不同热处理方式对绿豆淀粉颗粒特性影响研究

湿热处理前后绿豆淀粉的颗粒形貌基本未发生变化。随着热处理温度的提高,淀粉的结晶结构发生一定程度的变化,表现为特征峰部分融合、峰强度下降以及结晶度降低。但处理前后的X射线图谱表明,处理后的绿豆淀粉基本保持了原有的A型结晶结构。与原淀粉相比,湿热处理后玉米淀粉的结晶结构变化幅度不大。压热处理后绿豆淀粉,其颗粒形貌已经完全发生了变化,颗粒破裂重组,不同淀粉颗粒中的链淀粉相互形成氢键,从而改变了原淀粉的结晶结构,从X射线衍射图谱我们可以看出,处理后淀粉有新结晶峰的形成。     

湿热处理对玉米淀粉颗粒结构及热焓特性的影响

湿热处理前后玉米淀粉的颗粒形貌基本未发生变化。随着热处理温度的提高 ,淀粉的结晶结构发生一定程度的变化 ,表现为特征峰的部分融合、峰强度的下降以及结晶度的降低。但处理前后的X射线图谱表明 ,处理后的玉米淀粉基本保持了原有的A型结晶结构。与原淀粉相比 ,湿热处理后玉米淀粉的结晶结构变化幅度不大。淀粉的DSC图谱表明 ,湿热处理后淀粉的相变初始和峰值温度提高 ,相变焓先增加后减小。     

不同热处理方式下抗性淀粉形成机理研究

不同热处理方式对抗性淀粉的形成和淀粉的颗粒及结晶性质有较大影响。其中湿热处理前后淀粉的颗粒形貌变化较小。但淀粉的结晶结构发生一定程度的变化,表现为特征峰的部分融合、峰强度的下降以及结晶度的降低。其中马铃薯淀粉基本呈非晶状态。压热处理后淀粉,颗粒形貌已经完全发生了变化,颗粒破裂重组,不同淀粉颗粒中的链淀粉相互形成氢键,从而改变了原淀粉的结晶结构,从X射线衍射图谱我们可以看出,处理后淀粉有新结晶峰的形成。在过量水分条件下的压热处理有利于抗性淀粉的形成。     

湿热处理对马铃薯淀粉颗粒特性的影响

湿热处理前后马铃薯淀粉的部分颗粒形貌发生一定程度变化。随着热处理温度的提高,淀粉的结晶结构发生较大变化,表现为特征峰的部分融合、峰强度的下降以及结晶度的降低。处理前后的X射线图谱表明,处理后的马铃薯淀粉已经失去了原有的B型结晶结构,趋向于非晶态。淀粉的DSC图谱表明,湿热处理后淀粉的相变焓降低,随着温度的升高相变焓有所回升。     

米发糕蒸煮工艺对大米淀粉颗粒特性的影响研究

探讨蒸煮工艺对大米淀粉颗粒特性的影响,为米发糕的工业化生产提供科学依据。应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X- 射线衍射和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对米发糕进行了分析测试。随着压热的不断增大,淀粉的颗粒形貌逐渐崩溃,特征衍射峰逐渐变弱并消失,结晶度也逐渐降低,吸热焓变小。当压力达到0.2MPa 时,其结晶区域完全消失。蒸煮工艺对大米淀粉颗粒形貌影响较大,压热处理会破化大米淀粉的结构。     

压热处理对不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为了探究不同温度的压热处理对3种不同晶型（A型、B型、C型）淀粉颗粒结构和消化特性的影响,将玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉在110、120、130℃压热条件下进行处理,并采用XRD、SEM、RVA、DSC和酶解等方式表征不同处理前后淀粉样品的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明,压热处理后淀粉的糊化特性显著改变,峰值黏度、回升值、最终黏度、崩解值降低,糊化温度升高。微观结构分析表明,压热处理过程中的水分和热能会使淀粉颗粒部分糊化,进而导致颗粒表面出现凹陷。压热处理后的马铃薯淀粉逐渐失去B型结晶的特征衍射峰,并显现出A型结晶的特征。与原豌豆淀粉相比,压热处理后的豌豆淀粉晶型有从C型转为A型的趋势,而玉米淀粉的衍射峰没有的明显变化。此外,压热处理后不同晶型淀粉中抗性淀粉的质量分数均显著升高（P<0.05）。作者系统揭示了压热处理后不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的变化规律,为后续利用压热法制备具有低消化率的淀粉基食品提供了理论支撑。     

韧化处理条件下缓慢消化玉米淀粉的形成机理

探讨韧化处理条件下,缓慢消化玉米淀粉的形成过程。分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究韧化处理前后玉米淀粉颗粒形貌、结晶特性、热焓特性的变化情况。结果表明,韧化处理对玉米淀粉的颗粒形貌基本无影响,处理后基本保持原来的A型结晶结构,但结晶结合更为紧密,韧化玉米淀粉和去除快速消化玉米淀粉(RDS)的韧化玉米淀粉相比,DSC图谱的To、Tp、Tc以及Tc－To均较原玉米淀粉有所提高。这表明,韧化处理过程促进缓慢消化玉米淀粉的形成主要是通过调整玉米淀粉的结晶结构,使其结合更为紧密,从而对酶的抵抗作用增强而实现的。     

