主食:我国粮食转化的主渠道——兼析标准化对主食产业发展的作用

本文介绍了传统主食品的社会特征和文化价值,指出主食品与小麦等主要农产品存在着直接的对应关系,对农产品的转化增值带动效果最为明显。同时分析了目前主食生产中普遍存在着低成本、低价格、低水平组成的"三低"问题,并提出实现传统主食产业的健康发展,需要加快主食标准体系建设、加强基础研究、提高我国主食工业的装备水平。     

GB/T 21118-2007《小麦粉馒头》标准解读

馒头是我国特有的主食品种,是以中国人的体质特征为基础,通过在营养结构、生活习性、文化背景等方面进行比较实践的前提下,长期自然选择的结果。馒头作为我国大部分地区一日三餐的主食品,占全国面粉消费总量的30%以上。     

方便食品与市场需求

方便食品的种类很多，在国外已超过12000种，我国的方便食品自改革开放以来的数年中已发展到2000多种。尽管种类繁多，但总的可把它们分为主食方便食品、副食方便食品、速溶饮料类和保健方便食品等。方便主食品在欧美主要是面包、汉堡包、三明治、热狗、比萨饼等。在东方的中国     

一批制冷空调产品荣获中国名牌称号

中国名牌战略推进委员会于 9月 1日在北京公布了 2 0 0 3年度中国“名牌产品”名单 ,共有 2 6类 15 3个产品获此殊荣。制冷空调行业有 :(一 )冰箱压缩机 :　　加西贝拉压缩机有限公司的“JiaxiPeral”牌 ;黄石东贝电器股份有限公司的“东贝”牌 ;广州万宝集团有限公司的“ ”牌 ;江苏白雪电器股份有限公司的“白雪 (BX)”牌 ;景德镇华意电器总公司的“华意”牌。　　 (二 )速冻主食品 :　　郑州三全食食品股份有限公司“三全食”牌饺子、汤圆 ;上海国福龙凤食品股份有限公司“龙凤”牌饺子、汤圆 ;佑康食品集团股份有限公司“佑康”牌饺…     

中国少数民族乐器介绍之七——回族的牛头埙、口弦和满族的八角鼓

1回族的牛头埙、口弦中国少数民族之一的回族,又称回民,人口大约有几百万,主要居住在西北宁夏、新疆,其余分散在内蒙、河南、河北、山东、云南、安徽、辽宁、北京、天津等省市,使用汉语,信仰伊斯兰教。     

我国铁、铜、铅锌等23个矿种的总价值达244.4万亿元

正1月7日从国土资源部获悉,全国重要矿产总量预测项目组根据区域经济价值法研究推算,我国铁、铜、铅锌等23个矿种的总价值达244.4万亿元,其中查明的为85.4万亿元,查明率为34.94%,仅为总价值的1/3。这一结果表明:我国矿产资源潜力巨大,找矿前景依然广阔。此次纳入价值估算范围的矿种包括铁、铜、铅锌、钨、锑、稀土、铝土、黄金、铬矿、镍矿、锡矿、镁矿、钼矿、钾盐、     

秋冬多吃3种水果

梨梨是冬季水果中的首选,它含苹果酸、柠檬酸、葡萄糖、果糖、钙、磷、铁以及多种维生素,梨有润喉生津、润肺止咳、滋养肠胃等功能,最适宜于冬春季节发热和有内热的病人食用。尤其对缓解肺热咳嗽、小儿风热、咽干喉痛、大便燥结等症较为适宜。除此以外,梨还有降低血压、清热镇静的作用。高血压患者,如果有头晕目眩、心悸耳鸣者,经常吃梨,可减轻症状。梨含有丰富的糖分和维生素,有保肝和帮助消化的作用。但是,因为梨性寒冷,脾胃虚寒,消     

车类影视广告拍摄——光线表现篇

汽车能满足人们生活、娱乐、工作的各种需求,为生活添加乐趣.商务车、房车、越野车或轿车,不管是驰骋还是安静地停放,都具有他们独特的气质,外型、轮廓、结构、颜色、车漆的纹理及其光泽度各有特点.拍摄广告就是要把汽车的这些独到之处提炼、表达出来,在观赏者印象中建立一个全方位的立体形象,激发消费者的购买愿望,这里就必须用到一个非凡的摄影手段--光线.     

