Community Detection Using Jaacard Similarity with SIM-Edge Detection Techniques

The structure and dynamic nature of real-world networks can be revealed by communities that help in promotion of recommendation systems. Social Media platforms were initially developed for effective communication, but now it is being used widely for extending and to obtain profit among business community. The numerous data generated through these platforms are utilized by many companies that make a huge profit out of it. A giant network of people in social media is grouped together based on their similar properties to form a community. Community detection is recent topic among the research community due to the increase usage of online social network. Community is one of a significant property of a network that may have many communities which have similarity among them. Community detection technique play a vital role to discover similarities among the nodes and keep them strongly connected. Similar nodes in a network are grouped together in a single community. Communities can be merged together to avoid lot of groups if there exist more edges between them. Machine Learning algorithms use community detection to identify groups with common properties and thus for recommendation systems, health care assistance systems and many more. Considering the above, this paper presents alternative method SimEdge-CD (Similarity and Edge between's based Community Detection) for community detection. The two stages of SimEdge-CD initially find the similarity among nodes and group them into one community. During the second stage, it identifies the exact affiliations of boundary nodes using edge betweenness to create well defined communities. Evaluation of proposed method on synthetic and real datasets proved to achieve a better accuracy-efficiency trade-of compared to other existing methods. Our proposed SimEdge-CD achieves ideal value of 1 which is higher than existing sim closure like LPA, Attractor, Leiden and walktrap techniques.     

基于染色随机游走的可重叠社区发现

社区发现是一个基础性的且被广泛研究的问题。现有的社区发现方法大多聚焦于网络拓扑结构,然而随着真实网络中实体可用属性的激增,捕获图中结构和属性的丰富交互关系来进行社区发现变得尤为必要。据此面向属性图提出了一种基于染色随机游走的可重叠社区发现算法OCDC,该算法解决了传统的基于随机游走的社区发现算法利用结构转移矩阵造成社区发现效果不佳的问题。具体地,首先利用经典的初始种子策略选出网络中差异度较大的节点,在此基础上设计种子替换策略,挖掘网络中质量更佳的种子替换路径集合对初始种子集合进行替换;其次构建结构-属性交互节点转移矩阵并执行染色随机游走过程得到高质量种子节点的染色分布向量;最后基于融合结构和属性的并行电导值对社区进行扩展。在人工网络和现实网络上的实验表明,本文提出的算法能够准确地识别属性社区并显著优于基准算法。     

Hierarchical community detection with applications to real-world network analysis

Community structure is ubiquitous in real-world networks and community detection is of fundamental importance in many applications. Although considerable efforts have been made to address the task, the objective of seeking a good trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency, especially in the case of large-scale networks, remains challenging. This paper explores the nature of community structure from a probabilistic perspective and introduces a novel community detection algorithm named as PMC, which stands for probabilistically mining communities, to meet the challenging objective. In PMC, community detection is modeled as a constrained quadratic optimization problem that can be efficiently solved by a random walk based heuristic. The performance of PMC has been rigorously validated through comparisons with six representative methods against both synthetic and real-world networks with different scales. Moreover, two applications of analyzing real-world networks by means of PMC have been demonstrated.     

节点不对称转移概率的网络社区发现算法

社区发现是当前社会网络研究领域的一个热点和难点,现有的研究方法包括：（1）优化以网络拓扑结构为基础的社区质量指标;（2）评估节点间的相似性并进行聚类;（3）根据特定网络设计相应的社区模型等.这些方法存在如下问题：（1）通用性不高,难以同时在无向网络和有向网络上发挥出好的效果;（2）无法充分利用网络的结构信息,在真实数据集上表现不佳.针对上述问题,提出一种基于节点不对称转移概率的网络社区发现算法CDATP.该算法通过分析网络拓扑结构来设计节点转移概率,并使用random walk方法评估节点对网络社区的重要性.最后,以重要性较高的节点作为核心构造网络社区.与现有的基于random walk的方法不同,CDATP为网络中节点设计的转移概率具有不对称性,并只通过节点局部转移来评估节点对社区的重要程度.通过大量仿真实验表明,CDATP在人工模拟数据集和真实数据集上均比其他最新算法有更好的表现.     