干热处理对玉米淀粉性质的影响

研究了干热处理前后玉米淀粉的性质变化,对干热处理前后淀粉的溶解指数、糊化特性、热力学性质、颗粒形貌和结晶结构进行了测定及分析。结果表明,当干热处理温度低于150℃时,与原淀粉相比,干热淀粉的溶解指数、黏度均降低,糊化温度降低;当干热处理温度为150℃时,淀粉的溶解指数升高、黏度降低、糊化温度降低。干热处理后,淀粉表面出现凹坑,且颗粒间有黏结。      

玉米抗性淀粉形成过程的研究

研究了水解-压热法制备玉米抗性淀粉的形成过程,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及差示扫描量热法对玉米抗性淀粉形成过程中颗粒结构、结晶结构和热特性的变化进行了分析。实验分别从不同角度揭示了水解和压热处理对淀粉结构的破坏方式和程度,得出玉米抗性淀粉在形成过程中失去了原淀粉的结晶结构,形成了新的结晶结构。      

玉米抗性淀粉形成过程的研究

研究了水解-压热法制备玉米抗性淀粉的形成过程,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射及差示扫描量热法对玉米抗性淀粉形成过程中颗粒结构、结晶结构和热特性的变化进行了分析。实验分别从不同角度揭示了水解和压热处理对淀粉结构的破坏方式和程度,得出玉米抗性淀粉在形成过程中失去了原淀粉的结晶结构,形成了新的结晶结构。     

压热协同海藻酸钠处理对普通玉米淀粉糊化性质和晶体结构的影响

为探讨压热协同海藻酸钠处理对普通玉米淀粉糊化性质和晶体结构的影响,测定了普通玉米淀粉及添加 海藻酸钠的淀粉在不同压热处理条件下（压热时间和淀粉乳质量分数）糊化性质、凝胶性质及晶体结构的变化。 结果显示：压热协同海藻酸钠处理,使淀粉的糊化温度显著降低;质量分数为20%～25%、压热协同海藻酸钠处理 30 min,淀粉乳热稳定性最好;与仅进行压热处理相比,不同条件下压热协同海藻酸钠处理使淀粉乳凝胶硬度变化 程度更小,质量分数为25%的淀粉乳协同处理后凝胶硬度最小;普通玉米淀粉晶体结构因压热处理逐渐由A型变为 V型,且不受海藻酸钠的影响,随着压热处理时间的延长,A型晶体含量逐步减少。     

高直链玉米III型抗性淀粉制备及其结构和特性

以高直链玉米淀粉G50和G70为原料,经酸解、糊化、脱支和重结晶步骤获得III型抗性淀粉,通过退火与压热处理以进一步提升淀粉的抗性比例。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热、快速黏度分析等方法,研究淀粉颗粒形貌、结晶结构、热特性及糊化特性,利用Englyst法测试淀粉消化特性。结果表明：高直链玉米淀粉G50和G70酸解后的得率分别为77.9%和84.5%,重结晶后的得率降为54.4%和70.2%。原G50和G70改性后,淀粉颗粒形貌被破坏,形成大小不等、颗粒形貌不规则的团聚体;淀粉结晶型由B＋V型转变为A＋V型,且结晶度升高;淀粉糊化温度升高,且加热过程中黏度几乎消失。溶解与膨胀特性结果表明,经酸解、糊化、脱支和老化处理后原G50和G70的溶解性显著升高,退火和压热处理后降低了III型抗性淀粉的溶解性和膨胀度。体外消化特性分析表明,改性后的G50和G70具备更强的抗消化性能,抗性淀粉含量最高可达80.5%（G70-RS3-压热20%）。本研究的改性处理能有效提高高直链玉米淀粉G50和G70中抗性淀粉含量,同时抗性淀粉含量与结晶度和糊化温度呈显著正相关。     

微波对玉米淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

本实验采用微波（累积能量值为1 680 J/g）处理不同的淀粉-水体系,观察淀粉颗粒形态的变化,并测定透明度、沉降物体积、吸水率、持水性、相对结晶度和流变特性等指标。结果表明,随着淀粉-水体系中水分质量分数的增加,淀粉颗粒的完整性和偏光十字逐渐减弱;与玉米淀粉相比,微波处理淀粉乳透明度、沉降物体积、吸水率和持水性明显增加;X射线衍射图谱表明微波处理后淀粉颗粒仍为A型而相对结晶度下降,说明微波处理破坏了淀粉的结晶结构;微波处理没有改变淀粉乳流体的类型,弹性模量均大于黏性模量,表明均以弹性性质为主。结论：微波处理淀粉-水体系对淀粉的颗粒结构和理化特征均有显著影响,本研究结果可为开发具有独特理化性质的改性淀粉或改进淀粉改性工艺提供实验与理论依据。     

