辽宁地区稻谷粮堆真菌分布及演替规律的研究

以东北地区辽宁省抚顺直属库高大平房仓储藏一年的稻谷为实验材料,研究平房仓内稻谷粮堆不同位置的温度、含水量变化对真菌种类分布及演替规律的影响。研究结果表明,稻谷低温条件储藏一年后,粮堆中各位点真菌数量均在10~3 CFU/g数量级以内,整仓稻谷储存安全。但由于稻谷粮堆不同深度温度和含水量的变化,稻谷真菌种类及数量会发生变化。稻谷在储藏期间,粮堆中层和下层平均温度低于10℃,优势菌为稻谷收获期间携带的田间真菌,低温有利于田间真菌孢子活性的保持;粮堆上层夏季平均温度达到20℃左右,含水量为14.5%左右,储藏真菌逐渐替代了稻谷收获时携带的田间真菌成为优势菌,高温是储藏真菌孢子萌发生长的主要原因。稻谷粮堆不同位置温度和含水量的变化,对稻谷真菌种类及生长有重要的影响,优势菌的演替可以用来表征粮堆局部微环境的变化。     

多元线性分析在储粮真菌生长预测中应用研究

真菌生长是导致粮食储藏过程中粮食损失的重要因素之一,有效控制真菌生长对于保障储粮质量安全至关重要。储粮真菌生长受储藏环境等诸多因素影响,因此建立多因素条件下储粮真菌生长预测模型具有实际指导意义。本研究以稻谷为例,将不同水分梯度的稻谷样品,置于不同温度梯度恒温箱中模拟储藏180 d,定期取样检测真菌生长数量。选取静态模拟储藏检测的1 140组数据,利用MATLAB软件建立取对数后储粮真菌孢子数与稻谷含水量、储藏温度及储藏时间的多元线性回归模型,并对该回归模型进行F检验和t检验,通过残差分析消除异常数据优化模型,方程拟合优度R~2达到0.77。由回归模型可知,真菌生长数量与储藏温度、稻谷含水量和储藏时间呈指数关系,其中稻谷含水量影响最大,其次是储藏温度和储藏时间。结合华北地区粮库实仓检测数据对模型进行实仓初步验证,以储粮安全等级作为评价标准,储粮真菌危害程度预测的正确率达83.3%。通过多元线性回归方法得到的储粮真菌生长数量预测模型为实仓储粮安全状况预测提供了一个新的方法和途径。     

小麦储藏水分、温度和真菌生长危害进程预测的研究

对小麦储藏水分、温度、真菌最初生长时间和危害进程进行了初步探索性研究。采用喷雾着水方法将样品水分调至13.2%、13.6%、14.0%、14.5%、15.1%、15.5%、16.9%,分别于10、15、20、25、30、35℃恒温箱模拟储藏,定期检测各样品真菌生长变化情况,周期为120 d。结果表明,小麦在不同温度储藏,随着温度增加,真菌生长速度加快,30℃时达到最高,35℃时生长速度降低。在6个试验温度中,从安全和经济角度评价,最佳储藏温度为20℃;16.9%水分的小麦,由于出现一些青霉生长,即使低温储藏,这个水分仍存在着较大风险;根据上述研究结果,研究首次提出了小麦储藏水分、温度和真菌最初生长关系曲线,小麦在不同温度下储藏,真菌危害进程所需的时间。由于储粮真菌生长影响因素的复杂性,本试验数据仅供参考。     

Integrated management of the risks of stored grain spoilage by seedborne fungi and contamination by storage mould mycotoxins – An update

