Low-fat/calorie foods: current state and perspectives

Low-fat/calorie products were originally developed for diabetics and people with specific health problems and they were considerably expensive. Nowadays, consumers' demand for low-fat/calorie products has significantly raised in an attempt to limit health problems, to lose or stabilize their weight, and to work within the frame of a healthier diet. The food industry has been confronted with a new challenge in order to satisfy consumers; development of low-fat/calories products with acceptable sensory characteristics and competitive price, by preferably employing the conventional processing equipment and in agreement with current strict legislation. The role of fat replacers and sugar substitutes in the successful manufacture of these products is crucial.     

生物传感器用于农药残留检测的研究进展: 现状, 挑战及未来展望

食品中农药残留在人体中的生物累积效应和农药对环境和人类健康所造成的危害逐渐受到人们的重视, 发展高灵敏度、高选择性、简单快速、成本低廉的残留农药检测分析方法势在必行。生物传感器由于具有灵敏度高、简便、快速、成本低廉等优点而成为一种理想的农药检测手段。本文综述了近年来农药残留生物传感器的设计原理及其在食品和环境安全中的应用方面的研究进展, 总结了不同农药残留生物传感器的优缺点及其所面临的挑战和前景展望。     

生物传感器用于农药残留检测的研究进展:现状,挑战及未来展望

食品中农药残留在人体中的生物累积效应和农药对环境和人类健康所造成的危害逐渐受到人们的重视,发展高灵敏度、高选择性、简单快速、成本低廉的残留农药检测分析方法势在必行。生物传感器由于具有灵敏度高、简便、快速、成本低廉等优点而成为一种理想的农药检测手段。本文综述了近年来农药残留生物传感器的设计原理及其在食品和环境安全中的应用方面的研究进展,总结了不同农药残留生物传感器的优缺点及其所面临的挑战和前景展望。     

Vanillin biotechnology: the perspectives and future

The biotechnological production of fragrances is a recent trend that has expanded rapidly in the last two decades. Vanillin is the second most popular flavoring agent after saffron and is extensively used in various applications, e.g., as a food additive in food and beverages and as a masking agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is also considered a valuable product for other applications, such as metal plating and the production of other flavoring agents, herbicides, ripening agents, antifoaming agents, and personal and home-use products (such as in deodorants, air fresheners, and floor-polishing agents). In general, three types of vanillin, namely natural, biotechnological, and chemical/synthetic, are available on the market. However, only natural and nature-identical (biotechnologically produced from ferulic acid only) vanillins are considered as food-grade additives by most food-safety control authorities worldwide. In the present review, we summarize recent trends in fermentation technology for vanillin production and discuss the importance of the choice of raw materials for the economically viable production of vanillin. We also describe the key enzymes used in the biotechnological production of vanillin as well as their underlying genes. Research to advance our understanding of the molecular regulation of different pathways involved in vanillin production from ferulic acid is still ongoing. The enhanced knowledge is expected to offer new opportunities for the application of metabolic engineering to optimize the production of nature-identical vanillin. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

低温厌氧消化废水处理的现状及展望

低温厌氧消化处理废水是一种低成本、低技术含量的绿色生物方法,能够在经济和环境方面为社会带来巨大效益。本文介绍了低温厌氧消化技术的原理、优势和应用现状,并对低温厌氧消化反应器附加后处理程序,结合深度测序或宏基因组学以及其他功能经济途径所获得的信息,发展更加稳定高效的设备进行了展望。     

Nutritional biomarkers: Current view and future perspectives

ABSTRACT

There is a poor relationship between nutrient intake and existing nutritional biomarkers due to variety of factors affecting their sensitivity and specificity. To explore the impact of nutrients at molecular level and devising a sensitive biomarker, proteomics is a central technology with sirtuins as one of the most promising nutritional biomarker. Sirtuins (seven mammalian sirtuins reported so far) have been reported to perform protein deacetylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases activity. It is distributed in different cellular compartments thereby controlling several metabolic processes. Sirtuins are oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent, which implicates a direct effect of the metabolic state of the cell on its activity. Calorie restriction upregulates the mammalian sirtuin protein levels in variety of tissues and organs where it acts upon both histone and nonhistone substrates. Sirtuin senses nutrient availability and impacts gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and insulin sensitivity. It deacetylates and inhibits the nuclear receptor that activates fat synthesis and adipogenesis in the body, leading to fat loss and bringing favorable cellular and health changes. Sirtuins mediates intracellular response that promotes cell survival, DNA damage repair thereby increasing the cell longitivity. The activation of sirtuins brings a wide spectrum of other health benefits and its activity levels are indicative of nutritional status as well as disease progression in cancer, inflammation, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections. There are several foods that activate sirtuin activity and offer significant health benefits by their consumption.     

