快速发酵面包酵母单倍体的筛选及发酵性能研究

以面包酵母BY-14为出发菌株制备单倍体,通过单倍体的分离和配型的鉴定(α/a),获得5株a型,7株α型。比较12株单倍体菌株的发酵性能,筛选出发酵性能及生物量与亲本基本相当、麦芽糖发酵力高及葡萄糖阻遏作用弱的17α和70a单倍体菌株。以亲本BY-14为对照,对这2株单倍体进行不加糖面团发酵力及耗糖曲线的测定,实验结果显示,2株单倍体在葡萄糖基本消耗殆尽后,迟滞期均较短,可以较快地转入麦芽糖的代谢,为后续分子育种提高麦芽糖的利用速度奠定良好基础。     

耐高糖面包酵母单倍体的分离筛选

以耐高糖面包酵母BY-6为出发菌株进行生孢培养制备单倍体,通过单倍体的分离、配型验证和PCR验证,获得6株α型单倍体,5株a型单倍体。通过比较单倍体菌株的生长和发酵性能,筛选出生长性能较好,在高糖模拟面团中产气量较大,并且在高糖面团中发酵力较高的优良单倍体菌株70a和24α,这为后续通过基因工程改造提高面包酵母的高糖耐性奠定了良好的基础。     

面包酵母自交提升耐高糖发酵力的研究

用工业耐高糖面包酵母BH3制备了102株单倍体,通过四分体分析发现,控制生物量和耐高糖发酵力的主效基因在此菌株中是杂合的,并且控制生物量的主效基因和控制接合型的基因MAT极大可能是连锁的。结果表明,通过自交和人工选择相结合的方式,筛选出耐高糖且发酵活力优良的18株单倍体,构建27个交配组合,其中有11个组合的自交菌株高于亲本的耐高糖发酵力水平,最高能达到亲本水平的116.73%,体现出菌株BH3在自交系选育上有进步空间。     

低糖面团用耐冷冻酵母的筛选及其性质

从自然界中分离、筛选出100多株酵母,通过对其海藻糖含量、耐冷冻存活率、面团发酵活力以及-22℃冷冻后发酵力变化的测定,确定一株适用于冷冻面团制作的耐冷冻酵母--W122.该菌株在-22℃冻藏6周后存活率达到80%以上,发酵力为冷冻前的78%.在不同含糖量(0%～20%)的面团中发酵力变化不大,均能达到较高的发酵产气量,在含糖量为5%时产气量最高,并可用于无糖面团的制作.因此,该酵母在冷冻面团加工中具有很大的应用前景.     

利用蜜二糖的葡萄汁酵母菌种筛选

葡萄汁酵母能有效利用糖蜜中的蜜二糖,但是发酵能力差.在与面包酵母杂交后,则其在继承面包酵母高发酵力特性的同时,兼具有利用蜜二糖能力.本试验对实验室保藏的8株葡萄汁酵母进行比较,经杜氏管试验、比生长速率、生物量、面团发酵力和蜜二糖利用等试验后,筛选得到了1株能高效利用蜜二糖的葡萄汁酵母M3,作为下一步杂交试验的亲本菌株.     

面包酵母无糖面团发酵力与麦芽糖发酵力相关性的探讨

探讨了面包酵母在无糖面团中的起发速度与麦芽糖发酵力之间的关系，包括葡萄糖阻遏作用对麦芽糖发酵力的影响。结果表明，在8株供试的面包酵母菌中，麦芽糖发酵力较强的菌株在无糖面团中的起发速度较快，反之则较慢。验证了麦芽糖发酵力是决定面包酵母快速发酵无糖面团的关键因素。     

海藻糖对面包酵母高糖耐性的影响

通过高温刺激使面包酵母积累较高的胞内海藻糖,考察胞内海藻糖含量对面包酵母高糖发酵力和高渗存活率的影响。研究结果表明,发酵结束前2h培养温度提高至40℃后,菌株BY-6胞内海藻糖含量由4.21%提高到9.76%,高糖发酵力提高了17.2%,高渗存活率也有一定提高。另外对3株面包酵母的海藻糖积累能力和面团发酵力的比较表明,海藻糖积累能力强的酵母菌株高糖耐性较好。     

优良黄酒酵母单倍体的分离筛选

对黄酒酵母进行生孢培养,获得黄酒酵母遗传育种单倍体亲本,分离获得单倍体后确定单倍体配型(a/α).通过单倍体菌株发酵力的测定,研究单倍体在胁迫条件下(高浓度酒精、高浓度糖和高浓度乳酸)的耐受能力,并进行了黄酒发酵实验.通过不同单倍体茵株耐受能力的比较和黄酒发酵酒样中残糖、酒精度以及乙酸乙酯和异戊醇含量的分析,筛选出优良的黄酒酵母遗传育种单倍体亲本a-3和α-1.     