Fungal spoilage of stored grains may occur when activity of water (aw) in cereal grain exceeds a critical limit enabling mould growth. Because it is not feasible to maintain all parts of large grain bulks below this critical moisture limit during prolonged storage time, an infection by seed-borne fungi is not rare in cereal grain stored under humid temperate or hot climates, inducing irreversible qualitative losses. Additionally, some fungal species produce harmful mycotoxins. The most harmful toxigenic species belong to the group of xerophilic species (genera Aspergillus and Penicillium). Because mycotoxin contamination of cereal grain is a worldwide issue for public health and a permanent concern for cereal-food industries facing the challenge of a permanent monitoring mycotoxin content in their primary matters, tolerable levels of mycotoxins are severely regulated worldwide. Mycotoxin-producing species growth is closely dependent of grain moisture levels enabling biological activity in grain ecosystem. Consequently, mould growth in stored grain bulks can be anticipated through early detection of grain and mould respiration. The prevention of mycotoxigenic fungi spoilage of stored grain can be managed by a preventive strategy. The main objective of the review was to describe the different methods, material and practices combined in such an integrated preventive approach. Some solutions potentially acceptable for the decontamination of moderately contaminated grain are also discussed.Integrated management of mould spoilage risks in stored grain is based on five pillars: i/Prevention of mould development by keeping grain moisture below the critical limit of fungal growth; ii/Accurate monitoring of grain aw and temperature changes during the storage period, associated to the monitoring of early indicators of respiration activity of storage fungi; iii/Reduction of grain bulk moistening trends by physical intervention means; iv/Use of physical treatments (ozone, grain peeling or abrasion) to limit mycotoxin contamination transfer to processed cereal products; v/Possible use of bio-competitive strains of fungi or bacteria to prevent the development of mycotoxigenic fungi in grain bulks. The future research needs on this topic are also evocated.     

Aeration trial of farm-stored wheat for the control of insect infestation and quality loss

An aeration trial was conducted in collaboration with the Victorian Department of Agriculture, Australia, to study moisture content and quality changes in farm-stored wheat as a result of moisture uptake from the entering air. Two steel silos each filled with 44 tonnes of Olympic wheat at 33°C were aerated at the rate of 21/s per tonne with an average of 15 h of fan operation per week for 18 months. After 4 months of aeration, the average grain temperature at the centre of the bulk for each month ranged from 11–21°C depending on the season.The average moisture content of one bulk investigated in detail increased from 9.5 to 11.4% (w.b.) after 18 months of storage. Germination and some physical dough properties revealed some deterioration of the wheat near the duct. The rest of the bulk remained practically unaffected during storage and mainly free of storage fungi. Careful assessment of wheat quality before and after storage showed only small changes. The average insect fragment count at outloading was $\text{6}\text{100}\text{g}$ of flour which is considered to be a very low level.Germination and dough extensograph values were found to be, in this investigation, more sensitive indicators of deterioration than other quality tests.     

Multivariate analysis of the conditions of temperature,moisture and storage time in the technological,chemical, nutritional parameters and phytochemical of green lentils

The aim of this study was to determine appropriate conditions of temperature and moisture during a storage period of several months in the technological, chemical, nutritional parameters and phytochemical of green lentils. For this the experimental design adopted was completely randomized in a split-split plot scheme, with three replications. In the main plot, temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) were allocated; in the split plot the moisture (10, 12 and 14%); and, in the split-split plot, storage times (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days). At the end of 360 days of storage, it was observed that the grains maintained appropriate quality parameters at 15 °C/10% (temperature/moisture), followed by 25 °C/10% and 25 °C/12%. The storage time was proportional to the stress suffered by the grain, because in the three longest storage times (240, 300 and 360 days) in the three moistures, was observed a higher content of simple and total phenols, tannins and anion capture action evaluated by DPPH, as well as, greater darkening and brown tint. Significant reduction in nutritional compounds such as protein and lipid was also observed with the increase in storage time at all temperatures and moisture. In this way, this research also makes a significant contribution to producers and industries, so that in practice they can have appropriate storage conditions, reducing the technological, nutritional and economic depreciation of the grain, opening the horizon for a market that still needs to be better explored.     