基于局部相似性的复杂网络社区发现方法

复杂网络是复杂系统的典型表现形式, 社区结构是复杂网络最重要的结构特征之一. 针对复杂网络的社区结构发现问题, 本文提出一种新的局部相似性度量, 并结合层次聚类算法用于社区结构发现. 相对全局的相似性度量, 本文提出的相似性度量具有较低的计算开销; 同时又能很好地刻画网络的结构特征, 克服了传统局部相似性度量在某些情形下对节点相似性的低估倾向. 为了将局部相似性度量用于社区结构发现, 推广了传统的Ward层次聚类算法, 使之适用于具有相似性度量的任意对象, 并将其用于复杂网络社区结构发现. 在合成和真实世界的网络上进行了实验, 并与典型算法进行了比较, 实验结果表明所提算法的可行性和有效性.     

A framework for joint community detection across multiple related networks

Community detection in networks is an active area of research with many practical applications. However, most of the early work in this area has focused on partitioning a single network or a bipartite graph into clusters/communities. With the rapid proliferation of online social media, it has become increasingly common for web users to have noticeable presence across multiple web sites. This raises the question whether it is possible to combine information from several networks to improve community detection. In this paper, we present a framework that identifies communities simultaneously across different networks and learns the correspondences between them. The framework is applicable to networks generated from multiple web sites as well as to those derived from heterogeneous nodes of the same web site. It also allows the incorporation of prior information about the potential relationships between the communities in different networks. Extensive experiments have been performed on both synthetic and real-life data sets to evaluate the effectiveness of our framework. Our results show superior performance of simultaneous community detection over three alternative methods, including normalized cut and matrix factorization on a single network or a bipartite graph.     

基于信息流动分析的动态社区发现方法

随着社交网络和微博等互联网应用的逐渐流行,其用户规模在迅速膨胀.在这些大规模网络中,社区发现可以为个性化服务推荐和产品推广提供重要依据.不同于传统的网络,这些新型网络的节点之间除了拓扑结构外,还进行频繁的信息交互.信息流动使得这些网络具有方向性和动态性等特征.传统的社区发现方法由于没有考虑到这些新的特征,并不适用于这些新型网络.在传染病动力学理论的基础上,从节点间信息流动的角度,提出一种动态社区发现方法.该方法通过对信息流动的分析来发现联系紧密、兴趣相近的节点集合,以实现动态的社区发现.在真实数据集上的实验结果表明：相对于传统的社区发现方法,所提出的方法能够更准确地发现社区,并且更能体现网络中社区的动态变化.     

A novel multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm for signed network community detection

Signed graphs or networks are effective models for analyzing complex social systems. Community detection from signed networks has received enormous attention from diverse fields. In this paper, the signed network community detection problem is addressed from the viewpoint of evolutionary computation. A multiobjective optimization model based on link density is newly proposed for the community detection problem. A novel multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm is put forward to solve the proposed optimization model. Each single run of the proposed algorithm can produce a set of evenly distributed Pareto solutions each of which represents a network community structure. To check the performance of the proposed algorithm, extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world signed networks are carried out. Comparisons against several state-of-the-art approaches for signed network community detection are carried out. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed optimization model and the algorithm are promising for community detection from signed networks.     

Identification of multi-resolution network structures with multi-objective immune algorithm

Community structure is one of the most important properties in complex networks, and the field of community detection has received an enormous amount of attention in the past several years. Many quality metrics and methods have been proposed for revealing community structures at multiple resolution levels, while most existing methods need a tunable parameter in their quality metrics to determine the resolution level in advance. In this study, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for revealing multi-resolution community structures is proposed. The proposed MOEA-based community detection algorithm aims to find a set of tradeoff solutions which represent network partitions at different resolution levels in a single run. It adopts an efficient multi-objective immune algorithm to simultaneously optimize two contradictory objective functions, Modified Ratio Association and Ratio Cut. The optimization of Modified Ratio Association tends to divide a network into small communities, while the optimization of Ratio Cut tends to divide a network into large communities. The simultaneous optimization of these two contradictory objectives returns a set of tradeoff solutions between the two objectives. Each of these solutions corresponds to a network partition at one resolution level. Experiments on artificial and real-world networks show that the proposed method has the ability to reveal community structures of networks at different resolution levels in a single run.     

