大庆原油管输结蜡规律与清管周期的确定

在确定不同流态区管壁处剪切应力、蜡晶溶解度系数、径向温度梯度及管道沿线温降分布的基础上,回归建立了适用于描述大庆油田某两联合站间输油管道蜡沉积的结蜡模型。根据差压法原理,建立了研究原油管输结蜡过程室内模拟试验装置,并覆盖该输油管道的典型工况条件开展了管输原油结蜡模拟试验。相对偏差分析表明,结蜡模型预测结果与试验值的适配性良好。进而在预测运行时间对该输油管道结蜡影响的基础上,结合结蜡层厚度对管道轴向温降及压降的作用,确定了年季节最高与最低土壤温度期的清管作业周期分别为4个月和3个月。     

普适性结蜡模型研究

根据原油在管道内流动特性及析蜡规律,提出了有效析蜡量的计算方法.利用F检验法筛选了原油结蜡的主要影响因素,包括原油黏度、管壁处剪切应力、温度梯度及管壁处蜡晶溶解度系数.利用9种原油室内环道结蜡实验数据,按照逐步线性回归的方法,得到了含蜡原油的普适性结蜡模型.该模型不需进行结蜡模拟实验,只需根据原油的黏度、析蜡特性及密度等物性参数就可预测原油的结蜡规律.在未进行室内结蜡模拟实验的情况下,利用普适性结蜡模型预测了中宁-银川输油管道不同工况下沿线结蜡分布,并和现场运行参数进行了对比,平均误差为6.32%,最大误差为20%,预测结果为现场清管作业提供了依据.     

管输温度对EVA型防蜡剂防蜡效果的影响

采用Couette蜡沉积实验装置研究了聚乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)型防蜡剂对长庆原油蜡沉积特性的影响,分析了不同管输温度条件下EVA型防蜡剂的防蜡效果。研究发现,与空白原油相比,加剂原油的蜡沉积速率大幅降低,同时蜡沉积物的老化速率升高。无论是在恒定油壁温差还是在恒定壁温条件下,EVA型防蜡剂的防蜡效率均随油温的升高而不断降低,EVA对蜡沉积物老化速率的提升幅度均随油温的升高而不断增大。通过分析EVA型防蜡剂对长庆原油流动特性、低温胶凝结构特性及微观蜡晶形貌的影响,阐明了EVA型防蜡剂对长庆原油蜡沉积特性的影响机理,并从蜡沉积物初始凝油层抗剪切强度及蜡分子扩散速率2个角度揭示了管输温度对EVA型防蜡剂防蜡效果的影响。     

大庆原油蜡沉积规律研究

在理论分析及室内试验的基础上,系统研究了油温、流速、管壁处温度梯度等参数对大庆原油蜡沉积的影响.在原油与管壁温差相同时,不同温度段蜡沉积速率并不相同,存在蜡沉积高峰区.在壁温相同时,随油温升高,蜡沉积速率逐渐增加.在油温、壁温相同的条件下,随流速增加,蜡沉积速率下降.建立了大庆原油蜡沉积模型,并利用该模型预测了铁岭-秦皇岛输油管线不同季节、不同时间沿线蜡沉积分布.铁-秦线冬季存在蜡沉积高峰区;春、秋季出站时蜡沉积最严重,下一站进站时蜡沉积最轻;夏季蜡沉积速率更小,且沿线变化不大.     

基于原油及蜡样实验的油井井筒结蜡规律综合分析

高含蜡原油生产时,油井井筒结蜡的影响因素很多也很复杂,仅通过对油样结蜡实验分析或者井筒结蜡厚度的理论分析进行结蜡规律研究比较片面,现场井筒蜡样实验分析及不同气油比压力下结蜡规律实验是必要的补充。以安塞油田高平2井区长10油层原油及蜡样为研究对象,通过黏温曲线测定析蜡温度、原油全组分实验分析、蜡样全组分实验分析、不同气油比和压力条件下实验分析、不同产液量和含水率的理论计算分析等多种手段,全面综合地研究和认识其结蜡规律,为制定清防蜡措施提供了更详实的依据。     

Prediction of Wax Deposition in an Insulation Crude Oil Pipeline

This study establishes an insulation crude oil pipeline wax deposition experimental device and describes the experimental method for insulation crude oil pipeline wax deposition. The experimental program is based on the operational plan of Tieling–Huludao insulation crude oil pipeline. The data are analyzed according to the effect of varying oil temperature, insulation thickness, and flow on wax deposition. Using SPSS software, a Daqing crude oil wax deposition rate model is derived from the linear regression. The use of the wax deposition rate model forecasts the wax deposition of the Tieling–Huludao insulation crude oil pipeline during different seasons.     

