基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计

为了实时、准确地估计矿用电池SOC值,通过采用加权统计线性回归法实现模型函数线性化,将采样点卡尔曼滤波技术应用到矿用电池SOC估计中。针对有限的电池管理系统资源,基于电池状态观测复合模型的状态方程线性和观测方程非线性的特点,提出了将标准卡尔曼滤波和采样点卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法;为了使得该算法具有应对突变状态的强跟踪能力和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,引入了奇异值分解,采用特征协方差矩阵代替误差协方差矩阵,并基于强跟踪原理引入了次优渐消因子。仿真结果表明,基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计算法兼顾估计精度和运算量,并具有跟踪突变状态和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,完全适用于资源有限的矿用电池SOC估计;可见,该算法具有良好的实际应用价值。     

基于无迹卡尔曼航空锂电池的SOC估算系统

针对放电条件下,航空锂电池的放电情况,考虑了电流及温度对极化参数的影响的电池模型。电池电荷状态(State of Charge,SOC)对于电池是十分重要的性能,为了精准估计航空锂电池的电池电荷状态(State of Charge,SOC),尝试使用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)对航空锂电池的SOC进行估算,无迹卡尔曼滤波是一种新型的滤波估计算法。UKF以无损变换变换为基础,摒弃了对非线性函数进行线性化的传统做法,采用卡尔曼线性滤波框架,对于一步预测方程,使用无迹(UT)变换来处理均值和协方差的非线性传递,就成为UKF算法。UKF是对非线性函数的概率密度分布进行近似,用一系列确定样本来逼近状态的后验概率密度,而不是对非线性函数进行近似,不需要求导计算Jacobian矩阵。UKF没有线性化忽略高阶项,因此非线性分布统计量的计算精度较高。在simulink上建立航空锂电池的等效电路模型,进行仿真实验。仿真实验表明该算法SOC估算精度误差稳定在百分之五左右。     

基于ASRCKF算法的锂电池SOC估算

针对平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SRCKF)估算SOC时需要准确获得系统状态及测量噪声协方差这一缺陷,将基于电池模型输出电压残差序列的协方差匹配思想引入平方根容积卡尔曼滤波,提出了自适应平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法(ASRCKF)。以18650型锂电池为实验对象,建立了戴维南等效电路模型,采用递推最小二乘法辨识电池模型参数,最后,利用UDDS电池实验数据对ASRCFK算法进行了仿真。实验结果表明,传统的SRCKF算法估算SOC产生的均方根误差为3.41%;而提出的ASRCKF算法估算SOC产生的均方根误差仅为0.97%,与传统算法相比具有更高的精度,对噪声的适应能力更强。     

基于粒子滤波算法的动力电池SOC估计

针对电池荷电状态(SOC)容易受到电流、温度、循环寿命等非线性因素的影响,建立基于温度和电流变化的电池容量修正方程。结合安时法和复合电化学原理构建电池状态空间模型。由于粒子滤波算法对非高斯、非线性系统的适应性,因此选用粒子滤波算法来研究电池SOC估计。通过美国FTP-75工况和NEDC工况实验仿真显示,基于粒子滤波算法的电池SOC估计比扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计精度高、适应性好。     

S-修正的自适应卡尔曼滤波与模糊卡尔曼滤波相结合的汽车状态估计算法

精确的汽车状态信息的获取是汽车动态控制系统正常工作的前提。建立了二自由度汽车动力学模型,提出了将S-修正的自适应卡尔曼滤波与模糊卡尔曼滤波相结合进行汽车关键状态估计的方法。模糊卡尔曼滤波利用所设计的模糊控制器通过实时监测信息实际方差与理论方差的比值,实现对时变量测噪声的协方差矩阵的实时在线估计,提高了算法在时变量测噪声情况下的鲁棒性;S-修正的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法基于滤波不发散理论推导得出实时修正因子S,进而对估计误差协方差矩阵直接加权。两种方法的结合在总体上提高了在汽车动力学系统过程噪声与量测噪声协方差矩阵不准确情况下算法的鲁棒性与估计精度,最后通过基于ADAMS的虚拟试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于改进EKF算法的锂电池SOC估算

