基于相关系数的柴油机润滑油监测研究

针对船舶主机用柴油机润滑油的监测问题,对某一船舶4台均连续工作了1 900 h以上的柴油机进行了润滑油的取样。利用油料发射光谱仪对所取得的36个油样进行了分析,获得了磨损和添加剂元素的浓度;利用铁量仪和磁力方法对油样进行了检测,获得了铁磁性磨粒的总量;利用现场快速粘度计对油样进行了分析,获得了40℃的运动粘度;借助于快速水分仪判断了油样水分含量是否超标;运用统计数学中的相关系数方法对数据进行了挖掘研究,在99%的置信概率下,研究了参数之间的显著相关性。研究结果表明:润滑油的粘度与柴油机工作时间的负相关系数揭示了润滑油被燃油稀释的故障,油样中元素铁、铬和铜的正相关反映了产生磨损的主要摩擦副机件有活塞组件与气缸套、曲轴与轴承、凸轮轴和轴承等。     

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2012.10.017

磨粒检测已经成为机械设备状态监测和故障诊断的重要手段之一.对某型电磁感应原理的铁量仪的检测性能进行分析,并与原子发射光谱仪进行对比.结果表明:该铁量仪对同一油样的检测具有较好的重复性,可以较好地反映油样实际浓度,能克服油料原子发射光谱仪对大磨粒检测效率不高的缺点.对不同尺寸和浓度分布的铁磁性磨粒油样的检测表明,该铁量仪的测量结果受磨粒尺寸的影响.     

油-气润滑对点接触副滑动摩擦行为的影响

在MFT-3000型多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,以球/盘模型为考察对象开展油-气润滑点接触副滑动摩擦试验,并与相同工况下滴油润滑和干摩擦试验进行对比。利用白光干涉形貌仪、扫描电镜、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)和铁谱分析设备对磨痕轮廓、表面形貌、化学元素组成以及磨粒形状进行表征、分析。结果表明:在油-气润滑工况下,当供油量不足时,随供油量增加,摩擦因数、磨损量和磨痕参数等均出现明显减小趋势,但润滑性能较滴油润滑差;当摩擦副间润滑油充足,且供气速度达到一定值时,与滴油润滑相比,油-气润滑能够获得更低的摩擦因数,但磨痕形貌变化较轻微;在较低的滑动速度和载荷下,油-气润滑点接触滑动摩擦不会发生氧化磨损,油-气润滑散热功效对摩擦行为无明显影响,与滴油润滑以及干摩擦下磨损机制相同,均为磨粒磨损,摩擦过程中产生的磨屑形状以碎屑状和片状为主,伴随着少数长条状。     

柴油发动机故障诊断技术研究与应用

应用振动法对柴油机气缸体上的振动信号进行分析,得出总振动量级主随活塞与气缸套磨损间隙的增大而适级放大.根据气缸体振动加速度响应功率谱图和柴油发动机总振动量级,可以确定活塞与气缸壁的间隙大小.应用油样铁谱分析技术,可以确定发动机的润滑状况及摩擦副的磨损程度和部位,并通过实例证明了其在柴油发动机故障诊断中的有效性.应用直读式原子发射光谱仪对柴油发动机润滑油油样进行检测,监控柴油发动机曲轴滑动轴承磨损状况,对保障发动机可靠运行起到很好的作用.     

主成分分析在柴油机润滑油磨粒分析中的应用

针对船舶柴油机在用润滑油中的磨损监测问题,对某船队14台同型号柴油机在用润滑油进行监测,取得在用润滑油油样共计105个;利用油料发射光谱技术测量21种典型元素的含量,利用铁量仪和磁力方法测量铁磁性磨粒总量。从105个油样中选取铁磁性磨粒质量分数大于0的油样以及Fe元素质量分数大于平均值的油样共计18个。利用滤膜法分析18个油样的非铁磁性磨粒(大于10μm),统计了非铁磁性磨粒的最大尺寸和平均尺寸。采用主成分分析法对18个油样的发射光谱数据、PQ值、磁力值、非铁磁性磨粒的尺寸最大值和平均值进行分析。结果表明:主成分分析法可以综合多项磨粒监测参数对柴油机的磨损状态进行聚类。经滤膜图像分析验证,该聚类结果具有可靠性。     

