正弦脉动挤出流场对聚合物熔体分子链的解缠结效应——动态流变行为与非等温结晶过程

将松弛时间较长的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）动态挤出后淬火“冷冻”其熔体的分子链缠结状态，然后在差示扫描量热仪（DSC）上升温到玻璃化转变温度以上进行结晶。通过分析PET熔体的动态流变参数和结晶动力学过程的变化，间接证实动态挤出聚合物熔体分子的解缠结作用。结果发现，正弦脉动挤出流场对聚合物分子链造成的解缠结效果不仅可以降低聚合物熔体的加工黏度，还可以明显降低PET的结晶温度，结晶峰向低温移动且次峰强度明显增大，低温结晶峰含量随振幅和频率的增加而增大，在振幅为0．3mm、频率为12Hz时达到60.7％，成为主结晶过程。     

动态毛细管流变仪中正弦脉动挤出流场对聚丙烯结晶结构的影响

采用自行研制的动态毛细管流变仪研究了正弦脉动挤出流场对聚丙烯结晶行为的影响，动态毛细管流变仪中正弦脉动挤出后的聚丙烯在室温冷却结晶后，通过DSC测试、X射线衍射分析了振动频率和振幅与聚丙烯结晶结构的关系。研究发现，随着振幅的增加，聚丙烯结晶度增大，DSC曲线中熔融峰由164．5℃升高到167．4℃且分裂为双峰，低温峰面积逐渐减小、高温峰面积所占比例逐渐增大；当振动频率增大时，熔融峰的位置反而有降低的趋势。WAXD测试表明，聚丙烯的α晶型没有发生明显变化，晶粒的尺寸减小。说明正弦脉动挤出流场可以促使聚丙烯生成大量结构更加完善的晶粒。     

振动塑化挤出对聚烯烃片材性能的影响

利用塑料电磁塑化挤出机挤出聚烯烃片材，系统研究了挤出机螺杆轴向振动对聚乙烯挤出制品结构与性能的影响。采用DSC对挤出试样的结晶结构及形态进行分析。结果表明，振动塑化挤出使聚合物挤出试样结晶度提高，结晶完善，晶片之间的连接分子数量增加，因而制品的力学性能有所提高，特别在横向上表现明显。在适当的振动条件下，高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）试样的横向拉伸强度和冲击强度分别从22．68MPa和12．7kJ／m^2提高到了25．55MPa和23．5kJ／m^2；而聚丙烯（PP）试样横向拉伸强度和冲击强度则分别提高了20％和64％。     

超声波对聚丙烯结晶过程和热性能的影响

通过差示扫描量热（DSC）分析研究了在超声波作用下聚丙烯（PP）结晶形态、结晶结构的变化。结果表明，超声波作用频率对PP结晶的影响与结晶温度有关联。低温20℃时，随着超声波频率的增大，熔点（tm）、熔融峰对应的最高温度（tp）、结晶度先降后升，高温125℃时则相反。在超声波频率27kHz时，低温时超声波破坏结晶；高温时超声波促进结晶，使晶片变厚，热稳定性增强；在最大结晶速率温度135℃处，超声波对PP热性能的影响作用效果最佳。     

PET/分子筛复合材料的非等温结晶性能

采用原位聚合法制备了PET／分子筛复合材料并研究了其非等温结晶性能。结果表明：分子筛的加入有明显的异相成核效应，加快了结晶速度，增加了结晶度，减小了晶粒粒径分布；PET及PET／分子筛体系的热结晶峰温随着降温速率的增加而移向低温，半结晶时间、结晶度随降温速率的增加而减小，晶粒粒径分布则增大；分子筛的加入降低了降温速率对PET半结晶时间的影响；随着分子筛用量的增加，半结晶时间t1／2、结晶热焓ΔH、结晶峰半峰宽ΔW都能达到一个较佳值。     

振动力场下PP增强管材的制备及性能研究

采用电磁动态塑化挤出机挤出聚丙烯（PP）管材,通过爆破压力测试、拉伸性能测试、差示扫描量热（DSC）分析和X射线衍射（XRD）分析研究了振动频率和振幅对PP管材结构与力学性能的影响。力学性能测试结果表明,振动挤出PP管材的周向强度有了显著提高,实现了管材的双向自增强。与稳态挤出的PP管材相比,振动挤出PP管材的爆破压力最大提高了27．03％,轴向拉伸屈服强度最大提高了7．3％。DSC分析和XRD分析表明,振动挤出的PP管材结晶度提高,熔点升高,结晶完善,晶粒变小,有利于管材力学性能的提高。     