新型环保包装材料纸浆模塑工业的发展与应用

<正>纸浆模塑工业在一些较发达的国家已有八十多年的发展历史,目前在加拿大、美国、英国、法国、丹麦、荷兰、日本、冰岛、新加坡等国家,纸浆模塑工业已有相当的规模,我国的纸浆模塑工业起步较晚,1993年开始,由于世界加工业的东移,来华外企出口产品要求使用环保包装,纸浆模塑制品开始向电子器件、家用电器、仪器仪表、五金工具、通讯器材、食品、药品、化妆品、玩具、农产品、日用品、灯饰等工业制品的内衬防震包装发展。在     

愿君斥异类，使我全芬馥——教你鉴别真假茶叶

我国是世界产茶大国,全国近一半的省产茶,品种繁多。茶树属于山茶科植物,茶叶分绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、白茶、黄茶、黑茶、再加工茶等几大类。茶叶主要成分有单宁酸、咖啡碱、蛋白质、芳香油、酵素、果胶质、维生素、碳水化合物、矿物质、有机酸等。由于具备这些成分,人们才能欣赏到茶的美味,享受到茶的营养。伪劣茶不具备这些成分,还能危害人的健康。茶的质量与气候、光照、生长环境有关,高山茶优于低山茶,阳山茶优于阴山茶,头遍茶优于二遍茶。就同一种茶而言,高山茶叶尖,低山茶叶圆;阳山茶叶厚,阴山茶叶薄;头遍茶叶梗圆,二遍茶叶梗扁。假茶…     

Radioecological studies in Korea atomic energy research institute, KAERI

Regarding the assessment of the terrestrial food chain dose to man, radioecology may be the field that is focused on the transfer of radionuclides from environmental media to food crops. In Korea, the environmental transfer of radionuclides to staple food crops have been investigated at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) for the last 25 y mainly through radiotracer experiments in greenhouses. As a result, several hundreds of parameter values for the prediction of the radionuclide transfer have been produced. Many of them appear in two recent publications of International Atomic Energy Agency. This paper outlines the KAERI's past radioecological work and introduces the ongoing research and future plans.     

中式快餐食品安全测量与分析

鉴于中式快餐缺乏标准的规范系统的现状,在中式快餐现状调查的基础上,测量有代表性的中式快餐牛肉面的营养物质含量和一些相关参数,从而建立一套标准的测量操作流程。通过对北京地区有全国影响力的中式快餐连锁店（永和大王、康师傅私房牛肉面、面爱面、马兰拉面、美国加州牛肉面大王、一品三笑）进行实验,结果发现：这些被测快餐存在显著差异,且普遍表现出营养的不均衡和不健康。食物中所包能量及淀粉含量低于标准水平;但牛肉面中的脂肪含量高于标准水平;食物中的盐分含量远远高于标准,超标多达3~4倍;而且,快餐的温度并不适于食用;牛肉和面的含量过高,蔬菜的含量则普遍过低。     

Continually fabricating staple yarns with aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers

Modified electrospinning apparatus has been developed for continually fabricating nanofiber staple yarns. For this purpose, a pair of rotating metal tubes was introduced to collect the aligned electrospun nanofibers and then twist them into yarns. Between the metal tubes, a rotating plastic tube was inserted to wind the yarns. By adjusting the rotation speed of all tubes, the twist of the nanofiber staple yarns can be controlled. The mechanical behaviors of polyacrylonitrile nanofiber staple yarns have been carried out as well. The results show that the nanofiber staple yarns hold excellent mechanical behaviors, which are capable of using as functional textile fabrics.     

Point-and-shoot Strategy based on Enzyme-assisted DNA “Paper-Cutting” to Construct Arbitrary Planar DNA Nanostructures

DNA self-assembly provides a “bottom-up” route to fabricating complex shapes on the nanometer scale. However, each structure needs to be designed separately and carried out by professionally trained technicians, which seriously restricts its development and application. Herein, a point-and-shoot strategy based on enzyme-assisted DNA “paper-cutting” to construct planar DNA nanostructures using the same DNA origami as the template is reported. Precisely modeling the shapes with high precision in the strategy based on each staple strand of the desired shape structure hybridizes with its nearest neighbor fragments from the long scaffold strand. As a result, some planar DNA nanostructures by one-pot annealing the long scaffold strand and selected staple strands is constructed. The point-and-shoot strategy of avoiding DNA origami staple strands’ re-designing based on different shapes breaks through the shape complexity limitation of the planar DNA nanostructures and enhances the simplicity of design and operation. Overall, the strategy's simple operability and great generality enable it to act as a candidate tool for manufacturing DNA nanostructures.     

