The effect of liquid flow distribution on the behaviour of a trickle bed reactor

A mathematical model has been formulated of the effect of flow distribution of the liquid phase carrying a dissolved reactant on the progress of an nth order, irreversible, catalytic reaction with heat effects in an adiabatic trickle bed reactor. The model has been stated in terms of the density of irrigation, temperature and concentration of the reactant in the liquid, all treated as spatially distributed variables. Provisions have been made to account for the existence of the flow down the surface of the wall, which has no catalytic effect.Local concentration and temperature have been proven to be coupled by the invariant T + Uγc = γU. The same invariant governs also local concentration and temperature of the wall flow. Mathematically, the model is represented by a coupled set of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations enabling concentration and temperature fields to be obtained for an arbitrary type of liquid distribution and intensity of the wall flow.Numerical solutions have been obtained by the finite-difference method simulating reactors irrigated by liquid distributors as central discs of different radii, or a central annulus, and strongly exothermic reactions with the reaction order ranging between 0.1 and 2. Numerical results have shown the effect of liquid distribution on the overall reaction conversion to be very complex. Optimum initial distribution varies depending on the reaction order as well as the required degree of conversion. In general, however, the entrance region flow pattern may play a significant role in affecting especially reactions exhibiting kinetics close to zero order (hydrogenations). The effect of the wall flow has been found unambigously adverse to reaching high conversions and of increasing importance for low order reactions.     

Experimental and computational fluid dynamics modeling of double-partition divided-wall column for flow hydrodynamics and wall heat transfer characteristics

The aim of this study is to investigate the flow hydrodynamics and wall heat transfer characteristics on the tray of a two-staggered walled region in a double-partition divided-wall column (DPDWC). An experimental setup of DPDWC is designed, and a theoretical temperature gradient (TG) model based on Fourier's equation, which describes the wall heat transfer, is proposed. A coupled computational fluid dynamics-TG model is developed to analyze the heat transfer characteristics across partitions of DPDWC. The effects of liquid velocity, gas velocity, and different wall thermal boundary conditions on the flow and temperature fields are studied. The results indicate that the lack of a gas cone near partitions led to few vertical backflows of the liquid phase on the tray. Furthermore, the TGs near the liquid phase outlet increased with an increase in the liquid phase velocity. This work provides a scope for design and operation of DPDWC for industrial implementation.     

重力热管冷凝段运行特征的可视化实验研究

应用电容层析成像技术（ECT）对重力热管冷凝段的流动换热进行了可视化实验研究。重力热管以乙醇为工作介质,通过加热器控制重力热管蒸发段加热温度,冷凝段采用冷却水与乙醇蒸气进行逆向对流换热。通过ECT测量系统对冷凝段乙醇蒸气的冷凝过程进行监测,观察不同工况条件下重力热管冷凝段的气、液分布特性和液膜的形成及发展过程。摒弃了传统电容传感器的屏蔽罩结构,通过将测量电极用绝水层密封实现了传感器在液下环境工作,有效地拓展了ECT技术的应用领域。实验结果显示：当蒸发段加热温度较低时,乙醇蒸气在冷凝段壁面凝结形成条索状流动;随加热温度升高,冷凝液流动过渡至环状流;加热温度超过一定限值后,冷凝段出现液膜增厚甚至闭合脱落的周期性现象,并且频率随温度升高而升高。重力热管与垂直方向夹角为30°倾斜放置时,在高加热温度条件下同样存在液膜增厚甚至闭合脱落的周期性现象。     

木质素悬浮液管式降膜蒸发传热研究

管式降膜蒸发器由于具有传热系数高、传热温差小等优点,已应用于多个工业领域,对管式降膜蒸发器的研究也成为近年来传热技术领域的一项重要课题.文中设计了一套管式降膜蒸发装置,以木质素悬浮液为工质,对影响降膜蒸发传热的因素进行了实验研究,通过冷膜实验测试了所设计的筛板分布器的性能,得出筛板分布器能较好地使物料在换热管内壁上成膜...     

