MMSE diversity combining for wide-band digital cellular radio

A study of minimum mean-square error (MMSE) diversity combining for wide-band digital cellular radio, designed to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency selective fading is outlined. The systems analyzed use binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quarternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) or 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) with cosine rolloff spectral shaping, and space diversity with selection, maximal ratio or MMSE combining. A set of performance curves is presented for selected combining schemes showing the influence of the following system parameters: the diversity order (1 to 4); the cosine rolloff factor; the power delay spectrum (with its associated delay spread); the signal-to-interference ratio; and the number of modulation levels (2, 4 and 16)     

Radial basis function-assisted turbo equalization

This paper presents a turbo equalization (TEQ) scheme, which employs a radial basis function (RBF)-based equalizer instead of the conventional trellis-based equalizer of Douillard et al. (1995). Structural, computational complexity, and performance comparisons of the RBF-based and trellis-based TEQs are provided. The decision feedback-assisted RBF TEQ is capable of attaining a similar performance to the logarithmic maximum a posteriori scheme in the context of both binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, while achieving a factor 2.5 and 3 lower computational complexity, respectively. However, there is a 2.5-dB performance loss in the context of 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which suffers more dramatically from the phenomenon of erroneous decision-feedback effects. A novel element of our design, in order to further reduce the computational complexity of the RBF TEQ, is that symbol equalizations are invoked at current iterations only if the decoded symbol has a high error probability. This techniques provides 37% and 54% computational complexity reduction compared to the full-complexity RBF TEQ for the BPSK RBF TEQ and 16QAM RBF TEQ, respectively, with little performance degradation, when communicating over dispersive Rayleigh fading channels.     

基于自适应调制的OFDM系统

首先引入了一种可以在未来无线多媒体移动通信环境中提高数据传输速率和用户平均传输容量的系统，即基于自适应调制功能的正交频分复用（OFDM）系统的框图，然后分别利用无线LAN标准802．11a和IEEE 802．15．TG3a中规定参数对采用BPSK，QPSK，16QAM，64QAM四种调制方式的OFDM传输系统在瑞利衰减信道和存在多径效应的情况下进行了仿真，并对它们的BER性能进行了比较，最后对该系统作了客观分析。     

Error performance of selection combining and switched combining systems in Rayleigh fading channels with imperfect channel estimation

In this paper, we present a general analysis of the performance of selection combining (SC), switch-and-stay combining (SSC), and switch-and-examine combining (SEC) systems in Rayleigh fading channels with imperfect channel estimation (ICE). The complex channel estimate and the actual fading are modeled as jointly Gaussian random variables. For SC systems with channel estimation error, closed-form expressions are obtained for the error rates of M/sub s/-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and rectangular-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and simple single integral formulas with finite integration limits are derived for the symbol error probability of arbitrary two-dimensional (2-D) modulation formats. These error probability expressions are then applied to three types of channel estimation errors potentially encountered in practical systems to study their impact on the performance of selection diversity. Moreover, single integral formulas with finite integration limits are derived for the performance of SSC and SEC systems with minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimation. Optimum switching thresholds for 2-D modulation formats with MMSE based switched combining are acquired through numerical computation.     

基于高阶累积量和循环谱的信号调制方式混合识别算法

为了识别当前通信系统所采用的主要调制方式,该文结合高阶累积量和循环谱的特点,采用混合识别算法,同时应用智能决策算法(神经网络)对信号进行识别。该算法基于四阶和六阶高阶累积量构造出一个新的特征参数,将数字调制信号分为{BPSK, 2ASK}, {QPSK}, {2FSK, 4FSK}, {MSK}和{16QAM, 64QAM}5类。然后利用高阶累积量的其它特征参数以及循环谱特征对{OFDM}, {16QAM, 64QAM}, {2ASK, BPSK}及{2FSK, 4FSK}进行识别。为便于工程实现,该文采用半实物仿真以及LabVIEW和MATLAB混合编程来验证算法。仿真结果证明,该算法能够在较低信噪比下实现对{OFDM, BPSK, QPSK, 2ASK, 2FSK, 4FSK, MSK, 16QAM, 64QAM}等多种信号的分类,在信噪比高于 5 dB时,调制方式识别率可达94%以上,由此证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于Costas环的通用数字信号载波恢复及FPGA实现

BPSK、QPSK、OQPSK、8PSK 和 16QAM 在数字通信中应用广泛。针对非合作接收机解调数字通信信号的需求，研究了基于 Costas 环的通用数字信号载波恢复技术。仅需通过调整环路滤波参数和改变 Costas 环中鉴相器的鉴相方式，即可实现 BPSK、QPSK、OQPSK、8PSK 和 16QAM 等数字信号的载波恢复。对算法进行了仿真验证，并在 FPGA 上完成了硬件实现。     

Performance of partially coherent selection combining receiver in α-μ fading channel

In this paper the impact of the imperfect reference signal extraction is investigated, the bit error rate (BER) performance of multibranch selection combining (SC) receiver for binary and quaternary phase-shift keying (BPSK and QPSK) signals in a generalized α-μ fading channel are shown. The combined effects of imperfect phase estimation of the received signal, diversity order, fading severity and average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per bit on BER values are examined. The analytical results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations.     

