Automated bus transfer control for critical industrial processes

The techniques and methods for maintaining continuous electrical power to petroleum and chemical facilities from two or more utility feeders by an automated bus transfer logic controller (ABTLC) system are discussed. The purpose of this system is to reduce transients, torsional forces, inrush currents, and motor stress while maintaining continuous motor operation when the primary utility source experiences an interruption, and the operating facility transfers the motor load to an alternative source of electrical supply. The engineering studies, application considerations, motor control design requirements, installation, and operation of the automated bus transfer controller for a chemical facility are presented and discussed. The present bus transfer methods are reviewed. The effectiveness of these methods using typical buses is discussed. The influence of bus voltage and phase angle characteristics during bus transfer for determining the heat transfer technique is also analyzed     

工业企业低压母线连续供电方案

针对工业企业的供配电特点和连续化生产的要求,提出了采用快切和电动机保护控制器来实现低压母线供电的可靠性和生产的连续性.比较了传统备自投与快切的工作特性,证实快切更适合于这样带有大量旋转负荷的母线切换.讨论了三种电动机控制改进方法.从瞬时断电,短时断电和长期断电分别进行了分析,为实现母线瞬时断电而电机不掉电、母线短时断电而电动机分批起动、母线长期断电而电动机不意外起动,要求电动机保护控制器承担起保证主、辅电路带电一致性的任务.     

Motor Behavior Through Power System Disturbances

Most process plants employ automatic switching schemes to maintain operation through power system disturbances. An understanding of motor behavior through such disturbances is helpful in the application of selective fault clearing, fast bus transfer, and delayed bus transfer schemes. Results and conclusions of computer aided transient studies of major industrial plants performed over the past eight years are presented. Numerous computer printouts are plotted to illustrate the transient behavior of large synchronous and induction motors, large groups of smaller motors, and the power systems that serve them.     

厂用电自动母线切换装置的应用探讨

讨论了采用自动母线切换装置实现厂用电设备连续供电的技术方案,当工作电源中断、备用电源投入时, 在保持电动机连续运行的同时减少暂态过程、电压电流冲击、扭力及电动机应力。该装置在电源母线切换过程中自动选择快速切换、同相切换及残余电压切换方式。     

基于矢量修正的幅值算法在电源切换装置中的应用

长期以来,电源切换装置作为提高电力系统供电可靠性的重要措施之一,以其接线简单、节省投资,简化电网一次接线和继电保护配置等诸多优越性,大量应用在用户变电站、系统内的终端变电站和变电站主变低压侧,以保证向用户连续可靠供电.本文详细描述了目前国内电源切换装置用到的一种传统幅值算法,并且分析了存在的问题,在此基础上介绍一种新型...     

电厂厂用电快切装置投切条件分析

电厂厂用电系统绝大多数负荷为异步电动机,在电源切换过程中异步电动机和同步电动机特性差别很大,但目前切换条件主要按同步电动机并联条件考虑,这就使得转子绕组中感应出的励磁电流自适应特性得不到利用,使切换条件趋于严格。通过分析切换过程中产生的电气和机械冲击的特性,提出一些新的概念,给出一个较为宽松的切换条件:以切入后异步电动机滑差作为主要的切换限定条件,可配置略带时延(0.1s)的电流保护,在此情况下,可不必将相角差作为切换条件。     

Minimizing the effects of voltage disturbances on continuousindustrial processes

The continuous industrial process considered to be within the scope of this paper is defined. Typical process plant reaction to power interruptions and voltage sags is described and the characteristics of the voltage sags experienced by continuous process plants are discussed. The reaction of process and motor control components is described. Methods of minimizing the adverse reaction to voltage disturbances by manipulation or the control component circuit configuration and/or manipulation of the control power supply are presented     

ATS快切装置在化工企业供电系统中的应用

介绍了M-4272数字式电动机母线电源转换系统,重点阐述了装置的作用和主要特点:可以实现自动和手动转换,快切、同期转换和剩余电压转换在功能投用时将同时启动,能够实现双向快切。也提供定时限转换功能。以实际案例展示了装置在工业生产中的完美应用,重点展示了同期切换过程中各种电量参数的变化过程,装置的使用可以极大地提高具有双回路供电的发电厂和大型工业企业系统供电的可靠性。     

