表面式间接空冷散热器传热特性分析北大核心

以表面式间接空冷散热器为例,建立了间接空冷散热器冷却单元的一维传热数学模型。通过该模型,计算并分析了冷却水流量、温度及空气进口温度(环境温度)、流速等对空冷散热器传热性能的影响。计算结果显示,随着冷却水流量、温度和空气流速、温度的增大,散热器总传热系数逐渐增大;散热器总传热系数更接近于空气侧表面传热系数,其中空气流速对总传热系数的影响尤为明显;积灰对散热器传热性能的负面影响较大,积灰越厚,散热器总传热系数越小。另外,利用本文模型,得到了一定条件下间接空冷系统冷却水最佳流量,为间接空冷机组的运行了提供一定的理论依据。     

表面式间接空冷散热器传热特性分析

以表面式间接空冷散热器为例,建立了间接空冷散热器冷却单元的一维传热数学模型。通过该模型,计算并分析了冷却水流量、温度及空气进口温度(环境温度)、流速等对空冷散热器传热性能的影响。计算结果显示,随着冷却水流量、温度和空气流速、温度的增大,散热器总传热系数逐渐增大;散热器总传热系数更接近于空气侧表面传热系数,其中空气流速对总传热系数的影响尤为明显;积灰对散热器传热性能的负面影响较大,积灰越厚,散热器总传热系数越小。另外,利用本文模型,得到了一定条件下间接空冷系统冷却水最佳流量,为间接空冷机组的运行了提供一定的理论依据。     

缸盖冷却水的单相流沸腾模型

针对缸盖水腔内的冷却水流动沸腾传热计算,本文介绍了两种单相流沸腾模型。模型认为流动沸腾总传热量等于泡核沸腾和单相对流传热之和,其中泡核沸腾传热计算采用修正后的容积沸腾传热计算公式。BDL模型在Chen模型的基础上作了改进,考虑了冷却水局部流动参数及饱和状态的影响,适用于局部流动传热计算。     

缸盖冷却水的单相流沸腾模型

针对缸盖水腔内的冷却水流动沸腾传热计算,本文介绍了两种单相流沸腾模型.模型认为流动沸腾总传热量等于泡核沸腾和单相对流传热之和,其中泡核沸腾传热计算采用修正后的容积沸腾传热计算公式.BDL模型在Chen模型的基础上作了改进,考虑了冷却水局部流动参数及饱和状态的影响,适用于局部流动传热计算.     

单回路紫铜_水脉动热管传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了单回路紫铜—水脉动热管在水冷方式和定传热功率时,冷却水流量、倾角、管径和充液率4种因素对热管传热性能,包括管壁测点温度、冷热段均温、传热温差、传热热阻和温度振幅的影响规律,得到提高传热性能的一些措施。结果显示:水平放置的单回路脉动热管无法启动;30°以上倾角管内可产生振荡,增加倾角可降低传热热阻;定加热功率下,冷却水流量存在最佳值,过大和过小都会增加传热热阻;在脉动热管允许管径范围内,增加管径可大大降低传热热阻;相同传热功率时,30%充液率热管的传热热阻明显低于70%充液率管;小而均匀的壁温振荡比大幅锯齿状振荡时的传热性能好。     

水平单管内换热实验研究

利用隔膜泵作为系统动力输出源,搭建了单管内传热和流动测试实验台,对制冷剂R22在水平单管内的换热性能进行了实验研究,考察了不同蒸发温度和不同冷凝温度对总传热系数、制冷剂表面换热系数和管内压降的影响.实验结果表明:总传热系数和制冷剂表面换热系数均随着蒸发温度和冷凝温度的上升而增大;管内压降随着蒸发温度的上升而减小,随着冷凝温度的上升而增大;对于同一根实验管,在相同的冷却水流量和制冷剂质量流量下,最佳蒸发工况为10℃;冷凝实验中,总传热系数和制冷剂表面换热系数在40℃时高于其他两种冷凝温度时的值,但35℃冷凝时,管内压降高于其他两种工况.     