纳米结构表面液体沸腾传热的分子动力学模拟

为了从纳米尺度了解表面结构和润湿性对池沸腾液体与固体壁面的传热性能,本文采用分子动力学方法研究了超亲水至超疏水不同润湿性的液体氩在光滑表面和含凹、凸半球纳米结构表面的沸腾传热过程,分析了三种表面上液氩在受热过程的形态、温度、热流密度等相关参数的变化情况。结果表明,液氩层沸腾过程大致可分为液氩层吸附于固体表面和液氩层从壁面脱离两个加热阶段,当液氩层吸附于固体表面时,温度升高、热流密度及气态氩原子产生速度均大于液氩层脱离壁面时的情况,在这两个阶段亲水表面上氩原子温度变化有明显的拐点,而疏水表面在两个阶段加热过程相差不大。亲水表面上的微结构能吸附更多液氩原子,促进了气泡产生及加速温度、热流密度的变化,而在疏水及超疏水微结构表面,微纳结构与液氩间的气膜层促进了气泡产生,计算结果为池沸腾传热及微结构选择提供了理论依据。     

Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS IMPINGEMENT ON SMALL HEATED DEVICE IN LIQUID COOLANT BATH

Heat transfer characteristics of a small heated device have been investigated in a liquid bath with gas jetimpingement as function of gas flow rate,coolant temperature,liquid phsicochemical properties,heat flux,heat source size,ambient pressure and the distance between jet and heated wall.The experimental results show that the agitation of liquid caused by gas jet bubbles increases greatly therate of heat transfer,and the evaporation of coolant near the wall,which was due to the concentration differencebetween gas-liquid interface and bulk gas phase,gives additional enhancement of heat transfer.The rate ofevaporation related to the bubble growth was mathematically formulated.By using the simultaneous heat and mass transfer model,the convective heat transfer coefficient and masstransfer coefficient can be deduced from the experimental results.In addition,the local heat transfer coefficient and the distribution of evaporation heat flux on the smallheated surface are investigated mathematically and experimentally.     

Predictions of bubble behavior in sulfuric acid solutions by a set of solutions of Navier-Stokes equations

The nonlinear behavior of individual bubbles in liquid under periodic pressure fields has drawn considerable attention in conjunction with the design of sonochemical reactor and sonoluminescence phenomena. In this study, the motion of bubble under ultrasound was predicted by a set of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the gas inside a spherical bubble and an analytical treatment of the Navier-Stokes equations for the liquid adjacent to the bubble wall. The theory permits one to predict correctly the bubble radius-time curve and the characteristics of the sonoluminescing gas bubble in sulfuric acid solutions, such as the peak temperature and pressure at the collapse point. It has turned out that the heat transfer inside the bubble and the liquid layer plays a major role in the bubble behavior. Mass transfer through the interface does not affect the bubble motion.     

倾角及充液率对并联式脉动热管传热性能的影响

以超纯水为工质,在不同的充液率（35%、50%、70%）和倾角（60°、90°）下,对并联式脉动热管的传热特性进行实验研究,分析在不同加热功率下充液率和倾角对并联式脉动热管壁面温度、加热端与冷凝端温差、传热量及传热热阻的影响,并对传热热阻进行不确定度计算。实验结果表明,充液率和倾角对脉动热管的传热特性影响显著。倾角为90°时,3种充液率条件下,充液率为35%和50%时的壁面温度脉动稳定性要优于充液率为70%的情况,并且充液率为50%的传热热阻最小,加热端与冷凝端温差最小,充液率为70%的传热热阻最大,加热端与冷凝端温差最大。充液率为50%,倾角为60°和90°时,在相同的加热功率下,倾角为60°的壁面温度的脉动幅度较大,传热热阻较高,传热极限变窄,传热效果明显差于倾角为90°的情况。     

脉动热管间协同耦合强化传热特性实验分析

引言 脉动热管是一种新型热管,其结构简单、可以实现高热流密度传热,在电子元器件的冷却及航天领域极具发展潜力,由Akachi于20世纪90年代最早提出.现有的脉动热管技术只是将单个热管应用到传热领域,从自激振荡流热管的工作原理可以看出,要进一步强化其热量传递过程有2个基本途径:一是强化管内汽-液介质与管壁之间的传热;二是提高其振荡频率和运行的循环动力.     

