红外焦平面像素级数字化技术最新进展

数字化技术是第三代红外焦平面技术的代表之一,通过实现焦平面片上数字化,较大地扩展了可探测的灵敏度极限,提高了系统的响应速度和系统的作战效能,具备更高的可靠性,使红外焦平面系统性能较第二代有了极大的提升。模拟数字转换器(ADC)是数字化焦平面的重要组成部分,特别是像素级ADC在扩展动态范围、提高传输路径抗干扰能力以及后续信号处理灵活性等方面具有不可替代的优势。本文介绍最具有代表性的几种像素级ADC结构的特点及其对红外焦平面探测器的性能影响,并介绍了像素级数字化技术最新进展情况。     

基于同步自适应匹配的模拟前端暗电流补偿方法研究

为抑制像素阵列在曝光阶段的暗电流对图像传感器动态范围和输出图像质量的影响,基于同步自适应的暗电流跟踪机制,提出一种电路与系统级暗电流积分补偿方法。通过采样输出有效光电信号,在无源处理阶段同步进行暗电流消除。该方法不仅可以补偿不同区域暗电流对有效光电信号的影响,而且可解决传统暗电流消除方法对读出电路动态范围会造成衰减的问题。基于该方法,在55 nm CMOS工艺下设计了一种752×512阵列规模的CMOS图像传感器,实现了完整的电路设计、版图设计与后端物理验证。结果显示,采用集成暗电流补偿技术的采样放大电路对暗电流最小补偿精度可以达到12 bit,补偿范围最大可以达到500 mV,单列功耗仅有15.84 μW,同时可实现1~4倍的增益,最小增益步进6.25%。实现了从模拟前端根除暗电流对CMOS图像传感器图像质量和动态范围的影响,为高端、高性能的CMOS图像传感器设计提供了一定的理论支撑。     

低照度CMOS图像传感器设计与实现

设计了一种基于电容反馈跨阻放大器型（Capacitive Trans-impedance Amplifier,CTIA）像元电路与双采样（Delta Double Sampling,DDS）的低照度CMOS图像传感器系统。采用CTIA像元电路提供稳定的光电二极管偏置电压以及高注入效率,完成在低照度情况下对微弱信号的读取;同时采用数字DDS结构,通过在片外实现像元积分信号与复位信号的量化结果在数字域的减法,达到抑制CMOS图像传感器中固定图案噪声的目的,进一步提高低照度CIS的成像质量。基于0.35 m标准CMOS工艺对此基于CTIA像元电路的CMOS图像传感器芯片进行流片,像元阵列为256256,像元尺寸为16 m16 m。测试结果表明该低照度CMOS图像传感器系统可探测到0.05 lx光照条件下的信号。     

采用卷帘数字域TDI技术的CMOS成像系统设计

利用FPGA实现面阵CMOS传感器数字域TDI功能,可避免模拟域TDI的复杂电路设计、完善CMOS传感器成像方式、并可改进TDI CCD缺陷,具有重大的研究和应用价值。首先分析了同步快门方式和卷帘快门方式实现TDI的差异,然后根据TDI工作原理,提出了更利于微光成像和推扫成像的卷帘数字域TDI算法,并利用设计的CMOS成像系统进行了成像实验。实验结果表明:卷帘数字域TDI算法正确,不仅可以实现等效于积分时间增加或入射照度增强M倍功能的M级积分,而且可明显改善成像质量,将信噪比为18.37 dB的未积分图像通过10级积分提高至32.65 dB。所提出的卷帘数字域TDI技术使得CMOS相机具备了时间延迟积分功能,改善了成像质量,并改进了TDICCD难以调焦和级数不可连续调整的缺陷。     

包含交流耦合CTIA与数字CDS的CMOS图像传感器设计

设计了一种带隔直电容的交流耦合CTIA像元电路与数字相关双采样（DCDS）结构的CMOS图像传感器系统。在传统的CTIA像元电路中增加隔直电容,通过控制光电二极管的偏压,达到减小光电二极管暗电流的目的;同时采用片外数字CDS结构,通过在片外实现复位信号与像元积分信号的量化结果在数字域的减法,可以减小图像传感器像元的复位噪声和固定图案噪声（FPN）。基于0.35 m标准CMOS工艺对此CMOS图像传感器进行流片,像元阵列为256256,像元尺寸为16 m16 m。测试结果表明交流耦合CTIA像元电路可以将光电二极管的偏压控制在零偏点附近,此时其暗电流最小;采用了数字CDS结构后,图像传感器像元的时域噪声及固定图案噪声均有不同程度降低。     