密闭圆筒仓内储粮自然对流及热湿耦合传递的研究

粮食作为吸湿性多孔介质,具有吸湿和解吸湿特性。一般粮食收获后,大部分时间在密闭非通风状态下自然存储。鉴于粮仓外气候条件的季节和昼夜变化,会使粮堆的温湿度发生周期变化,导致超出存储安全指数。该文将以仓储粮堆内局部热湿耦合传递过程作为研究对象,借助多物理场数值模拟软件(COMSOL)进行数值模拟,研究近似冬夏季工况下粮堆内温湿度的动态变化规律,充分考虑了仓储粮作为吸湿性多孔介质具有复杂的热源、湿源。     

Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat

Storage conditions determine the safe storage period for any grain. Safe storage guidelines for durum wheat have not been developed, despite the fact that it is more susceptible to spoilage than other wheat classes. The rates of deterioration of durum wheat samples with 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20% initial moisture content (wet basis) stored at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C for 12 wk were studied. The grain deterioration parameters including seed germination, moisture content, appearance of visible mould, invisible microflora, free fatty acid value (FAV), and ochratoxin production were monitored at regular intervals. From these results, safe storage guidelines for durum wheat were developed with respect to the moisture content and storage temperature. Germination rates of the samples decreased with an increase in moisture content, temperature and storage period. Visible mould was found in all high moisture samples (17, 18, 19 and 20%) stored at high temperatures. FAV of the samples increased with moisture content and storage time.     

Effect of storage conditions on nutritional quality and color characteristics of quinoa varieties

To maintain grain quality and prevent loss, effective storage systems are required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of storage duration (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 days) and temperature (4, 10, and 25 °C) on proximate and nutritional components, and color properties of Mint Vanilla and Titicaca quinoa varieties. The results showed that the increase in storage duration and temperature leads to changes in the grain moisture, protein and ash contents, nutritional component and color properties. There was an increase in ash content at 25 °C, moisture content at 10 and 25 °C, and protein content at 4 °C in the stored grains compared with the grains on the initial of storage for Mint vailla variety. Whereas, there was an decrease in ash and protein content for all the temperature at the end of 360 days storage for Titicaca variety. Overall, there was a decrease (except Fe, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd and Pb) in the nutritional component of both quinoa varieties. L1, H° and WI values decreased, and a1, b1 and C1 values increased as a function of storage duration and temperature and showed some temperature-dependent degradation for both quinoa varieties.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING FUNGAL QUALITY OF PECANS STORED AT REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES

TWO factors greatly affecting the growth of fungi on stored pecan nuts (Curya illioensis) are moisture content and temperature. Experiments designed to simulate conditions of commercial practice were carried out to determine the effects of sap (naturally occurring) moisture and superficial or imbibed moisture, i.e., moisture originating from sources other than the tree, on survival of fungi on stored pecans. A second objective was to determine the effect of temperature of storage on the rate of equilibration of moisture in pecans. Of particular interest was the effect of this rate of change on populations of naturally occurring fungal contaminants. In-shell pecans were stored in Kraft paper and plastic bags at ?18, ?6.5, and 0°C for periods of 6, 12, and 24 wk. Results indicate that pecan kernels with low sap and low superficial moisture at the time of harvest are less likely to support fungal growth than are kernels with high sap moisture, or low sap moisture but high superficial moisture. Fungi are capable of growing on pecans at 0°C and to a less extent at ?6.5°C after prolonged storage. Rapid reduction of moisture content accompanied by ventilation in chambers with air having relative humidities in the range 60–68% is most desirable for preserving pecans against fungal deterioration.     

北方储藏稻谷真菌多样性分析

本研究选择北方有代表性的地区,以高大平房仓常规储存的稻谷为研究对象,根据仓内储藏环境的差异进行分点分层取样。采用传统方法进行真菌分离纯化,通过形态学和分子系统学相结合进行菌株的分类鉴定,通过研究真菌分布为稻谷储藏过程监控提供一定的指导。结果表明,我国北方地区稻谷储藏期含水量为13.6%～15.6%,每个省储藏稻谷真菌菌落总数范围在10~3～10~4 CFU/g之间;北方储藏稻谷共分离出58种真菌,分布于2门,4纲,6目,13科,16属,主要优势菌阿姆斯特丹曲霉Aspergillus amstelodami和多育曲霉Aspergillus proliferans被划分为灰绿曲霉群及其近缘类群,这类真菌对于仓储环境的适应性较强,可作为北方粮堆异常粮情早期监测预警的主要指示菌群;粮堆上层或靠近墙壁等易受环境温度影响的位置,易达到储藏真菌的生长条件,优势菌群由初始的田间和过渡真菌演替为储藏真菌,是高大平房仓稻谷储存过程中需要重点关注的位置。确定储藏稻谷的优势菌群及仓房重点关注位置,为北方稻谷储藏过程提供了技术参考。     