HEAT TRANSFER IN A LAMINAR CYLINDRICAL WALL JET WITH UNIFORM SURFACE HEAT FLUX

The steady state flow and heat transfer characteristics of a laminar cylindrical wall jet are obtained for uniform surface heat flux conditions. Local nonsimilarity solutions as well as series solutions are presented for the velocity and thermal fields. Numerical results are given for the wall shear stress, surface temperature variation and temperature field for a Prandtl number of 0.73.     

圆柱系统中石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料热特性分析

相变材料由于具有相变潜热,被应用于各领域的热管理。锂离子动力电池作为一种新能源,近年来广泛应用于电动汽车,相变冷却作为一种有效的被动冷却方式,能够有效减缓锂电池的热聚集。为将相变材料应用于减缓锂电池热失控,本工作建立了石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料(CPCM)的圆柱系统,使用相变模型及流体体积(VOF)模型研究了相变材料的融化过程,得到了初始时期空气/石蜡气液交界面的变化以及石蜡的液相分布,与实验结果具有很好的一致性。在此基础上分析了相变过程的吸热及储热情况。同时,针对不同质量分数的石蜡/纳米银复合相变材料进行模拟,结果表明,添加0.5wt%~2wt%的纳米银颗粒能够改善石蜡的导热性能,但潜热会有所降低。相变结束后,材料吸收的热量将转化为显热,底面传热减小,主要是通过壁面传热。另外分析了融化过程中液相的流动情况,相变材料液态层增厚,Nu数下降并趋于稳定,增加纳米银浓度也会降低Nu数。     

浮顶罐内含蜡原油静态储存中的冷却胶凝规律

将失流点以下的含蜡原油看作是多孔介质体系,以附加比热容法描述蜡的结晶潜热,动量源项方法表征蜡晶网络结构对液态原油的流动阻力,基于有限体积法数值模拟含蜡原油的冷却胶凝过程。结果表明：传热机制和边界条件主导了凝油结构的演变进程。在自然对流作用下,凝油最先在罐底和罐壁所包围的区域内产生,且其始终是罐内胶凝最严重区域。罐顶最先形成完整的凝油层,其发展先后经历了慢速增长和快速增长两个阶段,且其凝油层厚度逐渐趋于均匀分布;其次是罐底,其发展过程与罐顶相反;最后是罐壁,其凝油层的演变具有从罐底沿罐壁向罐顶推进的特点。罐内对流越强,罐顶凝油层的增长速率越缓慢,罐底凝油层的增长速率越快。基于温度场及凝油结构的演变规律,可以将含蜡原油的冷却过程分为3个阶段,即自然对流占主导的第1阶段,导热逐步取代自然对流的第2阶段,及以导热为主导机制、边界条件调控下的第3阶段,同时给出了不同阶段原油温度分布和散热损失规律的细节。     

低共熔溶剂在储能与传热方面的研究进展

低共熔溶剂（deep eutectic solvents,DESs）通常是由一定化学计量比的氢键受体和氢键给体以氢键缔合的形式组成。因其具有低成本、无毒、饱和蒸气压低、热稳定性好、导电性好等优点,现已在有机合成、材料化学、电化学、生物质降解、催化等多个领域得到广泛应用。近年来,随着现代社会对高效能量存储和换热方面需求不断增加,低共熔溶剂在储能与传热等领域的应用受到研究人员的广泛关注。从“储与传”的角度详细综述了近年来低共熔溶剂在储能与传热方面的研究进展,从不同能量传递形式的角度出发主要分为以下两个部分：作为低共熔相变储能材料满足对潜热、相变温度及稳定性等方面的要求;作为传热工质满足对高效传热的需求。     