熔盐与亚临界汽/水在管壳换热器中传热特性实验研究

以太阳盐（Solar Salt）为工质，实验研究熔盐与过热蒸汽/亚临界水在管壳式换热器中的流动传热特性，并开展管侧及壳侧流量、入口温度、压强等参数对熔盐流动传热的敏感性研究。实验结果表明，熔盐入口温度对其传热规律影响较大。根据传热相似原理，获得熔盐与单相汽、水传热的修正关联式，其与实验值的最大偏差分别为±10%,-15%。     

电喷汽油机进气道油膜壁面温度模型研究

基于进气门传热原理,建立了油膜壁面温度的模型。根据不同工况下的暖机试验数据,研究了进气流量、转速及冷却水温等工况参数对油膜壁面温度的影响规律。通过进一步优化模型结构,并采用MATLAB/Simulink工具箱辨识参数。试验结果表明:模型的预测误差控制在2%以内,油膜吸附壁面温度是影响预测油膜特性参数、指导油膜补偿器设计的重要因素。     

气缸盖鼻梁区水腔结构及两相流动参数对沸腾传热影响研究

针对高强化柴油机气缸盖鼻梁区严重的热负荷问题,将鼻梁区结构简化为一个矩形加V形截面形状,建立了参数化模型。采用气液两相流沸腾传热计算模型,对其简化模型进行了流固耦合传热仿真计算。在此基础上,采用试验设计方法,研究了冷却水进口速度、温度和沸腾时所产生的气泡尺寸等两相流动参数及在矩形尺寸不变的条件下,V形高度和下部宽度的变化对鼻梁区最高温度的影响。研究结果表明:鼻梁区最高温度随冷却水进口速度、气泡尺寸、V形高度及下部宽度的增大而降低,随冷却水进口温度的升高而升高;V形高度方向的变化对沸腾传热产生的影响比下部宽度方向的变化更明显,冷却水进口速度的变化对沸腾传热产生的影响比进口温度的变化更明显。     

烟气冷凝器换热特性实验研究

天然气燃烧产生的烟气中含有大量的水蒸气,回收烟气中的余热可以提高天然气的热利用率。为了研究烟气冷凝器在变工况下的对流冷凝换热特性,采用湿空气模拟天然气燃烧产生的烟气,实验研究了不同水蒸气含量、冷却水进口温度和流量、湿空气进口温度和流量对冷凝器凝结水率、平均对流换热系数以及沿程温度的影响,并根据实验数据拟合了对流冷凝传热的准则关联式。结果表明：烟气进口的相对湿度和冷却水的进口温度对烟气冷凝器对流冷凝换热特性的影响最大;拟合的传热关联式与实验的误差在20%以内,为天然气烟气冷凝器的设计提供了依据。     

Condensation from gas–vapour mixtures in small non-circular tubes

Careful measurements have been made during condensation of steam from steam–air mixtures flowing in a small, flattened, horizontal tube. The ranges of the relevant variables covered (inlet temperature, pressure, air mole fraction and mixture mass flow rate) were chosen to simulate those occurring in an exhaust heat-exchanger tube of a proposed fuel-cell engine. The experimental tube was cooled by water in laminar counter flow to simulate the external heat-transfer coefficient (air flowing over fins) in the application. The total heat-transfer rate was found from the mass flow rate and temperature rise of the coolant. The tube wall temperature was measured by thermocouples attached in grooves along its length. Special arrangements were made to ensure good mixing of the coolant (in laminar flow) prior to measuring the inlet and outlet temperatures. The condensate was separated using a cyclone at exit from the tube. A simple model was developed to predict local and total heat-transfer and condensation rates and local bulk vapour composition, temperature and pressure along the tube in terms of the inlet parameters and the wall temperature distribution. The measured heat-transfer and condensation rates for the tube were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values without having recourse to empirical adjustment.     

卧式柴油机冷却水流动特性的影响因素研究

针对卧式柴油机强制冷却闭式循环系统水套结构,试验研究了不同工况下水套入口流量及关键点的温度和压力。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)三维模拟的方法建立了冷却水流动仿真模型,并进行了试验验证。设计了冷却水套结构参数正交方案,通过CFD模拟分析了水泵出水流量、公共水腔截面形状和面积、缸体及缸盖入水孔的设置和分布等水套结构参数对冷却水流动的影响关系。研究结果表明:卧式柴油机缸体入水孔截面积和布置对缸体水套冷却水流动、冷却效果和冷却均匀性有很大的影响;卧式柴油机缸盖入水孔的位置、孔数和截面积等结构参数对缸盖水套的冷却水流动、冷却效果、冷却均匀性及进/排气侧的冷却分布等均有很大的影响。     

汽油机台架冷却系统的改造

为汽油机低水温台架试验而改造冷却系统。以水箱恒温水对发动机稳定工况大循环冷却系统进行实验,得出冷却水温不变的结论。据此叙述系统主要改造技术和水温控制原理。系统采用旁通阀手动排泄适宜的进箱前冷却水量,用浮球阀自动向箱内补充等排泄量的冷水,使箱内水温稳定,并进行负荷特性试验与性能分析。结果表明,发动机在转速3500r／rain各水温控制精度≤±O．3℃,满足试验要求。此冷却系统运行可靠,实现在40～96℃之间任一冷却水温控制。     

