Studying the development of asynchronous rolling of the rotor over the stator with the turbine unit protection systems having different response times

The possibility to stabilize the developing asynchronous rolling of the rotor over the stator under the conditions of power unit protections coming in action with different response times is considered. Asynchronous rolling of the rotor over the stator may develop when the rotating rotor comes in contact with the stator at high amplitudes of vibration caused by an abrupt loss of rotor balancing, by forced or self-excited vibration of the rotor, and by other factors. The danger of asynchronous rolling is connected with almost instantaneous development of self-excited vibration of the rotor when it comes in contact with the stator and with the rotor vibration amplitudes and forces of interaction between the rotor and stator dangerous for the turbine unit integrity. It is assumed that the turbine unit protection systems come in action after the arrival of signal of exceeding the permissible vibration level and produce commands to disconnect the generator from the grid, and to stop the supply of working fluid into the flow path, due to which an accelerating torque ceases to act on the turbine unit shaft. The protection system response speed is determined by a certain time t = ABtime that is taken for its components to come in action from the commencement of the event (application of the signal) to closure of the stop valves. The time curves of the main rolling parameters as functions of the ABtime value are presented. It is shown that the response time of existing protection systems is not sufficient for efficiently damping the rolling phenomenon, although the use of an electrical protection system (with the response time equal to 0.40–0.45 s) may have a positive effect on stabilizing the vibration amplitudes to a certain extent during the rolling and on smoothing its dangerous consequences. The consequences of rotor rolling over the stator can be efficiently mitigated by increasing the energy losses in the rotor-stator system (especially in the stator) and by fulfilling the recommendations of the machinery unit catastrophe prevention system.     

Motion of an imbalanced rotor when it rubs against the stator

We consider the problem of a turbine rotor rolling over the stator due to the occurrence of certain imbalance, e.g., when a blade breaks away. Catastrophic failures of rotors caused by their imbalance are analyzed, physical and mathematical models for the occurrence of rolling phenomenon are constructed, and the main factors determining the dynamic behavior of rotor during this phenomenon are analyzed.     

Patterns of the Rotor-over-Stator Rolling under Change in the Damping Components

As experimental studies show, the rubbing of the rotor against the structure usually excites harmonics of different frequencies. In high-frequency regions, the power of the vibration signal appears to be considerable. The rotor—supports—stator system is in an unstable equilibrium state during the contact interaction between the rotor and the stator. The forces exerted on the rotor facilitate the excitation of the asynchronous rolling and its damping. The forces have been determined that facilitate the excitation of the progressive and retrograde rotor precession. The consideration of these forces in the algorithm for modeling the rotor-over-stator rolling development allows investigation of the impact of the components of the above forces on the behavior of the rotor system. The initial excitation—disturbance of the normal operation—of the rotor and subsequent unsteady oscillations of it result from sudden imbalance in the second span. The results of numerical modeling of the rubbing in the second span and the rotor-over-stator rolling upon change in the damping components of secondary (gyroscopic) components b _ij (i ≠ j) of the damping matrix are presented for the rotor on three bearing-supports considering the synergetic effect of the forces of various types exerted on the rotor. It is shown that change in one of the parameters of the excitation forces leads to ambiguity of the pattern (manifestation form) of the asynchronous rotor-over-stator rolling and proves the existence of more than one states towards which the rotor—supports—stator system tends. In addition to the rolling with a constant rotor—stator contact, oscillations of the rotor develop in the direction perpendicular to the common trajectory of the precession motion of the rotor’s center with transition to the vibro-impact motion mode. The oscillations of the rotor tend towards the symmetry center of the system (the stator bore center). The reason is the components of the stiffness and damping forces that act in the direction transverse to the rotor’s motion trajectory. Recommendations are given for eliminating dangerous consequences of the development of the asynchronous rolling fraught with great financial losses.     