Dissemination strategies and the adoption of improved agricultural technologies: The case of improved cassava varieties in Ghana

Cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz) is an important tropical root crop for food security and national economies in Africa. In Ghana, it is the most important staple food also used in breweries, bakery and confectionery industries. Several high-yielding and disease resistant improved cassava varieties (ICVs) have been released and are being promoted through diverse dissemination channels. Past studies investigate the role of information in the adoption of agricultural technologies without accounting for the diversity in the dissemination strategies. The paper explores the diversity of dissemination strategies in examining the adoption of improved cassava varieties using a sequential mixed-method approach which combines exploratory interviews and focus group discussions with a questionnaire-based quantitative survey and the Cragg's two-part model. The paper uses data collected from 608 farmers randomly selected from major cassava producing communities in the Ashanti and Brong-Ahafo regions in Ghana, West Africa. The results show statistically significant and identical impact of information through demonstrations, distribution of planting materials, farmer-to-farmer and media on the probability of ICV adoption. Other drivers of adoption are the membership of farmers based organizations (FBO), planting of two or more varieties and having large livestock size. However, ICV adoption and intensity was hampered by household size, distances to the nearest tarred road and market, and grey-skin color. These attributes need to be integral of dissemination campaigns for cassava variety adoption.     

测量不确定度评定及其应用

测量不确定度评定的方法在许多书籍和文章中均有介绍,本文试图从其应用的角度,通过棉纤维手扯长度测量不确定度的评定方法示例,介绍测量不确定度的评定方法及其在实验室间比对结果评价分析上的应用。     

Organizing DNA origami tiles into larger structures using preformed scaffold frames

Structural DNA nanotechnology utilizes DNA molecules as programmable information-coding polymers to create higher order structures at the nanometer scale. An important milestone in structural DNA nanotechnology was the development of scaffolded DNA origami in which a long single-stranded viral genome (scaffold strand) is folded into arbitrary shapes by hundreds of short synthetic oligonucleotides (staple strands). The achievable dimensions of the DNA origami tile units are currently limited by the length of the scaffold strand. Here we demonstrate a strategy referred to as "superorigami" or "origami of origami" to scale up DNA origami technology. First, this method uses a collection of bridge strands to prefold a single-stranded DNA scaffold into a loose framework. Subsequently, preformed individual DNA origami tiles are directed onto the loose framework so that each origami tile serves as a large staple. Using this strategy, we demonstrate the ability to organize DNA origami nanostructures into larger spatially addressable architectures.     

Measurement of the moisture content of fiber in a layer of variable thickness

Conclusions The experiment showed that the joint use of two fundamentally different methods (in this case radioactive and capacitive) allows contactless measurement of the moisture content of wool and staple fiber in a layer of variable thickness; the root-mean-square error of measuring the moisture content of the fiber upon a change of the bulk thickness of the layer from 0.1 to 0.6 g/cm². was ±1%. The accuracy can be greatly improved by measuring the capacitance of the transducer at higher frequencies, 1.5–10 MHz. By using a comparatively simple computer the method permits automating the operation of the drier and obtaining information not only on the moisture content but also on the dry weight of the specimen. We can assume that (9) is applicable both for determining the moisture content of capillary-porous colloid materials in a layer of variable thickness (cloth, paper, cardboard, leather, food products) and for other cases where capacitive methods of measuring moisture content are used, but a change of the bulk thickness of the layer being monitored introduces substantial errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 78–79, September, 1970.     

Scalable synthesis of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> crystallites embedded in bread-derived carbon matrix with enhanced lithium storage performance

TiO₂/carbon (C/TiO₂) composites have been synthesized via an in-situ pyrolysis method using bread as carbon source and investigated as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. As a cheap and common staple food with a sponge-like structure, bread contains a certain amount of moisture, enabling the hydrolysis of tetrabutyl orthotitanate. It is characterized that TiO₂ nanocrystallites are embedded in bread-derived carbon matrix, and their synergetic effect on improving electrochemical properties is demonstrated as well. Partially surface lithium storage of ultrasmall TiO₂ particles is credited to the unique embedment structure. Meanwhile, the carbon species are of importance in enhancing reversible capacities and accelerating interfacial charge transfer. It delivers a reversible capacity of 231 mAh g^?1 at a specific current of 100 mA g^?1 after 200 cycles for the resultant C/TiO₂ composite with 38.8 wt.% carbon. This work presents a facile strategy toward scalable and eco-friendly preparation of metal oxides compositing with carbonaceous materials.