铁谱技术中非铁磁性磨损颗粒的监测研究

在使用铁谱技术进行机械工况监测过程中，由于铁谱仪的磁场很难收集到摩擦副产生的非铁磁性磨损颗粒，往往会导致监测结果产生偏差或不正确。以钢一铜试件对磨后获得的油样为例进行铁谱对比实验，研究了磁流体在非铁磁性磨粒监测方面的应用。结果表明，在磁流体的作用下，油液中的非铁磁性磨粒将被磁化而有效沉积到铁谱片上，从而使油液的监测分析结果更为全面和准确。此外，介绍了磁流体的组成，分析了磁流体使非铁磁性磨粒磁化的机理。     

润滑条件与缸套材料对活塞环-缸套摩擦磨损特性的影响

在润滑油中未添加和添加质量分数0.1％MoS2润滑条件下,对YH31合金铸铁活塞环和不同材料(高硼铜铸铁和铬钼铝铸铁)缸套进行摩擦磨损试验,研究了润滑条件和缸套材料对摩擦因数、体积磨损量和磨损表面形貌的影响,分析了磨损机制.结果表明:Mo S 2的添加可以缩短活塞环与高硼铜铸铁缸套的磨合时间,延长稳定磨损时间,降低摩擦因数,减小体积磨损量;摩擦副表面磨痕较未添加MoS2润滑条件下细而浅,且未出现裂纹.在未添加MoS2润滑条件下,活塞环与铬钼铝铸铁缸套对磨比与高硼铜铸铁缸套对磨更早进入稳定磨损阶段,但稳定磨损持续时间较短,平均摩擦因数有所增大,体积磨损量大幅增加;活塞环的磨损机制均为抛光磨损,高硼铜铸铁缸套和铬钼铝铸铁缸套的磨损机制分别为磨粒磨损+疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损.     

沙尘环境对内燃机缸套磨损的影响规律

为研究含颗粒润滑油对内燃机润滑性能的影响,以内燃机中重要的摩擦副--缸套活塞摩擦副为研究对象,利用自行搭建的试验台,模拟中国西部典型的多沙尘气候条件,设计并进行沙尘环境下内燃机缸套的磨损试验.通过测量磨合后、正常条件及含颗粒条件运行后缸套内表面形貌,比较分析得出沙尘颗粒对于缸套磨损的影响规律:沙尘颗粒的存在破坏了缸套-活塞系的润滑系统,造成局部润滑不良,加剧了缸套的局部磨损,而且活塞主推力边一侧缸套的磨损异常严重,形成严重偏磨;沙尘颗粒导致缸套产生了较为严重的磨粒磨损和切削磨损,产生了较大片状和长条状颗粒.油样铁谱分析进一步表明,沙尘颗粒加剧了缸套的磨损程度,并且沙尘颗粒的存在容易导致缸套的磨粒磨损.试验结果为进一步研究沙尘环境对内燃机缸套磨损的影响规律提供实际参考.     

喷钼活塞环抗磨粒磨损机制研究

采用SRV试验机分段试验方法,对喷钼活塞环与磷硼气缸套组成的摩擦副,在石英砂磨粒条件下的抗磨粒磨损机制进行了研究。结果表明,摩擦副材料的表层结构和化学组成对磨粒磨损性能有显著影响;喷Mo活塞环/气缸套摩擦副受磨粒磨损的影响不大,喷钼活塞环具有良好抗磨粒磨损性能。     

渗陶瓷活塞环/铜铬镍钼缸套磨粒磨损过程的研究

采用SRV试验机,利用分段试验的方法对渗陶瓷活塞环与铜铬镍钼气缸套组成的摩擦副配对,在含石英砂磨粒的润滑条件下的磨粒磨损过程进行了研究.结果表明,当磨粒硬度远高于摩擦副表面硬度时,摩擦副表面的硬度对其抗磨粒磨损性能起决定性作用,材料硬度越大,其抗磨粒磨损性能越好.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.