离子渗氮对齿轮精度的影响

渗氮在齿轮表层强化中的应用日益广泛,而对渗氮后齿轮变形和精度变化的研究十分匮乏。分析了渗氮变形产生的原因,阐明了变形的影响因素和一般规律,对42CrMo和40CrNiNo两种材料3种规格的齿轮进行深层离子渗氮处理,并系统测量了渗氮前、后齿轮各项误差的变化。试验表明,齿轮渗氮后精度下降0.5～1级;并得出深层离子渗氮对齿轮变形的影响规律及齿轮精度下降趋势,为渗氮齿轮设计制造及控制变形提供了参考。     

离子渗氮气氛对TC4钛合金组织与性能的影响

研究了在不同气氛下进行离子渗氮对TC4钛合金渗氮层的组织与性能的影响。进行了金相组织检查,显微硬度测定,X射线结构分析,磨损试验与渗氮层氧含量测定。试验结果表明,保温时的气氛对控制渗氮层质量有较大的影响     

渗氮齿轮代替渗碳齿轮研究的进展

本文简要评述了传统渗碳齿轮为得到高性能和长寿命,以及克服渗碳淬火畸变存在很多难题。介绍了渗氮齿轮有低温热处理和齿轮变形量小、畸变小的根本优势,评估了半个世纪以来,渗氮齿轮研究和应用的成果,表明研制新型时效硬化钢和深层离子渗氮工艺,可以实现高性能渗氮齿轮成功替代渗碳齿轮。研制成功20CrNi3Mn2Al时效硬化钢及其相应深层渗氮工艺,可替代模数在10mm以下和渗碳层在2mm以下的渗碳齿轮。     

离心式压缩机齿轮的快速深层等离子渗氮

采用快速深层等离子渗氮工艺对离心式压缩机齿轮进行表面处理。利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针分析仪、努氏显微硬度计、微摩擦磨损试验机和扫描电镜对渗氮层进行分析。在510℃温度下等离子渗氮15h和20h后,渗氮层的厚度分别为341.25μm和502.33μm。渗氮层是由化合物层和扩散层两部分组成的,其中化合物层随渗氮时间的增加由ε-Fe2-3N+γ′-Fe4N双相层逐渐转变为γ′-Fe4N单相层。由于渗层中氮化物的强化作用,经过等离子渗氮处理的试样表面硬度升高,摩擦因数减小,磨损体积显著降低。渗氮层的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主。在保证芯部具有良好韧性的基础上,快速深层等离子渗氮处理能够显著提高齿轮的表面硬度,改善齿轮的耐磨损性能。     

NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮的影响

介绍了NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮的影响以及渗氮后其渗层的组织特点。结果表明，在一定的温度和时间范围内，NH4Cl对TiAl基合金渗氮有显著的催化作用，主要表现在渗层厚度的增加、渗氮速率的提升和合金表面显微硬度值的增大。     

深层离子渗氮在齿轮制造中的应用前景

通过对齿轮强度系统对比试验和工业应用，探讨了深层离子渗氮在齿轮强化技术中部分替代渗碳淬火的可能性及其适用范围。     

时效硬化渗氮齿轮钢及深层渗氮工艺

为了满足大型高速重载齿轮的要求,开发了一种时效硬化型渗氮齿轮钢20Cr Ni3Mn2Al及其深层离子渗氮工艺。材料在空冷固溶处理状态下硬度为283～332 HBW,可保证具有良好的切削加工性,采用520～540℃变温深层离子渗氮工艺处理后,表面硬度高,化合物层薄,硬度梯度平缓;表面以下0.1 mm处硬度大于900 HV,0.4 mm处硬度大于600 HV,渗氮层深大于0.6 mm,基体硬度升至400～450 HV。可用于制造高速重载精密齿轮,部分替代渗碳齿轮,省去渗碳和油淬工序,简化了工艺,减少了畸变。     

回火工艺对H13模具钢渗氮层的影响

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪等研究了淬火+不同回火工艺处理H13模具钢再经相同气体渗氮处理后的渗层组织,用显微硬度计测试了渗层横截面的硬度,分析了回火工艺对渗氮层的影响.结果表明:经淬火+两次350℃回火的试样再渗氮后渗层较致密,硬度变化较平缓,但渗层厚度低于淬火+两次600℃回火后渗氮试样的;淬火+两次600...     

