电网谐波条件下光伏空调系统控制策略研究

电网电压中通常含有一定分量的谐波,会导致网侧电流出现谐波分量而发生畸变,网侧电压谐波分量和电流的正序分量相互作用还将使网侧变换器输出的有功功率、无功功率产生6倍频波动。为提高光伏空调系统中网侧变换器的运行性能,在电网电压畸变条件下建立网侧变换器正负序分量数学模型,利用以5次和7次谐波电流分量为零的控制方法,实现维持直流母线电压恒定、消除网侧变换器5次和7次谐波电流的控制目标。并基于光伏空调系统仿真平台进行验证,结果及分析表明此控制策略能够有效改善光伏空调系统的网侧电流谐波及系统控制性能。     

地铁辅助变流器用变压器电磁振动计算与减振分析

针对某地铁辅助变流器用变压器振动问题,进行了变压器模态测试及振动测试,基于试验条件与模型修正方法,建立了变压器电磁场、电磁激振力、振动响应的多物理场耦合分析流程,计算分析了变压器因磁致伸缩产生的电磁力及其电磁振动特性。结果表明:考虑实际电流源三相不对称谐波电流时,铁心磁通密度含有较丰富的3、5、7、9、11次谐波分量,该谐波分量导致铁心产生较大谐波振动。在此基础上提出变压器减振方案,经过仿真计算验证了所提方案的合理性,具有一定工程应用价值。     

弱电网条件下LCL型Vienna整流器控制策略研究

针对LCL型滤波器存在固有谐振尖峰,实际电网存在变化的电网阻抗以及电网电压背景谐波的问题,基于dq同步旋转坐标系,提出弱电网条件下LCL型Vienna整流器非线性混合无源控制策略,该控制策略可保证闭环系统的渐进稳定,在理想电网和弱电网条件下均实现直流侧电压快速跟踪给定值及交流侧电流正弦化,同时能够实现所建立的系统模型中dq分量之间耦合项的消除。应用Matlab/Simulink搭建了系统仿真模块,并在理想电网条件和弱电网条件2种情况下进行了仿真试验,仿真试验验证了所提控制策略的可行性。     

一种智能型光伏发电逆变器设计

研制了一种智能的光伏发电逆变器,它既可以与电网并网又可以独立运行.当它与大电网并网时,采用电压电流双闭环的控制策略,以电流源的形式输出电能;当大电网断开出现孤岛时,它采用电压有效值外环瞬时值内环的闭环控制并进行模糊自调整PI参数,以电压源的形式输出电能.最后在光伏发电实验平台上验证了该方法的有效性.     

准单级交错并联反激式微型逆变器研究与测试

分析有源钳位和反激式结构对电路的影响,针对在电流连续模式下的电网质量问题,提出了重复控制方式,改善并网输出电压和电流的波形质量,降低谐波含量.为了提高光伏能源利用效率,需要对光伏阵列实现最大功率点跟踪(MPPT).结合恒定电压法和扰动观察法,提出了一种改进的最大功率点跟踪算法,提高了MPP追踪速度.结合上海晴天的日照情况,利用光伏模拟器,进行了仿真测试.实验结果表明:重复控制方法可有效改善并网输出的电网质量,转换效率达到了94.2%,MPPT效率最高达到了99.7%,实验样机验证了产品实际应用的可行性.     

三相并网逆变器的LCLC型滤波器研究

在利用可再生能源进行并网发电的电力系统中,针对逆变器输出侧并网电流谐波含量较大,会对电网产生一定冲击的问题,提出一种基于三相并网逆变器的LCLC型滤波器。该滤波器通过两个LC滤波器级联的方法,形成一个四阶的滤波器,并对滤波器采用基于电容电流采样的有源阻尼法,以实现逆变器输出侧并网电流谐波含量的降低和高阶滤波器谐振尖峰的抑制。通过仿真和实验验证,与传统的LCL型滤波器相比,该滤波器能有效地减小系统在谐振频率处的谐振尖峰,更好地提高系统抗干扰能力;采用的有源阻尼法同无源阻尼法相比,能更有效地降低系统损耗,保证电能的质量和电网稳定的运行。     

分布式光伏发电并网现状及案例研究

妥善解决分布式光伏发电并网是分布式光伏发电应用发展的关键所在,本文简要阐述了电网企业服务分布式光伏发电并网的现状,并介绍了分布式光伏发电并网成功案例。     

国家电网光伏电站并网技术标准解读

光伏系统接入电网作为光伏发电的重要环节,直接关系到光伏发电对公用电网的影响。未来光伏并网多应用于110kV以下的输电线路,电网运行环境极为复杂,并网技术难点亦将倍增,光伏发电功率的波动性、随机性、高渗透率给中国电网的安全稳定运行带来了新的挑战。     