Edible oil analysis by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: recent advances and future perspectives

The present possibilities and limitations of using high-resolution NMR for determining edible oil authenticity and quality are reviewed. Thus, the advances produced in the determination of fatty acid composition and their distribution in the triacylglycerol molecule, the use of NMR in free fatty acid, iodine value, and diacylglycerol determination, the analysis of minor components, the oil stability prediction, the determination of polar components and oil colours, and the potential of using oil insaponifiables and chromatographic fractions obtained from the oils are dicussed. All existing data suggest that with only one analysis, NMR allows the determination of a large number of components with very little or without any manipulation of the oil samples that nowadays need many different analyses. In addition, the application of multivariate statistics to NMR spectral data increases considerably the potential of the technique. However, and because minor components of the oils are playing an essential role in defining oil authenticity and quality, concentration of these compounds (either by using a chromatographic procedure or by the use of unsaponifiables) or their observation during routine analysis by using more sensitive probes, seem to be a necessary requisite to achieve a routine application of NMR to most aspects of oil analysis.     

Dietary polyphenols for atherosclerosis: A comprehensive review and future perspectives

Atherosclerosis is one of the most prevalent reasons for premature death in adults. Despite the several conventional drugs in the market; many patients are not completely treated. Here we comprehensively review current clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of dietary polyphenols in atherosclerosis and related complications. PubMed, Cochrane library and Scopus were searched from inception until August 2016 to obtain clinical trials in which polyphenols were evaluated in cardiovascular parameters related to atherosclerosis. From total of 13031 results, 49 clinical trials were finally included. Tyrosol derivatives from virgin olive oil, catechins and theaflavins from green and black tea, cocoa polyphenols, and red grape resveratrol, as well as anthocyanins were the most studied polyphenolic compounds which could regulate lipid profile, inflammation and oxidative stress, blood pressure, endothelial function, and cell adhesion molecules. The most important limitations of the included trials were small sample size, short follow up, and unqualified methodology. Future well-designed clinical trials are necessary to provide better level of evidence for clinical decision making.     

Bioartificial liver systems: current status and future perspective

Because the liver is a multifunctional and a vital organ for survival, the management of acute liver failure requires the support of a huge number of metabolic functions performed by the organ. Many early detoxification-based artificial liver techniques failed to treat the patients owing to the inadequate support of the many essential hepatic functions. For this reason, a bioartificial liver (BAL) comprising of viable hepatocytes on a mechanical support is believed to more likely provide these essential functions than a purely mechanical device. From 1990, nine clinical studies of various BAL systems have been reported, most of which utilize a hollow fiber technology, and a much larger number of various BAL systems have been suggested to show an enhanced performance. Safety issues such as immunological reactions, zoonosis and tumorgenicity have been successfully addressed for regulatory approval, but a recent report from a large-scale, randomized, and controlled phase III trial of a leading BAL system (HepatAssist) failed to meet our expectation of efficacy in terms of the overall survival rate. In this paper, we review the current BAL systems actively studied and discuss critical issues such as the hepatocyte bioreactor configuration and the hepatocyte source. On the basis of the insights gained from previously developed BAL systems and the rapid progress in stem cell technology, the short-term and long-term future perspectives of BAL systems are suggested.     

江苏省餐饮业即食生食动物性水产品加工现况调查分析

掌握江苏省餐饮业即食生食动物性动物性水产品加工现况,为制定餐饮即食生食动物性水产品加工操作规范提供依据。方法 运用流行病学横断面调查研究方法,设计现场调查表,对经营即食生食动物性水产品的餐饮单位进行分层随机抽样调查。结果 江苏省餐饮业即食生食动物性水产品品种丰富,加工操作过程中关键环节合格率较低,仅10%设计即食生食动物性水产品加工专间;人员管理、卫生管理不能适应即食生食动物性水产品加工需求。结论 江苏省餐饮业即食生食动物性水产品加工卫生现况令人担忧,亟需通过制定加工操作规程、加强日常管理、开展宣传培训等举措,规范全省餐饮业即食生食动物性水产品的加工过程,整体提升合格水平。     

Winemaking biochemistry and microbiology: current knowledge and future trends

The fermentation of grape must and the production of premium quality wines are a complex biochemical process that involves the interactions of enzymes from many different microbial species, but mainly yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. Yeasts are predominant in wine and carry out the alcoholic fermentation, while lactic acid bacteria are responsible for malolactic fermentation. Moreover, several optional winemaking techniques involve the use of technical enzyme preparations. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the biochemistry and interactions of enzymes during the winemaking process. In this study, some of these recent contributions in the biochemistry of winemaking are reviewed. This article intends to provide an updated overview (including works published until December, 2003) on the main biochemical and microbiological contributions of the different techniques that can be used in winemaking. As well as considering the transformations that take place in traditional winemaking, the production of special wines, such as sparkling wines, 'sur lie' wines, and biologically aged wines, are also studied.     