Preparation and properties of RS III from waxy maize starch with pullulanase

Waxy maize starch was treated by pullulanase debranching and retrogradation at room temperature to produce resistant starch (RS). Physicochemical properties, crystalline structure and in-vitro digestibility of starch samples with different RS content were investigated. Compared with native starch, apparent amylose content of RS products increased. Based on Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) the Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) of resistant starches significantly changed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that upon pullulanase debranching and retrogradation treatment the granular structure of native starch was destroyed and all RS samples exhibited irregular shaped fragments. Crystal structure of samples changed from A–type to a mixture of B and V–type. The crystallinity of resistant starch also improved as compared with native starch. Moreover, samples with higher resistant starch showed higher relative crystallinity. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) determination showed that To、Tp、Tc and ΔH all increased which was in agreement with RS content. The resistance of waxy maize starch with Pullulanase treatment to α-amylase digestibility also increased, while the in-vitro digestibility of products decreased.     

Tepary Bean Starch Part III: In vitro Digestibility

In vitro digestibility of starch from tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius, was determined in comparison with tepary bean flour and maize starch. The extent of sample hydrolysis by α-amylase was measured as mg reducing sugar (maltose) released per 100 mg substrate. After 2 h incubation at 37°C, values obtained for tepary starch, tepary flour and maize starch treated in various ways were as follows: raw 8.0, 8.6 and 25.6; freeze dried 2.6, 3.2 and 17.8; autoclaved 7.4, 5.7 and 27.7; cooked (15 min) 81.7, 23.1 and 87.8; resp. Raw tepary starch was more resistant to hydrolysis than maize starch due, perhaps, to differences in granule structure and amylose content. Freeze-drying and autoclaving slightly decreased digestibility of both tepary starch and flour. Cooking greatly increased susceptibility to hydrolysis for each substrate. The rate of increase was reduced after 15 min exposure to enzymes, and no appreciable difference was found between cooked tepary and maize starches.     

湿热处理淀粉的糊化特性及糊化机制

以湿热处理淀粉为研究对象,采用动态流变仪(RHE)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)在过量水分条件下[m淀粉∶m水=1∶10(g/g)]进行恒速和梯度升温糊化并研究其多阶段糊化特性和糊化机制。结果显示,湿热处理淀粉即使在过量水分条件下糊化也会呈现出双吸热峰(G和M1)和双黏度特征峰(PV1和PV2)。通过对热特性和黏度特性关联分析可将湿热处理淀粉糊化过程分为3个阶段:无定形区吸热(G)发生不可逆溶胀;晶体结构吸热(M1)解体快速吸水;结晶结构完全解体后体系自吸水溶胀(非吸热)。同时,湿热处理淀粉在糊化过程中具有时间和温度依赖特性,且淀粉在不同糊化阶段存在温度阈值,淀粉糊化的时间和温度依赖特性大小与温度阈值密切相关。     

Study of DIC hydrothermal treatment effect on rheological properties of standard maize (SMS), waxy maize (WMS), wheat (WTS) and potato (PTS) starches

Standard maize (SMS), waxy maize (WMS), wheat (WTS) and potato (PTS) starches were hydrothermally treated by Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) process at different pressure levels (1, 2 and 3 bar) corresponding to the temperatures of 100, 122 and 136 °C, respectively. The rheological properties and particle size of treated starches under various conditions were compared to the native ones. The results showed for all starches, except for WTS, a reduction of the consistency coefficient and the yield stress (τ₀) with increased intensity of the hydrothermal treatment conditions. Furthermore, τ₀ vanished for severe treatment conditions. The DIC treatment yielded an increased fluidity and a loss of the conservative modulus of the pastes, as a result of partial gelatinization of starch granules. The extent of the observed effect depended on the botanical origin. Wheat starch exhibited a different behaviour: the consistency coefficient and the conservative modulus being higher for DIC treated starch except for the most severe conditions.     

Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties of Maize Starches Differing in Amylose Content

Normal maize, waxy maize and amylomaize V starches were treated at a moisture content of 70% by ultrasonic treatment. The results showed that the surface of normal and waxy maize starches was porous after treatment and a fissure could be clearly observed in the surface of amylomaize V starch. Ultrasonic treatment did not change the X‐ray pattern of the three maize starches. The swelling power (amylomaize V (B‐type) > normal maize > waxy maize (A‐type)) and solubility (amylomaize V > normal maize > waxy maize), the syneresis of amylomaize V starch and the gelatinization transition temperatures of the three starches increased on this treatment. Ultrasonic treatment decreased the syneresis of normal and waxy maize starches, the enthalpy of gelatinization (amylomaize V > waxy maize ≈︂ normal maize) and the gelatinization temperature range (amylomaize V > normal maize ≈︂ waxy maize) of all starches. A drop in viscosity of all three starches was observed and the viscosity patterns of three starches remained unchanged after ultrasonic treatment. The data showed that ultrasonic treatment degraded preferentially the amorphous regions and more easily attacked linear amylose than highly branched amylopectin.