克立格插值方法的比较

为了减少非平稳区域化变量的插值计算的工作量,以中国中东部地区59站1960~2000年的年平均降水量为数据源,采用普通克立格法与泛克立格法两种方法对降雨量进行空间插值,对其插值结果进行比较。结果表明,两者的插值结果非常相似,且前者的插值精度略优于后者。认为在无需详细了解变量的空间变异性情况,而只进行空间插值研究时,用普通克立格法代替泛克立格法进行非平稳区域化变量的空间插值具有计算简单、无需确定漂移等优点,同时可以取得较好的插值效果。     

两种方法对泰莱盆地河流水质评价的分析

采用加权欧式距离法和模糊综合评价法对泰莱盆地地表水体环境质量进行评价的结果表明,全区地表水以Ⅱ和Ⅲ类为主;东部河流水质稍差,牟汶河和柴汶河的上游水质超过Ⅳ类;西部的大汶河和汇河水质要好于东部地区河流,水质以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类为主。加权欧式距离法在给出评价断面水质级别的同时给出评价断面对于某一水质标准的贴近度以及水质的变化趋势,评价结果显示的信息相对真实多元,在水质评价中的表现要优于模糊综合评价法。     

Cladocera assemblages from reservoirs in Sri Lanka and their relationship to measured limnological variables

The potential of using surface‐sediment assemblages of Cladocera as bioindicators for reservoirs in Sri Lanka was assessed for their subfossil remains, along with contemporary physical and chemical measurements from each reservoir. The reservoirs span five climatic regions, from extremely arid environments to tropical montane forests, as well as three orders of magnitude changes in many physical and chemical variables. In total, although the remains of 39 Cladocera taxa from 21 genera were identified, only 31 taxa from 37 sites were present at sufficiently high abundances to assess their relation to measured environmental variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) identified surface area, maximum depth and chloride as the three most important measured environmental variables that could account for the variation in the cladoceran assemblages. Taxa such as Chydorus sphaericus, Alona aff. verrucosa and Leydigia acanthocercoides were more abundant in generally deeper, larger reservoirs, whereas Alonella excisa, Euryalona orientalis, Notoalona globulosa and Chydorus eurynotus were more abundant in shallow smaller reservoirs. Although there was a strong separation between climatic zones in terms of factors related to specific conductance, this factor only appears marginally important in separating cladoceran assemblages. Quantitative inference models developed to assess the strength of inferring environmental variables using partial least squares regression and calibration were all relatively weak, with jackknifed coefficient of determination values of 0.40, 0.28 and 0.27 for surface area, maximum depth and chloride, respectively. These results, in conjunction with large differences in eigenvalues between constrained and unconstrained ordinations, suggest that unmeasured environmental variables are also important in structuring cladoceran assemblages.     

Relation Between Stream Temperature and Landscape Characteristics Using Distance Weighted Metrics

Stream ecosystems have experienced significant negative impacts from land use, resource exploitation, and urban development. Statistical models allow researchers to explore the relations between these landscape variables and stream conditions. Weighting the relevant landscape variables based on hydrologically defined distances offers a potential method of increasing the predictive capacity of statistical models. Using observations from three grouped watersheds in the Portland-Vancouver Metro Area (n?=?66), we explored the use of three different weighting schemes against the standard method of weighted areal average. These four different model groups were applied to four stream temperature metrics: mean seven-day moving average maximum daily temperature (Mean7dTmax), number of days exceeding 17.8 °C (Tmax7d >17.8), mean daily range in stream temperature (Mean_DTR), and the coefficient of variation in maximum daily temperature (CV_Tmax) for each month in the 2011 dry season. The results demonstrate mixed effectiveness of the weighting schemes, dependent on both the stream temperature metric being predicted as well as the time scale under investigation. Models for Mean7dTmax showed no benefit from the inclusion of distance weighted metrics, while models for Mean_DTR consistently improved using distance weighted explanatory variables. Trends in the models for Tmax7d?>?17.8 and CV_Tmax varied based on temporal scale. Additionally, all model groups demonstrated greater explanatory power in early summer months than in late summer months.

     

Variation trends of meteorological variables and their impacts on potential evaporation in Hailar region

Evaporation,which is an important factor in the water balance at the basin scale,is a critical variable in the determination of local available water resources.Since the potential evaporation is mainly...     