TC4钛合金低压渗氮研究

为了提高表面性能,对TC4钛合金进行低压渗氮处理。通过金相显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)及显微硬度计分析了渗氮层的组织与硬度。结果表明,TC4钛合金经低压渗氮处理后,表面物相由Ti N、Ti2Al N、Ti3Al和α-Ti组成,渗氮温度较低时,渗氮层较薄,硬度较低,随渗氮温度升高,渗氮层厚度增加,表面硬度亦随之增加,温度为820℃时,表面硬度可达800~850 HV,硬化层深度为30μm~40μm,渗氮温度继续增加,渗氮层组织变得疏松,表面硬度开始下降。     

38CrMoAl液压柱塞无白亮层低温离子渗氮工艺研究

对38CrMoAl液压柱塞进行低温离子渗氮,研究不形成白亮层的工艺条件。采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对处理后的38CrMoAl钢显微组织、截面硬度、渗层脆性、耐磨性进行了分析。研究结果表明,相比于510℃常规离子渗氮工艺,38CrMoAl钢经450℃低温离子渗氮工艺处理后无白亮层产生,X射线衍射分析表明表层无γ'-Fe₄N相生成。同时,38CrMoAl钢经450℃低温离子渗氮工艺处理后,不仅截面硬度满足使用要求,而且渗层脆性显著降低,压痕周围均无裂纹产生。耐磨性研究表明,在较大载荷下,450℃低温离子渗氮后耐磨性比510℃常规离子渗氮好。     

低温密封酸溶——高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中50个微量元素的评价

The method based on the determination of trace elements in geological samples by sector high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with mixed acid digestion procedure has been evaluated. The evaluation show that the results of 29 elements including Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Y, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, W, Tl, Bi, Th and U are satisfactory; V, Sr, Nb, Mo, In, Sb, Ba and Pb are acceptable; Sc, Cd, Hf, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ge and Sn have of large deviations, Be, Ta, Zr, As and Se are worse.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定食品中18种元素

建立了食品中钠、镁、铝、钾、钙、钒、铬、锰、铁、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉、锡、汞、铅的电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP–MS）测定方法。样品经过微波消解,在线加入内标校正基体效应,通过修正方程校正质量数干扰,各元素校正曲线的相关系数均大于0.9995。对多种国家生物标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值相符,相对标准偏差RSD（n=6）小于8.71%,加标回收率为71.8%～109.5%。     

The structure and function of auditory chordotonal organs in insects

Insects are capable of detecting a broad range of acoustic signals transmitted through air, water, or solids. Auditory sensory organs are morphologically diverse with respect to their body location, accessory structures, and number of sensilla, but remarkably uniform in that most are innervated by chordotonal organs. Chordotonal organs are structurally complex Type I mechanoreceptors that are distributed throughout the insect body and function to detect a wide range of mechanical stimuli, from gross motor movements to air-borne sounds. At present, little is known about how chordotonal organs in general function to convert mechanical stimuli to nerve impulses, and our limited understanding of this process represents one of the major challenges to the study of insect auditory systems today. This report reviews the literature on chordotonal organs innervating insect ears, with the broad intention of uncovering some common structural specializations of peripheral auditory systems, and identifying new avenues for research. A general overview of chordotonal organ ultrastructure is presented, followed by a summary of the current theories on mechanical coupling and transduction in monodynal, mononematic, Type 1 scolopidia, which characteristically innervate insect ears. Auditory organs of different insect taxa are reviewed, focusing primarily on tympanal organs, and with some consideration to Johnston's and subgenual organs. It is widely accepted that insect hearing organs evolved from pre-existing proprioceptive chordotonal organs. In addition to certain non-neural adaptations for hearing, such as tracheal expansion and cuticular thinning, the chordotonal organs themselves may have intrinsic specializations for sound reception and transduction, and these are discussed. In the future, an integrated approach, using traditional anatomical and physiological techniques in combination with new methodologies in immunohistochemistry, genetics, and biophysics, will assist in refining hypotheses on how chordotonal organs function, and, ultimately, lead to new insights into the peripheral mechanisms underlying hearing in insects.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定茶叶中42种元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法（IcP—Ms）标准模式和优化的碰撞池模式（CCT）结合同时测定茶叶中Li、Be、Mg、Al、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Cs、Ba、Tl、Pb、Bi和16种稀土元素共42种元素的方法。样品经过微波消解,以Ge、In、Re为内标消除基体干扰,通过碰撞池技术消除多原子质谱干扰测定上述元素。对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0．9990,回收率范围为90％-110％,相对标准偏差为0．22％-3．97％,大部分元素检出限均小于0．5μg·kg^-1。该方法简便、省时、准确、灵敏度高,适用于实际样品的检测。     