Mathematical simulation of a high-speed single-phase machine with alternating current direction

A new design of a single-phase flux reversal machine (FRM) and a procedure of mathematical simulation of the FRM are described in this article. Technical features of the FRM (such as efficiency, specific power, and specific torque) that are close to those of synchronous motors with magnets on the rotor have greater reliability for high speed applications. The main advantages of an FRM involve the absence of permanent magnets or electric conductors on a rotating rotor and their being positioned on a stator. The new design of a single-phase FRM consists of a rotor with four teeth and a stator with four teeth and a magnetic system. The magnetic system on the stator teeth surface has two magnets on each stator tooth and generates two magnetic poles on each one. The adjacent poles on the adjacent teeth of stator are similar. The total angular size of new design is slightly less than the perimeter of the circle. Therefore, the stator surface is much better used (unlike the prototype), which results in an increase in the specific power and power efficiency, as well as a decrease in the cost of the FRM. A method for mathematical simulation of an FRM that is based upon solving magnetostatic problems with common geometry is proposed. Different positions of the rotor are simulated by joining boundary conditions. The method allows one to determine the electric losses in steel and magnets in postprocessing.     

Rotor Rolling over a Water-Lubricated Bearing

The article presents the results of studying the effect of forces associated with secondary damping coefficients (gyroscopic forces) on the development of asynchronous rolling of the rotor over a water-lubricated bearing. The damping forces act against the background of other exciting forces in the rotor–supports system, in particular, the exciting forces of contact interaction between the rotor and bearing. The article considers a rotor resting on supports rubbing against the bearing and the occurrence of self-excited vibration in the form of asynchronous roll-over. The rotor supports are made in the form of plain-type water-lubricated bearings. The plain-type bearing’s lubrication stiffness and damping forces are determined using the wellknown algorithms taking into account the physical properties of water serving as lubrication of the bearing. The bearing sliding pair is composed of refractory materials. The lubrication layer in such bearings is thinner than that used in oil-lubricated bearings with white metal lining, and there is no white metal layer in waterlubricated bearings. In case of possible deviations from normal operation of the installation, the rotating rotor comes into direct contact with the liner’s rigid body. Unsteady vibrations are modeled using a specially developed software package for calculating the vibration of rotors that rub against the turbine (pump) stator elements. The stiffness of the bearing liner with the stator support structure is specified by a dependence in the force–deformation coordinate axes. In modeling the effect of damping forces, the time moment corresponding to the onset of asynchronous rolling-over with growing vibration amplitudes is used as the assessment criterion. With a longer period of time taken for the rolling-over to develop, it becomes possible to take the necessary measures in response to actuation of the equipment set safety system, which require certain time for implementing them. It is shown that the gyroscopic damping components facilitate the developing rolling of the rotor over the bearing. If measures taken to decrease these components in the damping devices and bearings are met with success, the onset of asynchronous rolling-over with the growing amplitudes occurs after a longer period of time.     

基于转子平均瞬时功率的双馈异步发电机定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断

由于双馈异步发电机转子参数的可测性,提出一种基于转子平均瞬时功率的定子绕组匝间短路故障诊断方法。首先推导出计及高次谐波的双馈异步发电机正常及发生定子绕组匝间短路故障时的转子平均瞬时功率的表达式,然后建立了双馈异步发电机的多回路数学模型,并对其正常和不同程度匝间短路故障时的转子平均瞬时功率进行仿真计算。对仿真结果进行频谱分析,得到定子绕组匝间短路故障前后转子平均瞬时功率谐波分量的变化规律,并验证了理论分析的正确性。分析结果表明转子平均瞬时功率谱直观简洁,其2倍频分量不受转差率影响,高次谐波分量对定子绕组匝间短路故障有较强的灵敏性。     