新型电源快速切换方法的研究与实现

快切装置支持不同的切换方法：快速切换,同相捕捉切换,残压切换等。快速切换在理论上是最优的切换方法。快速切换的切换速度越快,负荷断电时间越短,切换时对备用电源和电动机负荷造成的电流冲击和扭矩冲击越小。但在实际应用时,快速切换的定值难以整定,容易错过快速切换的时机。本文基于对母线残压特性和切换过程中冲击响应的研究和分析,提出了一种新型的基于残压特性预测的实时快速切换的方法,并且分析了实时快速切换的优缺点。     

Electrical Power System Design Features of a Modern Large Polyethylene Plant

A modern large polyethylene plant requires a sophisticated electrical power supply to meet the requirements of a continuous process industry. The principal features of such an electrical power system are summarized. The power system was designed to achieve project objectives which stressed safety of operation, ease of maintenance, and high reliability. Some of the modern design features discussed are dual 230-kV power supply lines; low-profile 230-kV bus work; personnel safety grounding of main substation to reduce step and touch potential to safe levels; transfer trip signals to utilize the utility company's switching equipment; extensive protective devices to detect and initiate switching equipment action for power equipment malfunctions or power system faults; vacuum switched under-load tap changers on main power transformers; vacuum breakers for 13.8-kV switching equipment; climate-controlled elevated substation buildings to permit bottom entrance and exit with all power and control cables; nonmetallic sheathed power and control cables in open cable tray; medium resistance ground derived by zig-zag grounding transformers in the 13.8-kV distribution system; high-resistance grounding at the secondary wye connection of all 4.     

一种光储交直流微网并/离网无缝切换策略

微网存在并网与离网独立运行两种不同的工作模式,为解决其在两种模式之间的无缝切换问题,本文首先设计微网预同步软件算法,保证交流母线电压相位平稳连续,为并/离网的无缝切换奠定基础。其次,研究微网系统的基本结构和工作模式,结合微网系统并/离网工作模式切换时的外环输出特征,提出一种改进的外环将其应用于储能控制外环以及逆变器控制外环。该改进外环实现并/离网模式切换瞬间输出需求的重置功能,以补偿传统PI调节器切换时因线路潮流变化而引起的超调量,较好地解决了切换过程中交直流母线电压波动问题。最后,利用matlab/simulink建立光储微网系统模型对并/离网模式切换进行仿真验证,运行结果验证了所提改进策略的有效性。     

Effects of momentary voltage dips on the operation of induction andsynchronous motors

Simplified stability calculations of induction and synchronous motors on voltage dips are presented. The voltage dip withstand characteristics of induction and synchronous motors rated at the same horsepower and driving the same inertial loads are calculated. The motor characteristics influencing stability are: the type of motor selected (synchronous or induction); the pull-out torque of synchronous motors and the breakdown torque of induction motors; a constant excitation controller or an excitation boost on voltage dips for the synchronous motors; load and motor inertia; and load characteristics. Synchronous motors are not suitable for fast autoclosing or bus transfer, although these can be autoresynchronized. Transient torques and current surges must be considered when induction motors are connected for fast bus transfer. Due to varying power systems, motors and load characteristics, and much interaction between these, an analysis of avoiding a shutdown on voltage dips has to be performed on a case-by-case basis. This may include a computer-based study. The stiffness of the power system in relation to motor loads, the probable type of faults and fault clearance times, and motor protection and controls are some other concerns requiring an analysis in this context     

一种新颖的母联备自投逻辑方法

在输配电系统中,为了提高电力系统的供电可靠性,电网供电普遍采用一主一备模式,即当主工作电源出现故障不能正常供电时,由备自投装置将负荷自动切换到备用电源,从而保证不间断对用户供电.该文针对单母分段系统各种形式的开关变位特性,通过对传统母联备自投逻辑的分析,指出其中存在的一些不足,并提出一种新的母联备自投逻辑,它具有能有效...     