面包酵母发酵力测定方法的探讨

研究面包酵母面团发酵力的测定方法,讨论在不加糖面团和高糖面团中培养时间与酵母加量的关系,确定了最佳的测定条件,同时对市售8株商品面包酵母进行比较.     

低糖适应性耐冻面包酵母菌种的性能及应用

对已筛选出的2株低糖适应性耐冻面包酵母BY-03和FY-03进行了发酵力、存活率、麦芽糖酶活力和耐糖性的测定以及面包制作应用实验。实验结果表明,-20℃下冷冻4周后BY-03和FY-03的发酵力保持在40%以上,存活率在60%以上,明显高于市售普通酵母;其麦芽糖酶活力分别为10.12和15.10u/g,高于普通低糖酵母和普通高糖酵母;且在蔗糖质量分数为0%～40%的条件下生长良好。应用实验表明,含BY-03和FY-03的低糖面团在冷冻4周后其面包制品的感官综合评价结果均好于普通酵母制品。     

Characterization of a Torulaspora delbrueckii diploid strain with optimized performance in sweet and frozen sweet dough

Torulaspora delbrueckii is a baker's yeast that is highly tolerant to freeze-thaw stress, making it suitable for frozen dough technology. The T. delbrueckii strain PYCC5321, isolated from traditional bread dough, combines this tolerance with a high degree of ionic and osmotic stress resistance. However, the industrial use of this strain for frozen and sweet frozen baking is hampered by its small cell size, which causes clogging problems at the filtering stage. Here, we report the construction of a stable diploid strain of T. delbrueckii PYCC5321, which we named Td21-2n. The new strain was more than 2.7-fold bigger than their haploid counterpart, whereas biomass yield, stress resistance and sweet dough leavening ability were found to be similar in both strains. Moreover, the gassing power of the diploid after dough freezing also remained unaltered. Thus, Td21-2n meets the requirements necessary for industrial production and is suitable for application in frozen sweet baking products.     

Dough-leavening by Zymomonas mobilis and Its Application to Breadmaking

Among five strains of Zymomonas mobilis strain Z6C had the highest leavening ability in doughs containing either glucose or sucrose. Z6C most efficiently leavened the dough when it contained 5% sucrose, and this leavening ability was twice as much as that of commercial compressed yeast. At the same concentrations of NaCl, the leavening ability of Z6C was reduced more than that of baker's yeast. When comparing baked goods made with yeast, those made with Z6C had similar specific volumes, but Z6C baked goods had slight acidic flavor. Chromatographic analysis of head-space gas of yeast-leavened bread showed that two chemicals appearing in Z6C leavened bread were missing.     

Microbial re-inoculation reveals differences in the leavening power of sourdough yeast strains

A method based on microbial re-inoculation, or the so-called backslopping and subsequent proofing of rye bread dough simulating commercial one-stage sourdough process, was used for the screening of the leavening capacity of sourdough yeast strains. Two yeast strains were initially tested with seven Lactobacillus strains. Thereafter, 17 yeast strains, mostly of sourdough origin, were tested with a backslopping procedure with heterofermentative Lactobacillus brevis as an acidifying lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The highest leavening capacity was found in sourdoughs containing Candida milleri, in particular when it was accompanied by obligately homofermentative Lactobacillus acidophilus or facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum when it acted homofermentatively. The leavening capacity of the reference strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae was about half that of C. milleri in all sourdoughs tested. The re-inoculation procedure increased the differences found in the leavening capacity of the tested yeast strains during final proofing of rye bread dough. The backslopped sourdoughs containing a heterofermentative Lactobacillus strain were more suppressive than those containing a homofermentative strain. The highest leavening capacity was found in C. milleri strains. The use of one backslopping cycle before assaying the leavening capacity of a laboratory sourdough is recommended since it helps to differentiate between yeast strains to be tested for their leavening power in the final bread dough.     

面包酵母高糖发酵力与蔗糖酶活力关系的研究

本文研究了面包酵母高糖耐性与蔗糖酶活性的关系。通过对八株酵母菌株的蔗糖酶活性和高糖面团发酵力比较分析,其中ADY2蔗糖酶酶活最大,BY-6最小,分别为128.70 U/g干酵母和30.55 U/g干酵母,而在高糖面团中发酵力却是BY-6最大,ADY2最小,CO2的产生量分别为850 ccm和225 ccm,证实了较低蔗糖酶活性的面包酵母菌株具有在高糖面团中发酵力较高的特性。通过测定蔗糖酶酶活相差较大的株菌BY-6和ADY2在蔗糖模拟面团中的蔗糖消耗和葡萄糖积累曲线,结果表明ADY2不仅蔗糖消耗速度比BY-6快,且其积累葡萄糖的速度比BY-6快,同时所积累的最高葡萄糖量也比BY-6高,分别为5.89?10-2和4.50?10-2 g/mL。此外,即便是蔗糖酶酶活低且高糖面团发酵力大菌株BY-6在蔗糖模拟面团培养基中仍有较多葡萄糖积累,因此选育蔗糖酶水解生成葡萄糖速度与其利用葡萄糖速度一致或相差不大的菌株是我们选育耐高糖面包酵母菌株的一个控制靶点。     