偏高水分稻谷过夏储藏期间品质变化研究

针对偏高水分稻谷过夏储藏期间易发生品质劣变的情况,利用空调控温储粮技术,开展偏高水分稻谷品质变化研究实仓实验,跟踪测定过夏期间水分、脂肪酸值和米饭硬度等质构品质指标的变化情况,结果表明:在高温期间,偏高水分稻谷品质变化情况为水分基本保持不变;脂肪酸值、米饭硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性上升;弹性和粘性下降;内聚性基本不变。由此可见,利用低温储粮技术偏高水分稻谷可以安全过夏,并能达到保持储粮品质,保证储粮安全的目的。     

水分对低温储藏优质稻品质的影响

为改善优质稻储藏入库前水分含量,本研究以不同水分梯度(11.5%、12.5%、13.5%、14.5%、15.5%、16.5%)的优质稻分别放入15℃和20℃进行模拟储藏。研究储藏过程中其出糙率、整精米率、黄粒米、垩白粒率、大米糊化特性以及大米品尝评分等加工及蒸煮品质变化情况。结果表明:含水量为13.5%～14.5%范围内出糙率较好,含水量为12.5%～14.5%范围内整精米率较好,含水量小于15.5%黄粒米能较好的控制,垩白粒率与水分含量关系不大,优质稻储藏半年即达到最佳食用品质且偏高水分优质稻食用品质稍好,含水量对稻谷糊化特性影响较显著,含水量较低时峰值粘度较低,含水量升高峰值粘度逐渐升高;准低温以下温度储藏优质稻,其出糙率、整精米率、黄粒米率、垩白粒率、米饭品尝评分与储藏温度无关,RVA糊化特性受温度影响较大,温度高峰值黏度变化快。     

A systemic approach to qualitative changes in the stored-wheat ecosystem: Prediction of deterioration risks in unsafe storage conditions in relation to relative humidity level, infestation by Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and wheat variety

A multidimensional laboratory trial was carried out to identify the primary causes of changes in quality traits in the stored-grain ecosystem to reveal critical storage condition boundaries that may endanger grain quality retention. Qualitative criteria were followed on grain batches from 3 wheat varieties which were stored for 160 d at temperature of 22-23 °C, at two different relative humidities, and with or without infestation by the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae, to build a multivariate data matrix. The interactions between biotic deteriorative factors and qualitative trait changes were explored through a principal component analysis (PCA). From the Pearson’s product moment correlation matrix, it was observed that the variables that correlated significantly with insect and fungal species dynamics were: moisture content, hL mass, seed viability, and fat acidity of extracted whole flour. Four factors explained the major part of the variance: storage duration, moisture content, hidden insect infestation density, and fungal contamination level. The rate of increase of the insect population was significantly different between varieties. PCA revealed that the significant difference in qualitative deterioration pattern observed between the three varieties was not related to their hardness but rather to a different relationship between the grain and relative humidity. Germination rate was the first quality factor to decline during the storage period. The technological properties of flour extracted from each variety were not affected before insect population density exceeded 1000 adult insects per kg. The rate of qualitative changes induced by the biotic deterioration factors was processed into a “biodeterioration susceptibility index” (BSI) according to the safe storage time assessed in the present study. This index may be used in IPM approaches to predict the susceptibility of a particular wheat variety to insect and fungal damage during long-term storage.     