固相挤出回收PET结晶性能和降解程度的研究

提出一种全新的固相挤出加工方法,即在低温下用双螺杆挤出机挤出加工回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。用WAXD和DSC分别考察PET的结晶形态和结晶性能,通过考察熔体流动速率和特性黏度的变化,评价回收PET树脂的降解程度。研究发现,与传统的熔融挤出法相比,经过固相挤出造粒的回收PET结晶更完善,结晶度提高了10％,晶粒大小分布更窄,而且降解程度有效地减小。     

PET的非等温冷结晶动力学研究

采用DSC方法研究了PET升温过程中的热性能。结果表明:PET的玻璃化转变温度θg和冷结晶峰温θc随升温速率提高而上升,PET的分子质量分布导致了热转变的起始温度和峰顶温度的差异。PET冷结晶的结晶动力学常数Zt,Avram i指数n随升温速率提高而上升,半结晶时间t1/2随升温速率的提高而下降,说明PET的冷结晶速率随升温速率的提高而增大。     

衣架式机头动态挤出PP的力学性能

采用衣架式机头动态挤出PP试样,并对其进行拉伸强度、冲击强度和DSC测试,探讨振动频率和振幅对制品力学性能的影响。结果表明：振动的引入,有利于提高制品纵横两向的拉伸强度和冲击强度,并且存在最佳振动参数范围,当振幅0．1mm时,方向的力学性能改善效果最显著;而当频率为15Hz时．方向力学性能改善效果最为明显;制品熔点向高温迁移,吸热焓与结晶度也得到提高。     

有机羧酸钠盐对PET结晶和熔融行为的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪研究了5种具有不同取代基的苯甲酸钠盐作为结晶成核剂对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（HET）结晶和熔融行为的影响，并同滑石粉进行了对比。结果表明，成核剂的加入能明显改变PET的结晶和熔融行为。苯甲酸钠、对苯二甲酸甲酯单羧酸钠和对羟基苯甲酸钠提高既汀的熔融结晶温度（Tc）分别达22．93、21．7和19．37℃，但使PET降解严重；对苯酚钠甲酸钠能够提高Tc达17．75℃且对PET相对分子质量影响很小；对苯二甲酸二钠成核作用最差。低于滑石粉。此外，成核剂的成核能力越强，PET双熔融峰中的低温峰顶温度就越高。     

振动共混对PC/PP多重结晶行为的影响

在传统转矩流变仪上叠加机械振动帛成了振动共混流变仪，叠加机械振动的流动影响共混物的相形态，因此影响了PC／PP的多重结晶行为。DSC和偏光显微联用分析发现，所有峰对应的结晶都是异相成核，共混频率或振幅增高，减小分散相相畴尺寸，PP粒子的异相核会向PC迁移，所以制备的共混物的低温结晶峰越强，而高温结晶峰减弱，共混振幅很大时，中等尺寸粒子界面附生非均相成核等效增加了较高温度成核率，结晶温度较高。     

DNPOH的连续萃取工艺研究

选型并采用一种往复振动筛板塔对2,2–二硝基丙醇（DNPOH）的反应液进行萃取,确定了较佳的萃取条件：萃取温度为35℃,振动频率17.5 Hz,振幅15 mm,溶剂比R=0.5,界面位置控制在视镜中部。较佳萃取条件下,萃取率达到99.5%~100%。     

全程动态注塑对HDPE制品力学性能的影响

在实际生产条件下，在振频0～12Hz、振幅0～0．28mm范围内研究了振动参数对HDPE制品的力学性能和冲击断面形态结构的影响。结果表明：制品的力学性能对振动参数的响应并不是单调趋势，而是存在一个最佳的响应范围；全程动态注塑过程能提高制品的拉伸和冲击性能．其中冲击强度提高尤其明显，最大可提高33％。     