一种改善频谱利用率的新式混合非对称喷泉映射策略

喷泉码的原理是利用传送端产生无限多个编码数据分组,直至接收端正确地接收足够数量的编码数据分组,便可以恢复出原来的未编码信息。这种特性说明,在解出原有未编码的信息过程中,所有编码数据分组具有几乎相等的重要性。本文利用这个特性,提出了一种应用于喷泉码中的新式BPSK/QPSK混合非对称映射策略。此策略可以显著地提高系统的频谱使用率,尤其在信道具有较低信噪比的情况下。本文首先给出了AWGN信道中各种映射方式符号错误率的理论结果,并利用不同的仿真结果,证明了本文提出的BPSK/QPSK混合非对称映射策略在较低信噪比的AWGN信道下,系统性能优于传统的QPSK调制策略。上述结果提供了如下启示:当传输信道为衰落信道或受到多普勒效应影响时,由于它们的瞬时信噪比较低的可能性较高,本文提出的新的混合调制策略在此类环境具有较好的性能。     

Coding for a coherent DS-CDMA system employing an MMSE receiver ina Rayleigh fading channel

This paper analyzes the performance of a convolutionally coded code-division multiple-access system, which employs a linear, minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver for interference suppression. A flat, Rayleigh fading channel is considered, where convolutional encoding and interleaving are employed in order to combat the effects of the fading. Theoretical results are derived for the average bit-error probability of the MMSE receiver, where the optimum tap weights for the adaptive filter are determined by the solution of the Wiener-Hopf equations. Simulation results showing the average bit-error rate of the MMSE receiver are also presented, which incorporate the effects of recursive least squares adaptation, channel estimation using pilot symbol-assisted modulation, and finite interleaving. Results show that the MMSE receiver with coding can provide a substantial gain over the matched-filter receiver in a rapidly varying, Rayleigh fading channel. The results also reiterate the fact that lower rate codes are not necessarily the best choice when used with the MMSE receiver     

An analysis of pilot symbol assisted modulation for Rayleigh fadingchannels [mobile radio]

The author presents pilot-symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM) on a solid analytical basis, a feature missing from previous work. Closed-form expressions are presented for the bit error rate (BER) in binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and in quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK), for a tight upper bound on the symbol error rate in 16 quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16-QAM), and for the optimized receiver coefficients. The error rates obtained are lower than for differential detection for any combination of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Doppler spread, and the performance is within 1 dB of a perfect reference system under slow-fading conditions and within 3 dB when the Doppler spread is 5% of the symbol rate     

Performance analysis of generalized-faded coherent PSK channels with equal-gain combining and carrier phase error

A new method is developed to analyze the performance of partially coherent PSK systems in wireless channels with equal-gain combining diversity receiver. Two performance criteria are considered: the average bit error probability and the probability distribution of the combiner SNR (SNR reliability). Tikhonov-distributed phase error processes are assumed and generalized fading channels including Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m are investigated. We evaluate the detection loss suffered by the carrier recovery for different SNR reliability levels when BPSK and QPSK systems are used in wireless channels. The analysis is based on a convergent infinite series for the distribution of the sum of random variables. The convergence rate of the proposed series is investigated and the analytical results are presented along with providing results obtained by simulation.     

Super-orthogonal space–time trellis codes for two transmit antennas in fast fading channels

Super-orthogonal space–time trellis codes (SOSTTC) are full rate, full diversity space–time codes with high coding gains for quasi-static fading channels. In this paper, this design approach is extended to fast fading channels and new SOSTTC are proposed for BPSK and QPSK modulations based on the design criteria valid for this type of channels. The new full rate codes have 4- and 16-state trellises for BPSK and QPSK cases, respectively, to avoid parallel transitions which restrict the error performance. The frame error performances are evaluated through computer simulations and it is shown that the proposed codes have superior performance in the fast fading case compared to their counterparts previously given in the literature for fast and quasi-static fading channels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bit error rate evaluation of linear equalization in FWA systems

The bit error rate performance of broadband wireless fixed access (FWA) systems over multipath fading channels is investigated in this paper. Linear MMSE equalization is examined theoretically for 16‐QAM and QPSK modulated FWA systems and shown to yield unsatisfactory performance. The theoretical analysis is validated by Monte‐Carlo simulations and proved to be reasonably accurate. It provides us an insight into the physical limitations imposed by the FWA channels and suggest solutions to improve the capacity and performance of future FWA systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the performance of rate 1/2 convolutional codes with QPSK onRician fading channels