采用传统EKF算法对电池SOC估算时,系统噪声先验特性未知及电池模型误差会影响电池SOC估算的精度。论文提出一种基于改进EKF算法的锂电池SOC估算方法:通过建立电池等效电路模型,联合安时积分法原理,得到系统的状态空间方程;接着引入数据校正的思想,运用Cauchy鲁棒函数,以EKF观测方程的真实值与估计值之间的残差为依据,实时矫正了滤波状态噪声协方差阵Q,且在SOC区间内通过观测噪声协方差阵R进行了动态调整,使算法具有更强的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,与传统的EKF算法相比,改进后的EKF算法估算误差降低了3.5%,且算法的平均误差保持在0.68%左右,验证了该方法的有效性及精确性。     

基于不同模型下EKF算法的锂离子电池SOC估计

动力电池的准确建模及荷电状态(SOC)的精准估计对提高电池的利用效率、延长使用寿命具有重要意义。本文对锂离子电池进行等效电路模型的建立并通过HPPC测试对模型进行参数辨识。利用Matlab软件,基于两种模型开展扩展卡尔曼滤波算法下的电池SOC估计精度对比实验研究。结果表明,在同一实验条件下,EKF-Ah SOC估计方法能够有效提高电池SOC的估计精度;与Rint模型相比,基于Thevenin模型的EKF-Ah SOC估计精度得到显著提高,SOC估计最大绝对误差为1.91%。     

双卡尔曼滤波算法在锂电池SOC估算中的应用

以在线估计锂离子电池组的荷电状态(SOC)为目的,建立了双卡尔曼滤波(DEKF)算法.以Thevenin电池模型和卡尔曼滤波算法为基础,对电池模型建立了状态空间表达式.分别采用最小二乘法和DEKF算法对该模型参数进行辨识,提高了该模型的精度,使电池模型能够较好地反映电池内部的真实状态.介绍了双卡尔曼滤波算法在线估算荷电状态的原理,并设计了相关的电池测试实验.实验结果表明在不同的工况环境下,该算法在线估计SOC具有较高的精度和对环境的适应度,最大误差小于4.5％.最后,验证了DEKF算法具有较好的收敛性和鲁棒性,可以有效解决初值估算不准和累积误差的问题.     

半主动悬架的无迹卡尔曼状态观测器设计

卡尔曼滤波器是线性动态系统中应用最广泛的一种状态估计方法。在非线性系统中,扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)被广泛应用,相比扩展卡尔曼滤波器,无迹卡尔曼滤波器准确度更高、更易于实现。在车辆动力学这种强的非线性系统中,无迹卡尔曼滤波器应用广泛。设计了一种基于无迹卡尔曼滤波器的半主动悬架系统状态观测器,讨论了不准确的过程噪声协方差Q和测量噪声协方差R、及测量信号组合的选择和不准确的模型参数对状态观测精度的影响,仿真结果表明不准确的过程噪声和测量噪声协方差、不合适的测量信号选择和模型参数不准确的干扰在不同程度上降低了状态估计精度。     

结合特征定位噪声表征的单应矩阵精确鲁棒估计

针对基于特征匹配的单应矩阵估计方法的特征定位噪声的各向异性非同分布对其精度和鲁棒性的影响,提出了一种结合特征定位噪声表征的单应矩阵估计方法。该方法采用协方差矩阵来表征特征点定位噪声;基于协方差矩阵加权采样一致性(CWSAC)的内点检验方法来提高单应矩阵估计的鲁棒性。最后,提出一种单应矩阵高精度估计算法——协方差加权Levenberg-Marquardt(CW L-M)法。该方法结合协方差矩阵重新定义优化目标函数,提高了单应矩阵的估计精度。基于仿真数据和真实图像的实验表明,在相同定位噪声和内点比例条件下,本文算法的估计精度显著优于RANSAC(RANdom SAmple Consensus)、LMedS(Least Median of Squares),PROSAC(PROgressive SAmple Consensus)、M-SAC(M-estimator SAmple Consensus)和MLESAC(Maximum Likelihood SAmple Consensus)等传统算法,投影均方误差比次优方法降低了3%~21%。另外,本文方法对定位噪声和内点比例变化均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于Sage窗的自适应Kalman滤波用于钟差预报研究