光伏发电系统低电压穿越技术综述

随着光伏并网容量的比重不断增加,给电力系统的安全稳定带来一系列问题。尤其是当电网电压跌落时光伏电站的低电压穿越能力的问题,已成为光伏并网技术中的研究热点。本文介绍了光伏发电原理及其光伏并网低电压要求,在对当前国内研究成果进行分析和归纳基础上,重点总结了基于光伏系统控制策略穿越低电压和基于增加辅助设备的穿越低电压的两种方案,为光伏发电系统低电压穿越技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

家庭光伏发电要受监管

继合肥首户家庭尝鲜家庭光伏发电并网后,又有一户家庭光伏发电装置也接入电网。随着越来越多家庭“尝鲜”光伏发电并网,为解决家庭光伏发电和电网运行安全问题,合肥供电公司在全省率先出台了家庭分布式电源接入配电网的技术要求及安全管控措施。     

Battery impedance spectroscopy using bidirectional grid connected converter

Battery impedance can provide valuable insight into the condition of the battery. Commercially available impedance measurement instruments are expensive. Hence their direct use in a battery management system is not justifiable. In this work, a 3-kW bi-directional converter for charging and discharging a battery bank has been implemented with the capability of impedance measurement. The converter is grid connected and controlled to operate at unity power factor. Additional requirements on filter design and control structure of battery converter for impedance measurement are discussed. An algorithm has been developed to measure impedance by frequency sweep, avoiding transients. The measured impedance has been compared to that from a commercially available impedance measurement equipment and is shown to have a good match.     

Input impedance of grid-connected converters with programmable harmonic resistance

Power factor correction converters with a programmable harmonic input impedance can be used to reduce the harmonic distortion in the utility grid. Whereas previously proposed controllers tried to obtain a resistive behaviour of the converter with a constant input impedance for all frequencies, including the fundamental, another recently proposed control strategy allows the setting of a harmonic input resistance independent of the fundamental input impedance. Although previous papers showed the usefulness of this approach, the analysis and verification of the input impedance of the converter in a broad frequency spectrum is focussed here. The characteristics of the current controller will determine the input impedance of the converter in the frequency domain. The implementation of the control strategy with a programmable harmonic resistance on a digitally controlled full-bridge bidirectional converter is described. Experimental tests on a 1-kW prototype show that with the proposed implementation good concordance with the theoretical input impedance curves is obtained     

Analysis of a disk-type piezoelectric ultrasonic motor using impedance matrices

The dynamic behavior and the performance characteristics of the disk-type traveling wave piezoelectric ultrasonic motors (USM) are analyzed using impedance matrices. The stator is divided into three coupled subsystems: an inner metal disk, a piezoelectric annular actuator with segmented electrodes, and an outer metal disk with teeth. The effects of both shear deformation and rotary inertia are taken into account in deriving an impedance matrix for the piezoelectric actuator. The impedance matrices for each subsystem then are combined into a global impedance matrix using continuity conditions at the interfaces. A comparison is made between the impedance matrix model and the three-dimensional finite element model of the piezoelectric stator, obtaining the resonance and antiresonance frequencies and the effective electromechanical coupling factors versus circumferential mode numbers. Using the calculated resonance frequency and the vibration modes for the stator and a brush model with the Coulomb friction for the stator and rotor contact, stall torque, and no-load speed versus excitation frequencies are calculated at different preloads. Performance characteristics such as speed-torque curve and the output efficiency of the USM also are estimated using the current impedance matrix and the contact model. The present impedance model can be shown to be very effective in the design of the USM.     

Soft-switching flyback inverter with enhanced power decoupling for photovoltaic applications

A novel single-phase flyback inverter for photovoltaic applications is proposed to achieve low-frequency ripple current reduction on the DC busbar and to draw sinusoidal current into the AC grid. Based on capacitive idling techniques, the proposed circuit topology is derived from a single-ended primary-inductance converter and two-switch flyback inverter to obtain soft-switching operation for all of the active switches. Compared with a buck-boost inverter and other flyback inverter topologies for AC photovoltaic module systems, no extra active switches are used in the proposed inverter to realise both soft-switching and enhanced power decoupling with only four active switches. Peak-current mode control method is employed in the control schemes to ensure pure sinusoidal current with unity power factor on the AC grid. Laboratory experimental results based on a 500 W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed inverter     

Quality improvement methods for hexahedral element meshes adaptively generated using grid‐based algorithm