Forces exciting generation roll at rotor vibrations when rotor-to-stator rubbing

The consequences of emergencies of turbosets for different application are revealed, the cause of forced shutdown and even catastrophic destructions of which many researchers consider the rotor-to-stator rubbing and development—to a greater or lesser extent—of the phenomena of the rotor generation roll over the stator. The synchronous or asynchronous generation roll is determined by the rotor precession direction, coinciding or not coinciding with the self-rotation direction of the rotor. Asynchronous generation roll is the most dangerous form of the rotor-stator contact interaction with the vibrations with rubbing. The basic equations of rotor vibrations are presented: symmetric rotor fixed on two supports and that fixed on several supports after abrupt imbalance with and without rotor coming in contact with a flexible stator. The vibration process is considered as the rotor motion in a backlash with subsequent contact with the stator, loss of contact, or development of generation roll. The latter essentially depends on the properties of the “rotor–support–stator” dynamic system. The stator stiffness characteristic is specified in “force–deformation” coordinates that make it possible to take into account damping in the supports and power loss in the stator. The diagram of elastic-damping device was presented, which makes it possible to ensure a certain level of power loss at the stator displacements. The exciting forces promoting development of self-exciting vibrations of the rotor in the form of asynchronous generation roll were compared with the exciting forces of oil film of sliding bearings and forces of aerodynamic excitation in the turbine flow path and sealings. For the rotor systems of high and medium pressure of a 300 MW capacity turboset, the simulation results of the process of development of asynchronous generation roll at the vibrations with rubbing were revealed, and the basic characteristics of development of generation roll in a span between supports and time variation of casual coefficients of contact stiffness defining the forces exciting the generation roll at the contact interaction of the rotor with the stator were presented. The dependence of coefficients of contact stiffness on the rotor displacements submits to the hyperbolic law. The increase of damping decreases the probability of occurrence of dangerous consequences of emergencies, which are defined by many factors, including the rotor imbalance level.     

Digital control and optimization of a rolling rotor switchedreluctance machine

A motor having a rotor which is free to roll on the inside of the stator, without bearings restraining it to a fixed axis, is proposed. Using the axial rather than the tangential forces between rotor and stator, this motor develops considerable torque at low speeds. A digitally based controller and the power electronic implementation which minimizes vibrational effects, torque pulsations, and also increases overall motor efficiency is described. Attention is drawn to the robustness and simplicity of the motor, making it ideal for low-cost applications, where a large torque at low speeds is required from a compact gearless construction. Valuable design considerations have been gained by the use of a finite element analysis on the rolling rotor switched reluctance motor     

Scalar control systems for a traction induction motor

A brief review and comparative characteristics of scalar control systems for traction induction motors for using in the traction electric drive are presented. It is shown that, despite the obvious advantages of the systems of vector control and direct torque control, scalar control systems have found wide application. The operation features of scalar control systems with stability0 of absolute slip and a minimum of stator current are considered. Based on the equivalent circuit of an induction motor taking into account the stator and rotor iron loss, a comparative evaluation of the considered scalar control systems based on the criterion of the efficiency coefficient taking into account the temperature of the stator and rotor windings is presented. Simulation results in the MATLAB environment for an 11-kW induction motor are presented. It is established that scalar control systems operating under the principle of a stator current minimum have an advantage, as this maintains the desired torque value with higher values of efficiency coefficient, which decreases electromagnetic loads and power loss. It is shown that it is necessary to take into account the influence of windings temperature on the stator voltage and the parameters of the control system in connection with its affect on the minimum stator current and optimal absolute slip ensuring extremal control by current minimum.     

环形行波超声波电机面接触分析及转子结构优化设计

考虑转子的柔性变形,建立了环形行波超声波电机定转子三维面接触模型,分析了定子的振动、定转子的法向接触以及切向摩擦,研究了定转子间的面接触特性及电机的转矩-转速特性。结果显示：由于转子的柔性变形,定转子间的接触区域形状是不规则的,接触压力沿径向分布是不均匀的。通过将样机转矩-转速特性的理论计算值与试验测量值进行对比,验证了三维面接触模型。在此基础上,基于三维面接触模型,分析柔性转子结构参数变化对定转子最大接触压力及电机转矩-转速特性的影响,根据分析结果对转子结构进行优化,实现了定转子间的最大接触压力明显下降,并使电机的转矩-转速特性得以明显提升。     