钟差预报是时间保持工作中的一项关键技术。Kalman算法作为一种最优预报算法,具有实时性的特点,在时间保持工作中得到了广泛的应用。但是由于经典Kalman算法需要准确确定模型随机误差和测量误差,否则状态估计会引入一定的误差,在原子时算法中表现为原子钟噪声和钟差测量噪声。原子钟的噪声参数值通常是通过Allan方差估计,若估计不够准确,Kalman预报将会出现误差。通过研究基于Sage窗的自适应Kalman预报算法,实时修正状态模型误差。利用自适应因子调整状态预测协方差阵有效降低了模型误差,提高了预报精度,最后通过两台氢原子钟和两台铯原子钟的实测数据验证了算法的有效性。     

基于组合模型的锂电池参数辨识和电池荷电状态在线联合估计

针对电池荷电状态(SOC)估算过程中开路电压与SOC之间的迟滞效应以及充放电电流和端电压中噪声的影响,提出了基于组合模型的Frisch 方案双滤波（FSDF）法。先通过一阶RC等效电路模型结合Preisach离散模型建立新的模型,随后采用Frisch 方案对模型的输入输出进行噪声方差估计,滤除部分输入输出噪声,最后使用扩展卡尔曼滤波结合无迹卡尔曼滤波进行参数实时更新和电池单体SOC估算。实验证明,FSDF方法对锂电池SOC估算结果与Frisch方案递推最小二乘无迹卡尔曼滤波法等其他方法相比,具有精度高、鲁棒性好等特点。     

基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的锂电池荷电状态与健康状态预测

针对当前锂电池荷电状态(State of charge, SOC)与健康状态(State of health, SOH)预测精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的预测方法。采用非线性二阶电阻电容模型表示锂电池,并通过最小二乘误差优化算法对模型参数进行估计,从而更准确地确定蓄电池容量作为SOH值的基础。扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman filter, EKF)可在初始SOC值未知的情况下对其进行准确预测,而模糊逻辑有助于消除测量和过程噪声。仿真结果表明,在城市测功机驱动计划期间(Urban dynamometer drving schedule, UDDS)测试中最大的SOC估算误差是0.66%;通过离线更新卡尔曼滤波器,可对电池容量进行估计,结果表明,最大估计误差为1.55%,从而有效提高了SOC值的预测精度。     

State of charge estimation of vanadium redox battery based on improved extended Kalman filter

The accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation can protect the battery from overcharging and over-discharging, and it is useful to make an effective dispatching strategy. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) method is used to estimate SOC widely. But it does not consider the SOC constraints. Moreover, the convergence is influenced by the uncertain initial SOC, which may lead to false alarm, unwanted operation of protection, error dispatching and poor robustness of the system. This paper presents an improved extended Kalman filter (IEKF) method to estimate SOC for vanadium redox battery (VRB) by introducing a gain factor. It can be adjusted automatically according to the output error and SOC boundary. To implement IEKF estimator, a VRB state space model is established and its parameters are identified by recursive least square (RLS) method. Then a VRB of 5kW/30kWh experimental platform is built. Finally, the IEKF method is validated and compared with EKF against unknown initial value through the experiments. The results have shown that IEKF method is superior to EKF in terms of accuracy, convergence speed and robustness. And the estimated SOC remains bounded by using IEKF method. It is more suitable for SOC estimation than EKF algorithm in the industrial applications.     

Centroid weighted Kalman filter for visual object tracking

In the visual object tracking, the Kalman filter presents commonly the state model and observation model uncertainty in the actual performance of Gaussian noise, so it makes the estimation of certain parameters produce errors in the model, and results in decreasing estimation precision. In order to enhance the stability of the Kalman filter, an algorithm based on centroid weighted Kalman filter (CWKF) for object tracking is proposed in this paper. The algorithm firstly uses background subtraction method to detect moving target region, and then uses the Kalman filter to predict target position, combining centroid weighted method to optimize the predictive state value, finally updates observation data according to the corrected state value. Tracking experiments show that the algorithm can detect effectively moving objects and at the same time it can quickly and accurately track moving objects with good robustness.     