The quality of finite element meshes is one of the key factors that affects the accuracy and reliability of numerical simulation results of many science and engineering problems. In order to solve the problem wherein the surface elements of the mesh generated by the grid‐based method have poor quality, this paper studied mesh quality improvement methods, including node position smoothing and topological optimization. A curvature‐based Laplacian scheme was used for smoothing of nodes on the C‐edges, which combined the normal component with the tangential component of the Laplacian operator at the curved boundary. A projection‐based Laplacian algorithm for smoothing the remaining boundary nodes was established. The deviation of the newly smoothed node from the practical surface of the solid model was solved. A node‐ and area‐weighted combination method was proposed for smoothing of interior nodes. Five element‐inserting modes, three element‐collapsing modes and three mixed modes for topological optimization were newly established. The rules for harmonious application and conformity problem of each mode, especially the mixed mode, were provided. Finally, several examples were given to demonstrate the practicability and validity of the mesh quality improvement methods presented in this paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于串联弹性原理和增广上三角分解辨识算法的踝关节阻抗估计方法

研究人体关节阻抗对仿生机器人阻抗控制策略研究有重要意义。针对前期设计的踝关节阻抗测量装置（impedance detection device for ankle joint,IDDAJ）机械结构复杂及机理法建模难度大,提出了一种基于串联弹性原理和增广上三角分解辨识（augmented upper-diagonal decomposition identification,AUDI）算法的踝关节阻抗估计方法。为降低对IDDAJ驱动单元的性能要求,基于串联弹性原理,将其输入扰动中的大直流分量和动态高频分量分离;为降低建模难度,采用不受模型阶次影响的AUDI算法直接辨识IDDAJ阻抗模型,以获得更加准确的装置阻抗模型参数。根据联合阻抗测量原理,在得到IDDAJ阻抗模型后,采用AUDI算法辨识小腿肌肉不同激活程度下踝关节阻抗模型的参数。结果表明,采用AUDI算法辨识得到的IDDAJ阻抗模型的可靠性高于采用机理法得到的;在小腿肌肉放松状态下踝关节阻抗模型的参数处于同一数量级,踝关节阻抗模型的阻尼分量B、刚度分量K与小腿肌肉激活程度成正相关,这与现有文献中的结果一致。研究结果可为IDDAJ的研制和其他关节阻抗测量方法的研究提供参考。     

基于均匀化方法的离子推力器栅极组件的有限元分析计算

离子光学系统是离子火箭发动机推力器中装配要求最严格的部件之一,其性能的好坏直接影响推力器的性能。栅极是离子光学系统的主要组件,其结构为多孔球面薄板。基于均匀化方法利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了球面栅极组件的有限元模型,分别进行了栅极组件的模态分析和均布载荷下的位移、谐响应分析,为设计、加工和装配提供可靠的数据。     

Influence of the grid parameters during under voltage ride through (UVRT) testing

Under-voltage ride through (UVRT) tests can be carried out on system test benches, most of them are equipped with a converter based grid simulator. This paper describes the control of the artificial grid impedance at the 4 MW test bench at CWD. Validation measurements with the commercial wind turbine E‑115 E2 show that the virtual impedance specification is sufficient to perform UVRT tests with different grid parameters. Comparative measurements between the voltage divider based FRT Container and the grid simulator with deliberately different grid parameters show a different behavior of the research wind turbine FVA nacelle. Therefore, it is recommended to perform UVRT tests on the test bench with predefined grid parameters.

     

三端背靠背柔性直流输电的虚拟同步发电机控制策略及其在配电网中的应用

探讨了一种在10 kV配电网中引入三端背靠背（back-to-back,BTB）柔性直流输电（voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC）系统的接线方案,通过VSC-HVDC的控制实现提高供电可靠性和抑制环流的目的。VSC-HVDC系统中换流站在传统控制模式下几乎没有转动惯量,难以有效地参与电网调节。为了提高电网受端系统频率的稳定性,改善系统发生故障后的运行特性,在中压（10 kV）交流配电网的背景下,提出了虚拟同步发电机（virtual synchronous generator,VSG）控制策略在三端BTB VSC-HVDC系统中的应用。首先在10 kV系统中加入三端BTB VSC-HVDC互联装置建立交直流混合配电网,建立换流站在传统控制和VSG控制下的数学模型,然后通过PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行仿真,在2种控制方式下得到系统在受到扰动和发生故障时的运行特性。结果表明,三端BTB VSC-HVDC系统受端换流器使用VSG控制能有效地参与电网调节,增加系统惯性,改善系统的暂态特性,提高电网运行的可靠性。