Wax deposition during production of waxy crude oil and its remediation

In the current paper, fundamental aspects of wax deposition problems in pipeline are defined, and characterization of paraffin and their solubility tendencies have been discussed. Wax deposition depends on flow rate, the temperature differential between crude and pipe surface, the cooling rate, and surface properties. The physico-chemical characterization of crude oil is determined. The experiments were carried out in “Cold Finger Apparatus.” Best pour point depressant for the selected crude oil has been found out as Lubrizol-6682 among different chemicals available that reduces the pour point from 36° to 12°. The deposition of paraffin wax, its dispersion, and inhibition were studied with available chemicals and by the optimization of suitable additives for particular well. Kinetics of crude oil in terms of time and differential temperature has also been studied and effective dispersion times are observed for particular oil. It is found that dispersion is effective within 30–60 min of starting. Kinetic study of oil with respect to differential temperature is done in two ways either by varying ambient/surface temperature or pumping/reservoir temperature. The tendencies of wax deposition on different sample with neat and treated crude are observed and ideal differential temperature for particular oil to flow is determined.     

高凝原油管道输送蜡沉积规律实验研究

针对高凝原油在管道输送过程中管壁结蜡等问题，通过室内建立的小型管流结蜡环道实验装置，模拟输油管道运行中某一管段的蜡沉积情况，研究了含蜡原油的蜡沉积速度，考察了蜡的沉积规律受温度的影响。通过计算，确定了实验条件下的结蜡量，并利用差热扫描量热仪从微观角度分析测试了蜡沉积物的特性，进而探讨了结蜡机理和影响管壁结蜡的因素。     

Physical properties of wax deposits on the walls of crude pipelines

Wax deposits on the wall of a crude oil pipeline are a solid wax network of fine crystals, filled with oil, resin, asphaltene and other impurities. In this paper, a series of experiments on wax deposition in a laboratory flow loop were performed under different conditions （flow rate, temperature differential between crude oil and pipeline wall, and dissolved wax concentration gradient）, and the wax deposits were analyzed, so quantitative relationships among wax content, wax appearance temperature （WAT）, shear stress, and radial concentration gradient of dissolved wax at the solid/liquid interface were obtained. Finally, a model was established to predict WAT and the wax content of the deposit.     

石油管线蜡沉积试验研究进展

含蜡原油在开采和管输过程中由于环境温度的降低会沉积在井壁和管壁上,减小了管道的有效流通截面,降低管道的输送能力,甚至会造成管道堵塞事故。综述了国内外学者对于石油管线蜡沉积的试验研究进展,分析了不同蜡沉积装置的工作原理、特点和适用范围,并提出了一些研究建议。     

含蜡原油石蜡沉积模拟方法研究

对从苏丹Unity油田现场取得有代表性的原油样品进行了原油组分分析和析蜡点测试。并针对油田的生产状况,利用与美国德士古石油公司合作建立的自动化高压石蜡沉积循环管道模拟系统,采用冷却实验步骤测试了苏丹原油从高于原油析蜡点温度到较低环境温度范围内在现场流速、油温和环境温度下的石蜡沉积速率,定量研究了流速和油温对石蜡沉积速率的影响,并采用分子扩散和剪切效应的总效应来描述石蜡沉积机理。利用临界蜡张力作为模拟放大因子,采用半经验的石蜡沉积数学模型,预测了Unity油田21井的生产井筒在现场生产条件下的石蜡沉积情况,模拟了不同产量和不同时间的蜡沉积剖面。结果表明,该油井在目前高产条件下,未发生石蜡沉积问题;在低产时,须考虑清蜡和防蜡措施。     

Wax Deposition in Flow Lines Under Dynamic Conditions

The wax deposition in the tubing, pipeline, and surface flow line is the major problem in the oil fields. It generates additional pressure drop and causes fauling and ultimately increases the operating cost during production, transportation, and handling of waxy crude oil. In this work, attempts were made to study the wax deposition in the flow lines due to Indian crude oil under dynamic condition. The experimental work was carried out for neat crude oil and pour point depressants treated crude oil at different ambient/surface temperature and pumping/reservoir temperature. It was observed that temperature has significant effect on the wax deposition of the crude oils. From these studies, ideal temperature of crude oil to pump in the pipeline or flow line was determined. The present investigations also furnishes that the selected pour point depressant in this work decreases the wax deposition significantly and may be used for controlling the wax deposition problems in case of Indian crude oil.     

Prediction the variation range of wax deposition with temperature of crude oil in a flow loop

Wax deposition under different temperature conditions was investigated in a flow loop, using a local crude oil with a wax content of 22.5%. The results revealed that the wax deposition increases with increasing coolant temperature. However, the amount of deposit increased initially with increasing oil temperature and then decreased. Based on these results, the corresponding temperature ranges were divided into three ranges: hot flow, sensitive precipitation of wax crystal, and cold flow. Based on diffusion mass, a method and steps for determining the temperature dependence of wax deposition were proposed.     