The Irish dairy industry – Recent history and strategy,current state and future challenges

This study explores drivers and resulting changes in the structure and technical efficiency of Irish dairy farms from 2005 to 2018 (covering pre‐ and post‐milk quotas) during which milk production increased by 54%. Over this period, farm structure changed dramatically (fourfold increase in farmers milking >100 cows) and farmers improved technical efficiency and profitability and reduced the greenhouse gas emission intensity of milk produced. The impact of the adoption of key technologies at farm level and the contribution of strategic direction nationally (the Irish Government's Food Harvest 2020 Strategy) influencing this development are explored as are future sector challenges.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Oenococcus oeni interactions in wine: current knowledge and perspectives

Winemaking can be summarized as the biotransformation of must into wine, which is performed principally by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during the primary or alcoholic fermentation. A secondary fermentation, the so-called malolactic fermentation (MLF) is a biodeacidification that is often encouraged, since it improves wine stability and quality. Malolactic fermentation usually occurs either spontaneously or after inoculation with selected bacteria after alcoholic fermentation. The main organism responsible for MLF, the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni, develops in physicochemically harsh conditions, which may lead to MLF failure. Furthermore, yeast that ferment must before or together with O. oeni can prevent or stimulate the progress of MLF. These phenomena are part of the interactions observed between yeast and bacteria. The mechanisms that govern yeast bacteria interaction are reviewed and the consequences for winemaking are discussed. In the light of recent advances, future prospects are also presented.     

曲霉菌细胞工厂的现状及前景

曲霉菌是一类重要的工业微生物,在传统发酵工业中是多种食品成分、酶制剂及有机酸等的主要生产者。随着技术的发展,曲霉菌的开发利用得到了更广泛的关注,亦逐步被开发成为多表达的细胞工厂。本文从新技术新产品等方面对曲霉作为细胞工厂近年来在基础研究及应用上的进展及突破做一概述。对以曲霉菌为表达平台而进行的基因组学、代谢组学、蛋白组学等组学研究予以综述,并对以曲霉菌为代表的细胞工厂的发展前景及趋势提出新的构思。      

Influence of EDDS on metal speciation in soil extracts: measurement and mechanistic multicomponent modeling

The use of the [S,S]-isomer of EDDS to enhance phytoextraction has been proposed for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Speciation of metals in soil solution in the presence of EDDS and dissolved organic matter (DOM) received, however, almost no attention, whereas metal speciation plays an important role in relation to uptake of metals by plants. We investigated the influence of EDDS on speciation of dissolved metals in batch extraction experiments using fourfield-contaminated soils with pH varying between 4.7 and 7.2. Free metal concentrations were determined with the Donnan membrane technique, and compared with results obtained with the chemical speciation program ECOSAT and the NICA-Donnan model using a multicomponent approach. Addition of EDDS increased total metal concentrations in our soil extracts by a factor between 1.1 and 32 (Al), 2.1-48 (Cu), 1.1-109 (Fe), 1.1-5.5 (Ni), and 1.3-17 (Zn). In general, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn had the largest total concentrations in the EDDS-treated extracts, but the contribution of these metals to the sum of total metal concentrations varied significantly between our soils. Free metal concentrations varied between 7.0 and 8.9 (pCd2+), 3.9-9.9 (pCu2+), 6.3-10.2 (pNi2+), and 5.2-7.0 (pZn2+). Addition of EDDS decreased free metal concentrations by a factor between 1.4 and 1.9 (Cd), 3.4-216 (Cu), 1.3-186 (Ni), and 1.3-3.3 (Zn). Model predictions of free metal concentrations were very good, and predicted values were mostly within 1 order of magnitude difference from the measured concentrations. A multicomponent approach had to be used in our model calculations, because competition between Fe and other metals for binding with EDDS was important. This was done by including the solubility of metal oxides in our model calculations. Multicomponent models can be used in chelant-assisted phytoextraction experiments to predict the speciation of dissolved metals and to increase the understanding of metal uptake by plants.     

Accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex: a kinetic modeling approach

Heavy metal pollution is a serious threat to ecosystem functioning. Different approaches have been developed to relate the exposure of heavy metals to their accumulation and toxicity. One approach is to relate metal toxicity to the concentrations of the metals in the whole body or a specific target tissue instead of the external exposure concentrations. To test the usefulness of this approach, the relationship between cadmium exposure, accumulation, and toxicity was investigated using an oligochaete worm and kinetic modeling. The uptake and elimination of cadmium by the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex from the aqueous phase was studied as function of time at different exposure concentrations using both radioactive and non-radioactive cadmium. A two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model was constructed and parametrized by fitting the model to the measured cadmium body concentrations during exposure to different cadmium concentrations. The uptake rate constants were dependent on the cadmium exposure concentration, and this relation could be well-described by incorporation of Michaelis-Menten type uptake kinetics. The toxicity of cadmium was analyzed by determining the lethal exposure concentration associated with a mortality of 50% (LC50) at different time points. LC50 values decreased with increasing exposure time reaching the incipient lethal level after 15 d. Critical body concentrations (CBC) associated with 50% mortality were calculated by combining the model-predicted pharmacokinetic parameters and the measured LC50 values. The predicted mean CBC (0.32 micromol/g wet weight +/- 0.02) was in good agreement with the experimentally obtained CBC for cadmium found in T. tubifex (0.37 micromol/g wet weight +/- 0.07) and appeared to be independent of exposure time and exposure concentration. Our results show that a pharmacokinetic modeling approach provides a tool to link metal exposure to availability, accumulation, and toxicity under variable exposure scenarios taking into account the kinetics of the processes.