通风过程中进风相对湿度对仓储粮堆温度和水分的影响研究

温度和水分含量是两个重要的物理变量,在研究谷物储存时品质变化起到很大作用。通风用于冷却粮堆并保持温度恒定,以防止水分迁移。良好的通风条件对粮仓内存储安全有显著影响。目前,通风空气相对湿度对粮堆水分影响的研究相对较少。采用数值模拟和实验研究相结合的方式,探索和比较因不同进风相对湿度而引起的通风过程中仓储的小麦温度和水分变化规律。结果表明:进风相对湿度较低时冷却干燥效率更高,小麦粮堆降温更快速,并将昆虫和霉菌的活动保持在较低水平。     

实仓储藏初期稻谷霉菌带菌量和挥发性成分的变化规律研究

籼稻谷7月收获后使用高大平房仓储藏,分别采用平板计数法和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)研究储藏初期(2017年8月至2018年2月)稻谷霉菌带菌量及挥发性成分的变化规律。结果表明:从2017年8月入储到次年2月,稻谷粮温呈现出与气温、仓温相一致的下降趋势;稻谷水分在储藏期存在波动,但均低于籼稻安全储藏水平上限(13.5%);稻谷初始霉菌带菌量为4.67 lg cfu/g,储藏至11月时降至3.00 lg cfu/g,继续储至次年2月时变化不大;稻谷挥发性成分中,酯类检出种类及含量在11月时明显增加,但次年2月又大幅下降,壬醛在储至次年2月时含量明显增加。     

两种储粮水分粳稻储藏周期内品质变化及效益分析

水分是影响粮食品质的重要因素,应用空调控温储粮技术,以辽宁盘锦地区粳稻为研究对象,选取正常水分(14.4%)和偏高水分(15.5%)粳稻,定期扦取样品检测各项品质指标变化。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,两种水分粳稻的储藏品质变化相近,但偏高水分粳稻的加工品质及食用品质优于正常水分粳稻,能够较好的保持粳稻的营养成分,提高粮食仓储、加工企业的经济效益。     

稻谷储藏条件及储藏技术分析

稻谷储藏过程中其品质的变化深受外界条件的影响,外界因素包括温度、水分、空气比例以及虫害和微生物等,尤其是在储粮温度较高且稻谷水分偏大的条件下,稻谷霉菌生长较快,导致稻谷品质下降。综述储粮条件对稻谷品质的影响以及稻谷储藏期间储粮害虫和有害微生物和对稻谷的危害,讨论现有的稻谷储藏技术以及新型储粮技术的研究,目前低温储粮、气调储粮、利用CO2法检测稻谷霉菌以及天然防霉剂的研发等新型技术的开发为我国稻谷的安全储藏提供了更有效的技术保障,只是一些新型技术对粮仓的要求较高,实现全国性推广,存在一定的困难。     

稻谷中的脂质分布、组成、功能以及检测方法研究进展

由于稻谷本身的消费特点以及国家粮食战略储备要求,稻谷储藏是保证粮食安全的必要手段。脂质是稻谷的一类重要营养组分,对稻谷品质具有重要的影响。稻谷储藏过程中脂质的降解是造成稻谷品质劣变的主要原因。本文对稻谷中脂质的分布、存在形式、结构与组成、脂质降解对食用品质的影响、脂质稳定化以及脂质检测方法进行概述,旨在为稻谷储藏过程中脂质的降解提供理论依据和相关检测手段,并为调控稻谷储藏过程中的脂质降解、抑制稻谷储藏过程中的品质劣变提供参考。     

稻谷储存过程中品质变化研究

通过对3个籼稻和3个粳稻在两种不同温度条件下储存的品质变化研究,探索稻谷储存品质产生的内在原因.结果表明:不同类型的稻谷在储存过程中的品质变化不同,与籼稻相比,粳稻部分指标对高温更加敏感;高温储藏比低温储藏导致稻谷品质劣变的速率大;稻谷糊化特性发生明显的变化,主要表现为峰值黏度,最低黏度,最终黏度和回生值都增大,而衰减值下降;利用物性仪对大米蒸煮后的质构特性测定表明,蒸煮米饭黏度减小、硬度增大、黏/硬减小;蒸煮品尝值与最低黏度、最终黏度极显著负相关,初步认为其可以作为初始判定稻谷陈化指标,但是对稻谷劣变程度的量化还需要进一步深入研究;利用SEM研究稻谷籽粒断面结构,显示:新鲜稻谷的胚乳细胞呈现非裸露状态,比较平滑,复粒淀粉被较厚的造体膜掩盖着,高温储藏下,稻谷横断面越来越粗糙,配入细胞内的淀粉粒裸露清晰可见,复粒淀粉的淀粉粒表面膜翘起并爆开.