一种基于信息扩散的复杂网络重叠社区发现算法

社区结构可以为网络的其他分析挖掘提供中观尺度的分析视角,在大规模复杂网络的各项研究中是一项非常重要而基础的工作。社区的重叠是真实世界网络中常见的一种现象,重叠社区结构可以更准确地描述网络中真实的结构信息,因此,复杂网络重叠社区发现具有更加突出的现实意义。在综合对比分析了当前主要的重叠社区发现算法的基础上,结合信息论的相关知识,给出了一种基于信息论的社区定义,并进一步借鉴信息传播理论,从单个节点对关于某种主题的信息的掌握程度的角度出发提出了一种复杂网络重叠社区结构发现算法。基于实际数据集的相关实验表明,与传统的社区定义和社区发现算法相比,本算法发现的重叠社区从内容角度来看具有更加明确的实际意义,并且具有较低的时间复杂度。     

基于网络嵌入与局部合力的复杂网络社区划分算法

社区划分可以揭示复杂网络中的内在结构和行为动态特点,是当前的研究热点。文中提出了一种基于网络嵌入和局部合力的社区划分算法。该算法将网络的拓扑空间转化成欧氏空间,把网络节点转换成向量表示的数据点,首先基于重力模型和网络拓扑结构,提出局部合力和局部合力余弦中心性指标(Local Resultant Force Cosine Centrality,LFC),通过节点的LFC和节点间的距离来确定各个初始小社区的中心节点,然后将网络中其他的非中心节点划入与其最近的中心节点所在的初始小社区内,最后通过优化模块度的方法来合并初始小社区并找到最优的网络社区结构。在6个现实世界网络和可调参数人工网络上与6种知名社区划分方法进行比较,比较结果表明了新算法良好的社区划分的性能。     

三种经典复杂网络社区结构划分算法研究

社团结构是复杂网络的重要特征之一。针对复杂网络中社团划分问题,文章给出了三种经典的社团划分算法,阐述了各种算法的基本原理,并对各算法进行了适当的分析和比较,为实际应用中社团划分算法的选择提供了参考。     

模块度增量与局部模块度引导下的社区发现算法

社区结构是复杂网络的重要特性之一,基于层次聚类的社区发现算法很好地利用了模块度来挖掘网络中的社区结构,但其局限性也导致算法对社区结构复杂的网络划分不够准确、无法发现小于一定规模的社区。在层次聚类的基础上,提出引入局部模块度来弥补模块度在划分社区时的不足,避免可能出现的划分不合理情况。通过真实数据集和人工网络进行了验证,实验结果证明,该算法具有可行性与有效性。     

Efficient multi-scale community search method based on spectral graph wavelet

Community search is an important problem in network analysis, which has attracted much attention in recent years. As a query-oriented variant of community detection problem, community search starts with some given nodes, pays more attention to local network structures, and gets personalized resultant communities quickly. The existing community search method typically returns a single target community containing query nodes by default. This is a strict requirement and does not allow much flexibility. In many real-world applications, however, query nodes are expected to be located in multiple communities with different semantics. To address this limitation of existing methods, an efficient spectral-based Multi-Scale Community Search method (MSCS) is proposed, which can simultaneously identify the multi-scale target local communities to which query node belong. In MSCS, each node is equipped with a graph Fourier multiplier operator. The access of the graph Fourier multiplier operator helps nodes to obtain feature representations at various community scales. In addition, an efficient algorithm is proposed for avoiding the large number of matrix operations due to spectral methods. Comprehensive experimental evaluations on a variety of real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.     

Community detection with attributed random walk via seed replacement

Community detection methods based on random walks are widely adopted in various network analysis tasks. It could capture structures and attributed information while alleviating the issues of noises. Though random walks on plain networks have been studied before, in real-world networks, nodes are often not pure vertices, but own different characteristics, described by the rich set of data associated with them. These node attributes contain plentiful information that often complements the network, and bring opportunities to the random-walk-based analysis. However, node attributes make the node interactions more complicated and are heterogeneous with respect to topological structures. Accordingly, attributed community detection based on random walk is challenging as it requires joint modelling of graph structures and node attributes. To bridge this gap, we propose a Community detection with Attributed random walk via Seed replacement (CAS). Our model is able to conquer the limitation of directly utilize the original network topology and ignore the attribute information. In particular, the algorithm consists of four stages to better identify communities. (1) Select initial seed nodes in the network; (2) Capture the better-quality seed replacement path set; (3) Generate the structure-attribute interaction transition matrix and perform the colored random walk; (4) Utilize the parallel conductance to expand the communities. Experiments on synthetic and real-world networks demonstrate the effectiveness of CAS.     