一种特殊的液液热交换设备——螺旋板热虹吸式重油冷却器

螺旋板热吸虹式重油冷却器是一种与热管的工作原理相同，可控制壁面温度的新型换热器。它克服了普通间壁式冷油器因壁面温度低而形成粘油绝热层，冷却效果差的缺点，又比热管式换热器的结构更适合于容积流量较小的液液热交换场合。     

气化炉拱顶耐火隔热衬里层传热关键影响因素分析

以某化肥装置天然气气化炉的典型工业运行实测数据为基准,采用稳态传热理论对气化炉拱顶外壁温度进行理论传热计算校验,通过对拱顶耐火隔热衬里层传热关键因素的灵敏度分析,表明莫来石隔热砖层对拱顶外壁温度的影响最大,从理论上证明了控制拱顶耐火隔热衬里层传热的关键物性参数是隔热砖的导热系数。因此,在拱顶耐火隔热衬里层设计计算中选取...     

Heat transfer coefficients for viscous fluids in a static mixer

An experimental study has been done on heat transfer at constant heat flux as well as at constant wall temperature of a pipe filled with Sulzer mixing elements. A semi-empirical model is developed with which the experimental results agree. The influence on heat transfer of free sections between mixing sections has been studied.     

Effect of copper nanoparticles on thermal behavior of two-phase argon-copper nanofluid flow in rough nanochannels with focusing on the interface properties and heat transfer using molecular dynamics simulation

A comparison between the efficacy of surface boundary structure and presence of nanoparticles on the condensation two-phase flow inside rough nanochannels has been accomplished by applying molecular dynamics procedure to evaluate the thermal conductivity and flow characteristics. Simulation is performed in a computational region with two copper walls containing rectangular rough elements under different saturated temperatures. The main properties of liquid-vapor interface including density and the number of liquid atoms, are obtained. It is observed that the density profile is more affected by nanoparticles than the roughness. Also, compared to the condensation of nanofluid in a smooth nanochannel, the rough wall causes a greater drop in the temperature at the early time steps and by development of liquid films, effects of the wall roughness reduce. At the first of the condensation process, adding nanoparticle causes that transferring argon particles to the liquid phase increases with a steeper slope. Furthermore, heat current autocorrelation function (HCACF) for nanofluid condensation flow over considered correlation time is analyzed and following that the thermal conductivity for different saturated conditions is calculated. It has been represented that at lower temperatures the roughness makes more significant influence on the heat transfer of two-phase flow, while at higher temperatures the importance of nanoparticles prevails.     

Modeling of the beryllia ceramics formation process

Simulation results of the formation process of the ceramic fabrications by a hot molding method are presented. Mathematical model describes motion and heat exchange of the liquid thermoplastic slurry of beryllia including the aggregate state change. Velocity and temperature fields during the formation process in the bushings with flat and circular cavities are obtained. Heat flow distribution at the wall of the form-building cavity is demonstrated. The increase of the slurry density during the transition from the liquid state into the viscous–plastic and solid–plastic states is defined. Comparison of the calculated data versus experimental data is presented.     

HEAT TRANSFER DUE TO MHD SLIP FLOW OF A SECOND-GRADE LIQUID OVER A STRETCHING SHEET THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM WITH NONUNIFORM HEAT SOURCE/SINK

An analysis is carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of a second-grade non-Newtonian liquid due to a stretching sheet through a porous medium under the influence of external magnetic field. The stretching sheet is assumed to be impermeable. Partial slip condition is used to study the flow behavior of the liquid. The effects of viscous dissipation, nonuniform heat source/sink on the heat transfer are addressed. The nonlinear partial differential equations governing momentum and heat transfer in the boundary layer are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. Analytical solutions are obtained for the resulting boundary value problems in the case of two types of boundary heating, namely, constant surface temperature (CST) and prescribed surface temperature (PST). The effects of slip parameter, second-grade liquid parameter, combined (magnetic and porous) parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number, and nonuniform heat source/sink parameters on the heat transfer are shown in several plots. Analytical expressions for the wall frictional drag coefficient and wall temperature gradient are obtained.