环庆原油黏温曲线测定研究

为更好地研究原油黏温关系和蜡沉积状况,以环庆原油为研究对象,探讨分析了试验室热处理温度、剪切速率和升降温程序等因素对环庆原油黏温曲线、析蜡点及溶蜡点测定的影响。室内试验结果表明:热处理温度对环庆原油的析蜡点、溶蜡点有较大影响,高温可以显著改善原油低温流动性,但热处理温度过高、恒温时间过长时热处理效果变差;环庆原油溶蜡点比析蜡点高7~11℃左右;测定过程中,在析蜡高峰区附近要避免高速剪切和剪切时间过长;析蜡点测定中降温速率不易控制;溶蜡点在凝点之后的低温区测定结果不稳定。     

Wax Deposition of Water-in-crude Oil Emulsion in a Flow-loop Apparatus

This research focused on the wax deposition of water-in-oil dispersed flow with different water cuts in the flow-loop and high temperature gas chromatography analyze the deposit. The viscosity and gelation point of emulsions increase with water cut. The role of gelation in the emulsion wax deposition becomes more and more significant with lower temperature of oil and pipe wall and higher water cuts. But the enhancement of gelation increases the water cut of deposit and reduces the wax content of deposit. The experiments show that deposit thickness will decrease first and then increase as water cut increases.     

Study of wax deposition law by cold finger device

Wax deposits in oil pipelines can reduce the effective inner diameter of such pipelines, which may lead to pipeline blockage accidents. In this study, a cold finger experimental device was constructed, and eight groups of experimental scenarios under cold flow conditions were performed in accordance with field conditions. The effects of deposition time and cold and hot bath temperatures on wax deposition were investigated. Results show that when the cold bath temperature remains unchanged, and only the hot bath temperature increases, the deposition quality and rate of mixed waxy crude oil will initially decrease and then increase. During this period, the temperature that corresponds to the maximum deposition mass is the starting point of the wax precipitation peak.     

海洋石油管线结蜡规律的实验研究

在石油生产和集输的过程中,由于降温作用,石蜡从原油中淅出,并附着在设备和管道内部,限制流量,因而造成产能损失。尤其是在深海采油过程中,降温作用剧烈,结蜡的危害更加严重。结蜡的机理是温差作用下的分子扩散。世界范围内最普遍的清蜡办法是使用清蜡器（清蜡球）,而清蜡频率的确定还是处在摸索阶段。为了优化清蜡频率,准确预测结蜡的速度是必要的。在项目中,利用一台新型设备对一现场的原油进行了结蜡速度的测试。实验结果表明,对于不同尺寸的管道,在既定的温度条件下,该原油流速相同,则结蜡速度相同;而增大剪切力可降低结蜡速度。     

Wax Deposition in Pores and the Permeability Change for High-wax Crude in a Sandstone Reservoir

Wax deposition in pay zone is an important factor that influences well productivity for high-wax crude oilfield. Taking Hongze oilfield as an example, rheological property of the crude and effective flow permeability at different temperature was measured. Flow pattern and process of wax deposition in porous medium was studied. Experiment results show that seepage flow of high-wax crude is significantly sensitive to temperature. It is non-Darcy flow and there exist threshold pressure gradient when temperature is lower than wax appearance temperature. According to experimental data, seepage flow and deposition patterns were proposed.     

输油管道运行优化理论与方法的分析

根据输油工艺实际，以进站油温为变量，建立了泵管耦合逐站计算优化分析模型及给定输量及稳态条件下长距离密闭输送原油管道运行优化目标函数、约束条件和越站条件，引入了进泵原油粘性对泵性能的影响，提出了泵性能粘液影响修正系数动态查取及粘液性能曲线自动换算数解方法，应用非线性规划方法，实施了全线运行方案优化分析，探讨了管壁结蜡及主要约束条件值变化对运行优化的影响。相对于泵管解耦模型，本文方法更接近于工程实际，具有更高的分析精度。应用方法所基的分析软件，可直接得到给定输量输油管道包括最佳进站油温、各站泵炉运行方式、加热温度、出站压力等优化运行控制参数及预计的经济指标等在内的经济运行方案，以提供实际工程参考。     

A Study on Flow Characteristics of Heavy Crude Oil for Pipeline Transportation

In this work, the flow characteristics of heavy crude oil were investigated by using a rheometer and a lab scale flow loop, respectively. In the experiments of rheometer, there is an approximate linear relationship between the yield stress and the area of thixotropic loop independent to the system temperature and crude oil types. A comparison between the experimental data of yield stress versus start-up rate obtained in the pipe start-up flow with those measured in the rheometer reveals that the transport characteristics of heavy crude oil can be predicted well by the rheological measurements.