Community Detection in Dynamic Social Networks Based on Multiobjective Immune Algorithm

Community structure is one of the most important properties in social networks,and community detection has received an enormous amount of attention in recent years.In dynamic networks,the communities may evolve over time so that pose more challenging tasks than in static ones.Community detection in dynamic networks is a problem which can naturally be formulated with two contradictory objectives and consequently be solved by multiobjective optimization algorithms.In this paper,a novel multiobjective immune algorithm is proposed to solve the community detection problem in dynamic networks.It employs the framework of nondominated neighbor immune algorithm to simultaneously optimize the modularity and normalized mutual information,which quantitatively measure the quality of the community partitions and temporal cost,respectively.The problem-specific knowledge is incorporated in genetic operators and local search to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.Experimental studies based on four synthetic datasets and two real-world social networks demonstrate that our algorithm can not only find community structure and capture community evolution more accurately but also be more steadily than the state-of-the-art algorithms.     

复杂网络中的社团结构发现方法

社团结构是真实复杂网络异质性与模块化特性的反映。深入研究网络的社团结构有助于揭示错综复杂的真 实网络是怎样由许多相对独立而又互相关联的社区形成的,使人们更好地理解系统不同层次的结构和功能,具有广泛 的实用价值。总结了目前常用的社区发现方法,包括经典的GN算法、模块度优化算法、基于网络动力学的方法以及 统计推断方法;用社区划分基准测试网络Zachary对上述算法进行了实验,对这几类算法的时间复杂度和优缺点进行 了比较分析。最后,对复杂网络的社区结构发现算法的研究进行了展望。     

A robust ant colony optimization-based algorithm for community mining in large scale oriented social graphs

Community detection plays a key role in such important fields as biology, sociology and computer science. For example, detecting the communities in protein–protein interactions networks helps in understanding their functionalities. Most existing approaches were devoted to community mining in undirected social networks (either weighted or not). In fact, despite their ubiquity, few proposals were interested in community detection in oriented social networks. For example, in a friendship network, the influence between individuals could be asymmetric; in a networked environment, the flow of information could be unidirectional. In this paper, we propose an algorithm, called ACODIG, for community detection in oriented social networks. ACODIG uses an objective function based on measures of density and purity and incorporates the information about edge orientations in the social graph. ACODIG uses ant colony for its optimization. Simulation results on real-world as well as power law artificial benchmark networks reveal a good robustness of ACODIG and an efficiency in computing the real structure of the network.     

An environment-aware mobility model for wireless ad hoc network

Simulation is a cost effective, fast and flexible alternative to test-beds or practical deployment for evaluating the characteristics and potential of mobile ad hoc networks. Since environmental context and mobility have a great impact on the accuracy and efficacy of performance measurement, it is of paramount importance how closely the mobility of a node resembles its movement pattern in a real-world scenario. The existing mobility models mostly assume either free space for deployment and random node movement or the movement pattern does not emulate real-world situation properly in the presence of obstacles because of their generation of restricted paths. This demands for the development of a node movement pattern with accurately representing any obstacle and existing path in a complex and realistic deployment scenario. In this paper, we propose a general mobility model capable of creating a more realistic node movement pattern by exploiting the concept of flexible positioning of anchors. Since the model places anchors depending upon the context of the environment through which nodes are guided to move towards the destination, it is capable of representing any terrain realistically. Furthermore, obstacles of arbitrary shapes with or without doorways and any existing pathways in full or part of the terrain can be incorporated which makes the simulation environment more realistic. A detailed computational complexity has been analyzed and the characteristics of the proposed mobility model in the presence of obstacles in a university campus map with and without signal attenuation are presented which illustrates its significant impact on performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc networks.     

一种新的社区/动态社区优化方法

社区结构作为复杂网络的重要 拓扑特性之一,成为当前的研究热点。本文提出了一种基于边排序和模块度优化的社区发现方法。该方法首先对初始的静态网络进行稀疏化,然后在稀疏化后的网络上依据边的重要程度对边进行排序,给出了一种模块度最大化、快速边合并的社区发现方法(Fast rank base d community detection, F RCD)。在初始网络社区划分结果的基础上,将该方法推广到动态、实时社区划分上,给出了一种快速、鲁棒的动态社区划分方法(Incremental dynamic community detection, IDCD)。理论分析 表明FRCD相对于边具有线性时间复杂度。在实际 和人工网络上的实验结果均表明,本文提出的方法无论在静态网络社区划分还是在动态网络社区追踪上都优于已有方法。