全程振动注塑对PP力学性能影响的研究

以实际生产条件为前提,在频率0～12Hz、振幅0～0．28mm范围内研究了振动对聚丙烯(PP)力学性能和冲击断面形态结构的影响。结果表明,PP的力学性能对振动参数的响应并不完全是一个单调趋势,而是存在一个最佳的响应范围;全程振动注塑能够同时提高PP的拉伸强度和冲击强度,最大增幅分别为17％和27％。     

齐聚物对PET结晶性能的影响

运用差示扫描量热法研究了不同齐聚物含量的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)的非等温结晶过程。结果表明:随齐聚物含量的增加,PET的熔融结晶温度向低温偏移,过冷度增大,结晶热焓增加,结晶度先增大后减小;在相同的结晶温度下,随着齐聚物含量的增加,PET的结晶温度区域逐渐变宽,半结晶周期增大,结晶速率降低。     

Effects of vibration blending on the subsequent crystallization behavior of polycarbonate/polypropylene blends

The effects of blending in a novel vibration internal mixer on the subsequent multiple crystallization of 70/30 w/w polycarbonate (PC)/polypropylene (PP) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffractogram, and microscopy. The vibration internal mixer was reformed from a conventional internal mixer through parallel superposition of an oscillatory shear on a steady shear. For this polypropylene‐minor phase blend, three possible crystallization peaks were observed. The crystallization behavior was sensitive to the sizes and the size distribution of the dispersed polypropylene droplets. Larger amplitude and/or higher‐frequency vibration produced more small droplets (<2 μm) and increased the number of medium droplets (2–8 μm) as a result of the spatially wider and temporally quicker variation of shear rate. The resulting subsequent low‐temperature crystallization peak became larger and shifted to lower temperature, and the intermediate‐temperature peak became obvious. On the contrary, the coalescence of small droplets, resulting from the heating treatment, weakened the low‐temperature peak but strengthened the intermediate‐temperature peak and rendered the high‐temperature peak to be wider. Mixing at the too high amplitude produced the unstable, partially cocontinuous phase morphology restricting the medium droplets and enlarging the surface area, such that the intermediate‐temperature crystallization peak did not appear. Multiple crystallization was related to phase morphology and the nucleation density as well as surface effects. Double‐fusion endotherms of the PP component were also observed, corresponding to the melting of different forms of polypropylene crystals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 92–103, 2002     

Mechanical properties and morphological behavior of calcium carbonate‐filled polypropylene in dynamic injection molding

A custom‐made electromagnetic dynamic injection molding machine was adopted to study the mechanical properties and morphological behavior of calcium carbonate‐filled polypropylene (PP) in a dynamic injection molding process. The influence of vibration amplitude and frequency on the mechanical properties and morphological behavior of samples was investigated using tensile tests, notched Izod impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electronic microscopy. The tensile stress and the impact stress for all samples investigated were found to increase in a nonlinear manner with increasing vibration amplitude and frequency. The tensile stress reached a maximum value at about 8 Hz and 0.15 mm for neat PP and PP filled with 3, 20, and 30 wt% CaCO₃. For PP filled with 40 wt% CaCO₃, the tensile stress reached a maximum value at about 12 Hz and 0.2 mm. The impact stress reached a maximum value at about 12 Hz. From DSC experiments it was shown that the melting temperature slightly increased, but no new polymeric crystalline peak appeared under the vibration force field. The CaCO₃ particles were diffused easily and distributed evenly in the PP melt under the vibration force field, so it is very useful in improving the quality of injection products. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Residence Time Distribution of Steady and Pulsed Flow in a Parallel‐Plate Channel with Staggered Fins

The residence time distribution (RTD) in a parallel‐plate channel with staggered fins for both steady and pulsed flow conditions was experimentally determined. Dispersion and tank‐in‐series models were also adopted to characterize the system. The process fluid was water and the experiments were performed at room temperature. A steady Reynolds number Re ranging from 100 to 1000 was studied. The pulsating flow was generated using a frequency f of 6–20 Hz and an amplitude A of 0–2.3 mm. A pulse injection of sodium chloride solution was used as a tracer and the response in the form of electrical conductivity was measured at the outlet stream. The flow in the staggered finned channel approaches nearly plug‐flow behavior with either higher steady‐flow velocity or superposition of oscillation at low Re.