Bread Dough and Baker's Yeast: An Uplifting Synergy

Yeast‐mediated dough fermentation is an important phase in the bread making process. The fermentative performance of yeast cells during fermentation is of critical importance for final bread quality, since yeast cells produce CO₂ and other metabolites that have an influence on dough rheology and bread texture, volume, and taste. Different factors affect the fermentative performance of yeast cells during dough fermentation, including dough ingredients, fermentation conditions, the type of yeast strain used and yeast pregrowth conditions. Bread dough is a complex matrix that contains several ingredients that can affect the fermentation rate of yeast cells. Although the individual effects of sugar availability and salt level on the leavening ability of yeast have been studied extensively, a comprehensive overview of the relationship between bread dough constituents, fermentation conditions and yeast functionality is still lacking. Moreover, the dough environment is highly variable as several types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen doughs are currently produced by commercial bread producers. For optimal fermentation rates in different types of dough, the use of appropriate yeast strains with specific phenotypic traits is required. Therefore, many researchers have focused on the improvement of yeast strains for optimal fermentation in different types of dough like lean, sweet or frozen dough. Against this background, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction between bread dough and baker's yeast and how to improve this interaction, thereby providing a useful background for further research concerning the functionality of yeast in bread dough.     

Influence of yeast and frozen storage on rheological, structural and microbial quality of frozen sweet dough

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yeast content and frozen storage (9 weeks at −40 °C) on the structural and rheological parameters, and fermentative activity of frozen sweet dough. Two types of dough were studied (to estimate dough shelf life): simple yeasted dough (SY) and double yeasted dough (DY). Fermentative activity (yeast viability, gassing power, and dough volume), rheological and textural parameters were assessed for frozen sweet doughs.These effects were explored by different and complementary methods: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic rheology, texture profile analysis (TPA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The data showed that the longer the frozen storage time at −40 °C, the higher the decreased of frozen sweet dough quality. The rheological attributes such as hardness, ΔS, springiness, tan δ and yeast activity declined significantly during frozen storage. This modification led to lower specific volume of frozen sweet dough during proofing.The observed changes of the frozen sweet doughs rheological properties after thawing may be attributed to the damage on the gluten cross-linking, mainly produced by the ice crystallization during frozen storage. The storage effect was particularly concentrated in the first 27 days of storage.     

Simple improvement in freeze-tolerance of bakers' yeast with poly-gamma-glutamate

We examined the effect of poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) on the freeze-tolerance of four types of commercial bakers' yeast (freeze-tolerant, osmotic-tolerant, low-temperature-sensitive, and ordinary bakers' yeasts). The survival ratio of ordinary bakers' yeast cells frozen at -30 degrees C for 3 d in a medium (0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% peptone, and 2% glucose: YPD medium) was improved by adding more than 1% PGA to the medium; the survival ratio increased from about 10% to more than 70%. All PGA preparations, which differed in average molecular mass (50, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, and 10,000 kDa), showed a similar cryoprotecive effect on the cells. Similar results were also obtained with other types of bakers' yeast, sake yeast and beer yeast. When the four types of bakers' yeast cell were frozen at -30 degrees C for 3 d in dough supplemented with more than 1% PGA, the cells (after freezing and thawing) showed higher leavening ability than those frozen in dough without PGA, irrespective of the molecular mass of PGA. Thus, PGA appears to protect bakers' yeast from lethal freeze injury, leading to a high leavening ability after freezing and thawing. PGA did not decrease the original leavening ability of the bakers' yeast, and was not decomposed by the yeast cells. PGA suppressed the decrease in leavening ability during a prolonged fermentation time, probably because PGA adsorbed inhibitory metabolites accumulated in the dough. PGA could prove useful for improving the freeze-tolerance of bakers' yeast by its addition to dough.     

不同干燥方式对酵子储存品质影响的研究

酵子作为多菌体混合发酵剂,其品质明显受到干燥方式的影响。采用自然风干、鼓风干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种常用的干燥方式分别对同一批酵子进行干燥处理,测定不同干燥方式下酵子的发酵力、pH及其制做的馒头质构、白度和并作感官评分。结果显示:酵子在鼓风干燥过程中品质降低程度较小,且相比自然风干、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥,鼓风干燥具有干燥时间短,费用低等优点。