基于转子瞬时功率谱的双馈风力发电机定子绕组故障诊断

提出一种基于转子瞬时功率谱分析的双馈风力发电机定子绕组故障的在线监测与诊断新方法。理论分析表明,与常见的电流或电压谱诊断方法相比,转子瞬时功率谱法既具有无需外加传感器与硬件设备的优点,又由于其特征频率不受转差的影响,当转差存在一定的跟踪或计算误差时,特征频率不会改变,具有很强的抗干扰能力。在PSCAD软件中建立了双馈风力发电机并网模型,对正常及故障状态进行仿真分析,得出转子瞬时功率谱法在双馈风力发电机定子绕组故障诊断中更具敏感性的结论。在动模实验室建立了定子绕组故障诊断的实验平台,进一步证明了转子瞬时功率谱法在双馈风力发电机定子绕组故障诊断中的可行性。     

并网双馈发电机电网电压定向励磁控制的研究

在分析并网双馈发电机传统矢量控制策略的基础上，提出了一种基于电网电压定向的励磁控制策略。该控制策略仅需要定子侧电流、电网电压和转子位置角信号，避免了矢量控制系统中对定、转子量测量精度、实时性和一致性的严格要求，使控制系统得到了简化。利用该文提出的控制策略对双馈发电机有功、无功和转速稳态调节特性及机端三相对地突然短路的过渡过程进行了仿真研究，结果表明该控制策略能实现双馈发电机有功、无功和转速的解耦控制及短路故障切除后其有功、无功和转速都能回到原来的设定值稳定运行。     

考虑相位跳变的双馈感应发电机转子电压动态特性

风电并网点低电压事件的电压相位跳变(PAJ)及跳变角度值会改变低电压穿越期间双馈感应发电机(DFIG)转子电压动态特性,进而影响保护性能。但现有DFIG故障特性研究中,对PAJ考虑不足。针对这一问题,基于DFIG动态模型,推导考虑PAJ的DFIG定子磁链和转子电压瞬时表达式;采用定子磁链和转子电压空间矢量图分解法,分析PAJ对定子磁链的作用机理,揭示了转子电压直流瞬态分量受PAJ的影响规律;详细研究不同PAJ值、电压幅值和持续时间下定子磁链和转子电压的矢量轨迹特征、振荡衰减特性及其叠加机制,并给出了不同恢复时刻下转子电压的最大、最小值。相应的1.5 MW DFIG仿真结果验证了所提理论分析和方法的正确性。最后,综合分析PAJ任意和约束条件对DFIG转子过压峰值影响规律,提出了一种计及相位补偿的改进励磁控制设计建议。     

笼型异步电动机转子断条与定子绕组匝间短路双重故障研究

基于多回路理论,针对笼型异步电动机转子断条与定子绕组匝间短路双重故障进行研究.结果表明,笼型异步电动机在发生转子断条与定子绕组匝间短路时,其故障特征往往是相互交织、相互影响的,仅仅应用单一故障检测方法检测笼型异步电动机定转子故障,可能导致故障误判.通过对仿真与实验结果的详尽分析,系统地概括出笼型异步电动机转子断条与定子绕组匝间短路双重故障特征,明确揭示了二者间的相互关系,为实现转子断条与定子绕组匝间短路双重故障的联合检测提供了重要理论依据.     

感应电动机定转子全域温度场数值计算及相关因素敏感性分析

提出了针对无轴向通风冷却电机温度场计算的新思想，合理处理了电机定子与气隙之间以及转子与气隙之间复杂的对流散热过程， 妥善解决了定、转子之间的热交换问题。给出了散下线定子绕组的等效热模型，简化了计算难度并且节省了计算时间。在此基础上建立了笼型感应电动机定、转子全域温度场二维数学模型和二维有限元计算模型。计算了电机额定负载运行时定、转子的稳态温度场以及气隙温降；实验结果验证了该电机温度场计算模型的合理性和计算结果的正确性。在该温度场计算模型的基础上，分析了电机温度场对定子铜耗、散热翅高度以及定子绕组浸渍质量等相关因素的敏感性，为电机优化设计奠定理论基础。     

基于支持向量机的电机转子断条故障诊断

交流电动机转子断条故障诊断的问题可以归结为模式分类的问题,支持向量机是近几年来涌现的一种新型的针对小样本集合具有较好分类效果的方法.根据断条故障在定子电流谱中产生相应特征分量,本文利用窗提取的方法对定子电流谱进行转换,在不损失故障特征信息的前提下构造低维数特征空间,并在其中用SVM进行分类.同时针对实际应用中转差率s由于负载的变化而使故障特征频率位置发生变化的问题,分别在恒定负载和变负载条件下进行试验.断条情况为无断条、一根断条、连续两根断条三类,结果表明在恒定负载和变负载条件下都有较高的诊断正确率.同时因为整个诊断过程可以实现自动化,所以可实现在线诊断.     