基于结构方程模型的施工安全 潜变量相关分析

采用结构方程模型分析了水电工程施工安全影响因素中的企业影响、安全管理、现场作业相关因素和施工人员的安全相关因素这四个潜变量的相互关系。首先采取现场问卷调查搜集了原始数据,并通过SPSS软件对数据进行信度和效度分析检验。以此为基础,按照不同的假设关系建立了三个结构方程模型,分别计算了其系数估计值和常用拟合指数。经综合对比分析,确定了最优化的模型,并联系工程实际意义,增加相关性路径,对该模型进行了进一步修正,最后得出其各项参数取值。模型计算结果显示了4个潜变量以及相对应的20个显变量之间的相关关系。     

Environmental variables and diversity index as a tool for management in tropical man‐made lakes

Fish and water samples were collected from various randomly situated sampling sites in two tropical man‐made lakes, Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs, in South India. The fish samples collected during 2014 to 2015 were taxonomically identified and the fish diversity indices of these reservoirs evaluated. The water samples collected were analysed for such environmental variables as pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, alkalinity, hardness, chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations. T‐tests indicated significant difference in both the fish diversity and environmental variables between these two reservoirs. The Pearson correlation test identified electrical conductivity as a highly correlated environmental variable to the ichthyodiversity index in Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs, with coefficients of 0.939 and 0.7012, respectively. Principal co‐ordinate analysis also was conducted on the variables to identify the best combination of variables subjective to the particular sampling site influencing the fish diversity. The analyses explained 72.8% of the total variations for Peechi reservoir, which was represented with eigenvalues of 7.53 and 3.393, respectively, for the first two dimensions. A similar analysis of Pothundi reservoir produced eigenvalues 7.05 and 3.01, respectively, for the first two dimensions, explaining 67.1% of the total inertia. The individual factor maps (IFM‐I and IFM‐II) for Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs identified a high diversity at sampling site 3 in Peechi reservoir, and a similar finding for sites 3 and 7 in Pothundi reservoir, being related to the interactions with other environmental variables, which were greatly influenced by the predominance of macrophytes. The latter is a characteristic of rainfed tropical reservoirs, with special reference to the native fish diversity and environmental variables. The findings of this study suggest management decisions for any aquatic system may be considered after prior assessment of environmental variables and the ichthyodiversity index of the indicated waterbody.     

似然比检验在区域斜坡稳定性敏感因素分析中的应用

敏感因素分析是区域斜坡稳定性评价的前提.设计了逐个加入影响因素进行嵌套模型的优劣程度对比的试验方法,将巫山县新址西区作为试验区,选取影响区域斜坡稳定性的几个因素为自变量,历史滑坡的发生为因变量,建立Logistic回归模型.通过对回归方程的似然比检验进行模型优劣程度的对比,得出影响本区斜坡稳定性敏感因素的程度.试验区斜坡稳定性敏感因素程度计算结果依次为:岩土类型、高程、地下水位埋深、距有影响构造线距离、坡度或坡形.     

Spatial variability of thermal regimes and other environmental determinants of stream fish communities in the Great Lakes Basin,Ontario, Canada

Temperature is one of the most important environmental variables in stream ecosystems because it affects the growth, survival and distribution of stream biota. This study examined if the spatial variability of thermal regimes and 18 other environmental variables were associated with fish communities in watersheds throughout the Great Lakes Basin (GLB), Ontario. The thermal regimes were defined as regimes 1, 2 and 3 and had maximum water temperatures of 26.4, 28.4 and 23.5°C, and spring warming rates of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.10 °C d^?1, respectively. The spatial variability of the thermal regimes (VTR) within the watersheds was summarized into four VTR groups: S1, S2, M23 and M123. Stream sites in S1 watersheds had temperatures characteristic of regime 1 whereas stream sites in S2 watersheds followed regime 2. M23 watersheds had sites with a mix of regimes 2 and 3 whereas M123 watersheds had all three thermal regimes at sites throughout watersheds. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that 16% of the variation in fish communities was related to the spatial VTR in the watersheds. Forward selection CCA indicated that elevation, the S1 VTR group, sparse forest cover, wetland area, base flow index (groundwater discharge potential), flow and industrial stress explained 42% of the variance in the fish communities. Simplified indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that different species could be used as indicators for each of the VTR groups. Human activities such as industrial development, deforestation, groundwater withdrawal and flow alteration all may affect the environmental variables related to stream fish communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.