涡轮叶片蜂巢式冷却结构减阻能力数值研究

先进航空发动机中高耐温能力涡轮叶片通常要以增加冷却系统的流动阻力来提高冷却效果,但由此导致的二次流系统损失增大可能会引起整机性能的下降。为解决该问题,研究了先进涡轮叶片中典型层板冷却结构的内部流动损失产生机理,并针对性地提出两种(进/出气孔平行式和交叉式)低流动阻力的类蜂巢式冷却结构。基于三维数值仿真方法研究了其流动特点和损失特性,并揭示了该结构可以显著减小通道内气流转折角度、抑制旋涡产生和避免多股气流对撞的减阻强化机理。通过与典型层板结构的对比分析,初步验证了在相同的结构无量纲参数和流量下,两类蜂巢式冷却结构的总压损失分别可降低65~66%和67~69%,在高推重比航空发动机涡轮叶片冷却设计上具有较好的应用前景。     

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF FLOWS IN ROCKET ENGINES WITH REGENERATIVE COOLING

A one-dimensional mathematical model is presented for flows in a rocket engine that has a regenerative cooling system. The problem involves the flow of a gas in a converging- diverging nozzle, the flow of a coolant in channels distributed around the engine, and the heat conduction through a wall between the gas and the coolant. The numerical model adopted is based on the finite-volume method with a second-order scheme. It was noted that it is important to use variable properties in order to predict the maximum wall temperature in the rocket engine and the drop in pressure of the coolant as it moves along the channels, whereas the thrust of the engine can be calculated with constant properties.     

Numerical Study of Film and Regenerative Cooling in a Thrust Chamber at High Pressure

Numerical study of coupled heat transfer of gas flow with film cooling, chamber wall conduction, and regeneration coolant cooling in the thrust chamber of a liquid rocket engine was performed. A one-dimensional model was adopted for regeneration cooling to couple two-dimensional model simulation in the thrust camber. Numerical results show that the method adopted can simulate the gas flow field well, and can calculate the heat flux through the wall, the wall temperature, and the temperature increase of the coolant quickly. In addition, liquid film cooling can reduce the wall temperature greatly, and decrease the heat flux transferred from the hot gas to the chamber wall.     

车用内燃机冷却系的流动与传热仿真

本提出了车用内燃机冷却系的流动与传热仿真方法。采用一维的方法研究了车用内燃机冷却系的流动问题；采用集总参数法研究了车用内燃机冷却系的传热问题；将车用内燃机冷却系的流动问题与传热问题耦合起来作为一个系统，进行整体研究，建立了内燃机冷却系的流动与传热问题的整体模型。编制了计算程序。对某型坦克内燃机冷却系的流动与传热进行了实例计算，仿真结果与试验值符合较好。     

A review on air flow and coolant flow circuit in vehicles’ cooling system

Engine cooling system plays an important role to maintain the operating temperature of engine. The coolant circuit initiates by picking up heat at water jackets. With the pressure gradient exists in coolant circuit, hot coolant flows out from engine to radiator or to bypass circuit (during cold start). The under hood air flow carries heat away at radiator after the air flows through numerous hood components. The coolant flow circuit and air flow circuit meet each other and exchange heat at radiator. Extensive researches are carried out to study vehicles’ cooling system extensively either numerically or experimentally. The research covers many individual topics which include numerical modelling of engine cooling system, under hood air flow, heat transfer at water jacket, heat transfer at radiator and coolants’ after-boiling phenomenon.     

Simultaneous estimation of heat-transfer rate and coolant fluid velocity in a transpiration cooling process

In this study, an inverse algorithm based on the conjugate gradient method and the discrepancy principle is applied to estimate the unknown time-dependent heat-transfer rate on the heated surface and coolant fluid velocity in a transpiration cooling process using temperature measurements of the porous medium and coolant fluid. It is assumed that no prior information is available on the functional forms of the unknown heat-transfer rate and coolant fluid velocity; hence the procedure is classified as the function estimation inverse calculation. The temperature data obtained from the direct problem are used to simulate the temperature measurements. The accuracy of the inverse analysis is examined by using simulated exact and inexact temperature measurements. Results show that an excellent estimation on the time-dependent heat-transfer rate and coolant fluid velocity can be obtained for the test case considered in this study.