直接转矩控制永磁同步发电机相位自校正型定子磁链观测器

直接转矩控制永磁同步发电具有电磁转矩和直流电压输出动态响应快等优点,但这些优点的实现需要准确的定子磁链。实际发电机参数在一定范围内随工作点变化而变化,这就要求定子磁链观测器对这些参数变化具有很强的鲁棒抑制特性。该文提出一种新型定子磁链观测器,该观测器借助有效磁链概念计算出转子磁极位置角观测值,基于此将定子磁链电压模型和电流模型联系起来,无需转子速度信息;为了进一步降低观测的定子磁链相位误差,将观测的定子电流矢量与实际定子电流矢量乘积结果送给PI调节器,利用PI输出值对转子位置角观测值进行校正。实验结果表明,采用该文提出的定子磁链观测器在无需转子速度及参数辨识情况下,对电机参数变化及模拟量采样误差具有很强的鲁棒抑制特性,可以获得准确的磁链观测值,实现电磁转矩和直流发电电压的快速而平稳控制。     

基于频率跟踪控制的串联谐振变换器研究

在石油钻井随钻仪器的供电系统中,常采用泥浆发电机供电。由于电机的转子和定子在结构上是分离的,所以转子侧的直流电不能直接给定子侧的随钻仪器供电,于是引入了一个具有可分离变压器的串联谐振全桥变换器来实现功率耦合。分析了串联谐振全桥变换器的特性,针对井下高温环境,谐振参数随温度变化较大,引入了谐振频率跟踪控制,使变换器始终工作于谐振频率处,保证电机转子与定子侧的最大功率耦合。给出了控制环路的设计,实验证明,频率跟踪控制能很好地跟踪谐振频率,实现最大功率耦合。     

基于FFT-LSTM的变速抽蓄机组转子绕组短路故障和偏心故障诊断方法

变速抽水蓄能机组是适应系统功率波动的重要调节手段。转子绕组短路故障和转子偏心故障是其常见的故障类型,两种故障均会在定子侧感应生成特征频带相近的谐波环流,导致两种故障难以被区分。提出了一种基于快速傅里叶变换-长短期记忆(fast Fourier transform-long short-term memory, FFT-LSTM)网络的故障诊断方法,以细化分辨故障特征相近的转子绕组短路故障和转子偏心故障。所提方法以定子分支环流的谐波分量为特征量进行故障诊断,分别推导了两种故障发生时定子侧环流谐波特征,并总结二者间的相似性和差异性。鉴于该差异较为微弱,引入长短期记忆(longshort-termmemory, LSTM)神经网络算法对其进行辨识。利用内部故障仿真模型对可能发生的转子绕组短路故障和偏心故障进行批量仿真,以得到用于LSTM网络训练和测试的数据集。仿真结果表明FFT-LSTM能够准确诊断不同转速下变速抽蓄机组的转子绕组短路故障和转子偏心故障。     

笼型异步电机在发电和电动工况下的损耗和无功特性研究

在某些工业生产场合,笼型异步电机通常连续运行在电动和发电相互转换的工况,为了研究在此类复杂工况下电机损耗和无功特性,以一台5.5 kW异步电机为例,设计了能够模拟电动和发电工况的试验方案,系统测试并分析得出电机内部定转子铜耗、基本铁耗、附加损耗及无功需求随负载转矩的变化规律。此外,考虑到定子电流在实际生产中易测量,进一步分析了上述各项损耗随定子电流变化的一般规律。结果显示,定子电流相同时,发电工况的基本铁耗、附加损耗,以及无功需求均大于电动工况,额定电流的发电工况下电机总损耗和无功需求比电动工况分别高约9%和20%。