高速轴向电励磁双凸极电机设计与特性分析

现代多电飞机技术不断发展,对航空电源系统提出了更高的要求。依据航空起动发电机具有可靠性高、功率密度高、电源容量大的要求,设计了一种高速轴向电励磁双凸极电机（DSAEM）。对电机的基本结构和工作原理进行了描述,建立了电机的数学模型,并通过有限元仿真加以验证,详细分析了电机的磁场、电感、空载特性和负载特性。结果表明,高速轴向电励磁双凸极电机具有完全对称的三相磁链,可输出更稳定的电压,其电机绕组的空间利用率高、功率密度大、效率高,可满足航空电源的基本需求。     

计及源-储-荷功率特性的飞轮储能系统容量配置方法

在电动汽车直流快充站的应用场景下,以限制电网功率爬坡率并补偿母线电压跌落为目标,提出计及源-储-荷功率特性的飞轮储能系统容量配置方法。首先,根据源-储-荷的功率关系得到飞轮机械角速度增量与母线电压跌落幅值之比近似为时间的函数;根据快充站内电网侧变流器的功率特性,推导得到电网最大功率爬坡率与母线电压最大跌落幅度之间近似呈正比关系。然后,针对额定功率不同的快速充电负荷,在满足直流母线电压等级与永磁同步电机电磁约束条件的基础上,重点探讨飞轮转子转动惯量与初始机械角速度的设定,并且分析了飞轮侧储能变流器的容量约束条件。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建系统的仿真模型,验证所提飞轮储能系统容量配置方法的正确性。     

接于高压母线的电动机负荷等值模型

在计及配电网电抗、低压无功补偿电容器作用的条件下，对仿真计算中接在较高电压等级的电动机负荷等值模型进行了理论推导。该等值模型在不改变电动机模型的情况下，仅需调整电动机参数和电动机初始负载率，即可等值描述接于高压母线的电动机的静态和动态特性。研究结果对电动机负荷模型参数选择提供参考。     

EFFECTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR LOAD ON DYNAMIC STABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS

Abstract

A study of the effects of induction motor load on the dynamic stability of power systems is presented in this paper. The power system is modelled as a multivariable system with load dynamics considered in the feedback path. The induction motor is represented by a transfer function matrix relating bus voltage magnitude and frequency to the active power and reactive power of the motor

Multivariable Nyquist criterion and eigenvalue analysis are used to investigate the effects of induction motor dynamics on system stability     

基于IEC61970/61968的发电厂资源CIM建模

针对IEC61970/61968标准中未定义发电厂资源的通用信息模型(CIM),根据我国发电厂的特点及应用系统的要求,采用面向对象技术建立了一套火力发电厂资源信息模型。该模型采用UML和Rational Rose建模工具,论述了建模方法、建模准则、模型的建立等关键技术,对模型中的设备模型、励磁系统模型、资源容器模型进行了实例分析。该模型目前只针对燃煤火力发电厂建模。     

基于分配因子和信息熵的母线负荷组合预测模型

负荷预测是指导电力系统规划和安全经济运行的重要依据。传统的负荷预测一般指区域负荷总量的预测,不能够体现底层母线负荷水平,无法满足电网精益化管理的要求。因此,母线负荷预测是解决这一问题的关键途径。然而,系统内母线数量庞大,负荷基数小,特性各异,波动性强,给母线负荷预测工作带来了困难。本文研究了母线负荷预测模型,根据实际电网情况提出了负荷分配因子的概念及预测思路;充分考虑历史数据的有效性,采用日特征量和趋势相似度综合选择相似日,并提出基于信息熵的变权重组合预测方法,提高各类型负荷预测精度;结合类型负荷预测结果和负荷分配因子,最终得到各条母线的预测结果。采用某区域电网负荷进行实例验证,结果表明,本文所建立的预测模型具有良好的预测精度和稳定度。     

Optimal reactive power control for industrial power networks

In addition to process steam and real power demands, manufacturing processes also have a varying reactive power demand that must be satisfied. Reactive power affects line currents and bus voltages, as well as power factor of the tie-line bringing power into the industrial plant from the local utility. The local utility applies a penalty if the tie-line power demand exceeds an agreed value and often imposes a low power factor penalty as well. Stable system operation requires that bus voltages are maintained within assigned limits, that transformers and connecting cables do not become overloaded, and that generators and synchronous motors run within their reactive capabilities. There can be many acceptable combinations of the settings of generator and synchronous motor excitations, of transformer taps and capacitor banks, all of which lie within the set of electrical system constraints. There are so many variables to manipulate that is very difficult for an operator to make optimal decisions, even under steady-state conditions. It is an even more complicated task during system upsets. This paper discusses a program that runs on a plant's distributed control system that resolves alternatives and presents to the operator the best combination of settings for implementation. The program can be adopted for direct online implementation. The paper discusses cases of three plants where online implementations have been employed