基于NACKF的分布式驱动电动汽车轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角估计

针对传统容积卡尔曼滤波算法在进行车辆关键状态估计时要求噪声统计特性已知的问题,提出一种噪声自适应容积卡尔曼滤波（Noise adaptive cubature Kalman filter, NACKF）算法来进行车辆关键状态的估计。基于次优无偏极大后验估计器对量测噪声协方差进行实时更新并将其嵌入到标准容积卡尔曼算法中实现自适应容积卡尔曼滤波。针对车辆不同子系统间耦合特性对滤波精度的影响,构建双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波器分别进行侧向力与质心侧偏角的估计,两者在估计过程中互为输入构成闭环反馈,利用分布式模块化结构弱化系统耦合特性对估计精度的影响,实现轮胎侧向力与质心侧偏角的实时准确估计。利用Simulink-Carsim联合仿真平台进行仿真验证和实车试验验证。结果表明,基于双重自适应容积卡尔曼滤波的估计算法相对标准容积卡尔曼滤波估计精度更高,较好地改善了传统容积卡尔曼滤波器在噪声先验统计特性未知条件下非线性滤波精度下降的问题。     

Image reconstruction algorithm of electromagnetic tomography based on fractional Kalman filter

Aiming at the problem of low quality of image reconstruction of electromagnetic tomography (EMT), in this paper, an image reconstruction algorithm of EMT based on fractional Kalman filter (FKF) is proposed. Firstly, the principle of EMT and the principle of state equation of FKF are expound respectively. FKF is often used in the state estimation of nonlinear systems. There is a nonlinear relationship between the object field distribution and the sensor signal in the EMT. Therefore, according to this feature, FKF is applied to the image reconstruction algorithm of EMT. The image reconstruction process of EMT is regarded as the state estimation process of FKF, the normalized measurement voltage is taken as the observation value, and the sensitivity matrix is taken as the measurement matrix. To establish the nonlinear state estimation equation of the FKF and a priori estimation error covariance equation in the EMT, the gray value of image obtained by LBP is used as the initial value of the state estimation, a prior estimation state vector and a priori estimation error covariance matrix are obtained by prediction update, the Kalman filter gain and the posterior estimation error covariance matrix are obtained by the correction feedback process. After repeated iterations, the final state vector, i.e. reconstructed image of EMT is obtained. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out for seven different flow patterns. The results show that the image error and correlation coefficients of the reconstructed image of this algorithm are better than traditional algorithms such as LBP, Landweber, Kalman filter, and have better anti-noise effect than Kalman filter. Therefore, the image reconstruction algorithm of FKF is a new method and means to study the image reconstruction of EMT.     

采用自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波的卫星姿态确定

针对现有算法卫星姿态确定中模型参数估计不准确,系统存在外界干扰下稳定性差和跟踪精度不足的问题,提出一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,对卫星三轴姿态进行估计.首先分析了陀螺和星敏组合定姿的工作原理,然后推导了以误差四元数为状态变量的卫星姿态运动学方程.滤波过程中,该算法引入自适应矩阵,对量测噪声协方差矩阵进行调整;依据滤波发...     

ESTIMATION METHOD ON THE BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

A combined algorithm for battery state of charge （SOC） estimation is proposed to solve the critical issue of hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）. To obtain a more accurate SOC, both coulomb-accumulation and battery resistance-capacitor （RC） model are weighted combined to compensate the deficiencies of individual methods. In order to solve the key issue of coulomb-accumulation, the battery thermal model is used. Based on the principle of energy conservation, the heat generated from battery charge and discharge process is converted into the equivalent electricity to calculate charge and discharge efficiency under variable current. The extended Kalman filter （EKF） as a closed loop algorithm is applied to estimate the parameters of resistance-capacitor model. The input variables do not increase much computing difficulty. The proposed combined algorithm is implemented by adjusting the weighting factor of coulomb- accumulation and resistance-capacitor model. In the end, four different methods including Ah-efficiency, Ah-Equip, RC-SOC and Combined-SOC are compared in federal testing procedure （FTP） drive cycle. The experiment results show that the proposed method has good robustness and high accuracy which is suitable for HEV application.