Consideration is given to the bit error probability performance of rate 1/2 convolutional codes in conjunction with quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and maximum-likelihood Viterbi decoding on fully interleaved Rician fading channels. Applying the generating function union bounding approach, an asymptotically tight analytic upper bound on the bit error probability performance is developed under the assumption of using the Viterbi decoder with perfect fading amplitude measurement. Bit error probability performance of constraint length K=3-7 codes with QPSK is numerically evaluated using the developed bound. Tightness of the bound is examined by means of computer simulation. The influence of perfect amplitude measurement on the performance of the Viterbi decoder is observed. A performance comparison with rate 1/2 codes with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is provided     

一种自适应调制方案

阐述一种星座图可调的自适应调制方案，并在Beyond ITM-2000的相关参数下进行了性能仿真。该方案能克服移动无线信道时变衰落特性对传输性能的影响，在信道的传输质量满足一定误码率要求的前提下，根据无线信道衰落情况，使调制方式在四相移相键控调制（Quaternary Phase Shift Keying，QPSK）、正交幅度调制（Quadrature Amplitude Modulation，QAM）包括8QAM，16QAM，32QAM，64QAM，128QAM，256QAM之间自如切换。仿真结果表明，该系统方案可以有效地适应无线信道的时变衰落，不但能增加系统平均吞吐量，而且能提高频谱利用率。     

New phase and frequency detectors for carrier recovery in PSK andQAM systems

Phase and frequency detectors (PFDs) are presented that considerably extend the acquisition range of carrier-recovery loops in digital communication systems. Based on a simple modification of conventional phase detectors (PDs), the proposed detectors are applicable to a large variety of modulation schemes, including the popular PSK and QAM signal formats. Their application to QPSK and 16- and 64-QAM is extensively discussed, and simulated frequency-detector (FD) characteristics, as well as acquisition behavior of several PFDs, are reported for QPSK and 16 QAM. The results of an experimental evaluation using a 16-QAM laboratory modem are also reported which show that the detectors increase the acquisition range achievable by conventional PDs by more than one order of magnitude. In PSK, the improved acquisition performance is obtained with no penalty in steady-state phase jitter. In combined amplitude- and phase-shift keying, it generally leads to increased jitter, but this is easily avoided by incorporating a lock indicator and switching back to the original PD after lock is acquired     

Study of behavior of digital modulations for beam steerable reflectarray antennas

This paper investigates the bit error rate (BER) performance of digital modulations in a system with a scanning reflectarray antenna. A reflectarray causes intersymbol interference (ISI) in a digitally modulated signal, its phase shifters' phase errors cause signal distortion, and its phase shifters' phase transient causes beam pattern degradation during direction switching. In this paper, composite signal models of the reflectarray are established for both static and transient states. Due to different feed-to-element distances and the element-to-observation distances, different delays exist in signal components. These delays cause ISI whose effect is analyzed and evaluated. Effects of phase shifters' phase errors and phase transient during beam switching are also analyzed and evaluated. Numerical calculations and simulations are performed. The analytical and simulation results for an example reflectarray at f/sub c/=26.5 GHz and bit rate of 1.325 Gbps show that the BER degradation due to ISI is proportional to the symbol rate and the loss ranges from about 1 dB to around 2 dB in E/sub b//N/sub o/, depending on original E/sub b//N/sub o/, for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, and 16QAM. The phase error effect is negligible for lower order modulations and is unacceptable for higher order modulations such as 64QAM and 256QAM. The degradation due to phase transient effect is about 2 dB for BPSK and QPSK.     

Modified modulation formats using time-varying phase functions

New modulation formats are presented that increase the transmission rate over that of conventional systems, without degrading the bit error rate (BER) and with minimal bandwidth variation. A time-varying function called an "extra phase variation function" (EPVF) is added to the discrete phase of conventional modulation formats such as M-PSK and QAM to transmit additional data bits. A receiver configuration is presented that allows the decoding of information represented by the discrete and extra phases. It is shown that in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the BER performance of the bits carried by the discrete phase and the extra phase in the modified format improves over the BER of conventional modulation formats.     

瑞利衰落信道下MPSK信号调制方式识别

调制识别是非协作通信系统接收机设计中的重要研究课题。在实际环境中,噪声和信道衰落是影响信号调制方式识别的重要因素。针对瑞利衰落信道上MPSK较难识别的情况,提了基于似然比的识别算法,并根据最大似然准则对瑞利信道的参数进行了估计完成对2种调制信号的识别。仿真结果表明:在存在高斯白噪声的瑞利衰落信道的环境下,以BPSK和QPSK为例,正确识别率达到90%。     

Bit error rate in eigenchannels of SVD-based MIMO system

In this paper, we derive the exact closed-form expressions on the bit error rate (BER) in the individual eigenchannels of the singular value decomposition (SVD)-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with the perfect channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and receiver. It is assumed that a MIMO system operates in uncorrelated Rayleigh fading environment and uses M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM). The obtained results are applicable for the systems with two eigenchannels, i.e. with M transmit and 2 receive antennas or with 2 transmit and N receive antennas. Besides the exact expressions, the corresponding high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations are also presented.