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Huge clusters of embryonic stem cells in human embryos: A morphologic study

Background: Nothing is known about huge clusters (HC) of embryonic stem cells (ESC) in human fetal organs (HFO). Aim: To know the status of HC‐ESC in HFO. Methods: Morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 32 HFO of 7–40 gestational weeks (GW). Results: HC‐ESC were seen in many HFO including central nervous system, spinal cords, spine, soft tissue, bone, skin, thyroid, lung, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, extrahepatic bile duct, adrenal, kidney, bladder, foregut, midgut, hindgut, female and male genital organs, and neurons. HC‐ESC's were composed of two populations depending on constituting cells. One were large cells with ample acidophilic cytoplasms with vesicular nuclei and nucleoli. The other were small cells with scant cytoplasm with hyperchromatic nuclei without nucleoli, resembling lymphocytes. The HC‐ESC were frequently showed neuronal differentiation. HC‐ESC were positive for NCAM, synaptophysin, NSE, chromogranin, PDGFRA, AFP, ErbB2, bcl‐2, KIT, MET. They were negative for CD45, CD3, CD20, EMA, CEA, CA19‐9, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK8, CK18, CK19, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6. The mean Ki‐67 labeling index (LI) was 13% ± 7%. HC‐ESC showed a little glycogen but lacked mucins. These HC‐ESC were seen in 7–25 GW, and they were rarely seen in 26–40 GW. Conclusions: The morphology, IHC, and ontogeny of HC‐ESC were described. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:825–831, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Epibiotic microorganisms on copepods and other marine crustaceans

Although the occurrence of microbial (algal, protozoan, bacterial, and fungal) epibionts on marine crustaceans and other invertebrates has been documented repeatedly, the ecological context and significance of these relationships generally are not well understood. Recently, several studies have examined the population and community ecology of algal and protozoan epibionts on freshwater crustaceans. Even so, the study of microbial epibionts in aquatic environments is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize associations of microalgae, protozoans, and bacteria with marine crustaceans, especially copepods. We note differences and commonalities across epibiont taxa, consider host-epibiont cycling of nutrients, generate hypotheses relevant to the ecology of the host and the epibiont, and suggest future research opportunities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 37:116–135, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Assessment of PM-EDM cycle factors influence on machining responses and surface properties of biomaterials: A comprehensive review

Powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM) is recently evolving machining technique which can simultaneously remove and modify the machined surface through thermo-electrical process. It is a modified form of EDM in which the conductive powder elements are added in the dielectric liquid to enhance machined surface characteristics and machining responses. The commonly used biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, Ti-based alloy, Ni–Ti, Mg alloy, and Co–Mo–Cr alloy have excellent mechanical characteristics while the biofunction of these materials are not in satisfactory level. Due to higher hardness, brittleness, and heat resistant natures of the biomaterials, it is very challenging to machine them with conventional machining. Both the system efficiency and modified surface properties depend on the associated electrical and non-electrical factors of PM-EDM cycle. This review focuses on the influence of process factors such as current, pulse duration, tool-polarity, duty cycle, potential voltage, types of liquid, and added powder concentration on performance outputs including material removal and tool wear rate, coating thickness, coarseness, microhardness, coating adhesion bonding, biocompatibility, and resistant to corrosion. This study also discusses influence of various powders on machining and modified surface characteristics of biomaterials. The future research scopes and challenges of PM-EDM process are included in this study thoroughly.     

A review of ultrafine particles as antiwear additives and friction modifiers in lubricating oils

This paper gives an overview of developments in the use of ultrafine particles in lubricating oils to reduce wear and friction. Work on several types of particles, such as graphite, MoS₂, PTFE, BN, fullerene, and Cu, as well as more novel and unusual particles used as lubricant additives, is reviewed. The paper summarises the results of a number of workers in this field. The tribological mechanism by which ultrafine particles operate is considered, and some conclusions, including possible future directions for research, are drawn.     

碳纤维山地自行车架生产工艺的发展现状与发展趋势

碳纤维自行车架具有质量轻、强度高、刚度好、抗振性强等优点,是竞技山地车架发展的趋势。目前,碳纤维山地自行车架的生产多以RTM工艺为基础,国内外在设计和生产方面进行了大量创新,研究出诸如OCLV、IsoTruss、IsoGrid和ExoGrid以及ALMA、OIZ和Arantix等专利技术和产品,也暴露出了一些问题。未来几年,碳纤维山地自行车架的生产工艺在吸收、引进各种先进技术的同时,将有望进一步提高整体性能和降低生产成本。