用于高速CIS的12-bit紧凑型多列共享并行pipeline-SAR ADC

设计了一款用于高速CMOS图像传感器的多列共享列并行流水线逐次逼近模数转换器。八列像素共享一路pipeline-SAR ADC,从而使得ADC的版图不再局限于二列像素的宽度,可以在16列像素宽度内实现。该模数转换器采用了异步控制逻辑电路来提高转换速度。半增益数模混合单元电路被用于对第一级子ADC的余差信号放大,同时被用于降低对增益数模混合单元电路中运放性能的要求。相关电平位移技术也被用于对余差信号进行更精确的放大。整个pipeline-SAR ADC第一级子ADC精度为6-bit,第二级子ADC为7-bit,两级之间存在1-bit冗余校准,最终实现12-bit精度。输入信号满幅电压为1 V。该8列共享并行处理的pipeline-SAR ADC在0.18 m 1P4M工艺下制造实现,芯片面积为0.204 mm2。仿真结果显示,在采样频率为8.33 Msps,输入信号频率为229.7 kHz时,该ADC的信噪失真比为72.6 dB;在采样频率为8.33 Msps,输入信号频率为4.16 MHz时,该ADC的信噪失真比为71.7 dB。该pipeline-SAR ADC的电源电压为1.8 V,功耗为4.95 mW,功耗品质因子（FoM）为172.5 fJ/conversion-step。由于像素尺寸只有7.5 m,工艺只有四层金属,因此这款12-bit多列共享列并行流水线逐次逼近模数转换器非常适用于高速CMOS图像传感器系统。     

几乎无噪声、适用于成像应用的ADC驱动器

正无论就采样率还是就信噪比而言,CCD(电荷耦合器件)和其他传感器对数字转换器都有很高的要求。传感器输出一般是以地为基准的一系列模拟电平(像素),在像素的边沿之间可能出现瞬态信号。像素数量增加时,捕获图像所需的ADC采样率也随之提高,就大多数大动态范围应用而言,20Msps流水线型ADC是足够的。为确保所采样信号具备最高SNR性能,ADC的驱动电路必须提供低阻抗、快速稳定以免引入宽带噪声以及对传感器呈现高输入阻抗。本文描述一种用于传感器和高性     

基于0.35 μm工艺设计的APS CMOS图像传感器

介绍了一种基于CHRT公司0.35 μm工艺而设计的CMOS图像传感器.该图像传感器采用APS像素结构,像素阵列256×256,包含有列放大器、阵列扫描、串行接口、控制逻辑和ADC等模块.该图像传感器采用动态数字双采样(DDDS)的新方法消除FPN噪音,并已经通过MPW采用CHRT 0.35 μm salicide 2P4M工艺流片.     

一种可实现非均匀校正和盲元补偿的像元ADC

像元ADC可将红外探测器的电流信号直接转换成对应数字量,在像元阵列之间以数字的方式进行传输和最终输出.本文设计了一种可实现非均匀校正和盲元补偿算法的像元级ADC,避免了在算法级进行非均匀校正和盲元补偿的方式,降低了后续图像处理算法实现的难度,减少了图像处理算法消耗的资源.所提出的像元ADC基于64×64探测器阵列进行了...     

二次量化技术在像素级数字积分探测系统中的应用研究

像素级数字积分探测是一种新型的红外探测技术,其具备电荷处理能力高、动态范围大等特点,能够有效提升红外系统探测灵敏度,在各类红外弱信号探测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。像素级数字积分技术中的二次量化技术,可对在总噪声中占比较大的量化噪声进行有效抑制。对像素级数字积分探测系统中的量化步长进行优化设计以及对二次量化技术进行研究,分析量化步长的改变对像素级数字积分红外探测系统性能的影响;分析二次量化的原理及特点,研究其在应用中的关键参数设计,从而推动二次量化技术的发展,实现像素级数字积分探测系统更高灵敏度探测应用。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks