Efficient ways for setting up the operation of nuclear power stations in power systems in the base load mode

The results obtained from studies of efficient ways and methods for organizing the operation of developing nuclear power stations in the base load mode are presented. We also show comparative efficiency of different scenarios for unloading condensing thermal power stations, cogeneration stations, combined-cycle power plants, nuclear power stations, and using off-peak electric energy for electricity-intensive loads: pumped-hydroelectric storage, electric-powered heat supply, and electrolysis of water for producing hydrogen and oxygen.     

浙江推广居民峰谷电价的成效

从2001年开始,浙江省逐步推行居民峰谷电价, 引导居民用户主动移峰填谷。2004年又实行了居民用电阶梯式累进加价,促进居民节约用电。截至2005年7月,浙江省实行居民峰谷电价的用户数已经达到66万户。据专业人士推算,可移峰负荷600 MW,形成了居民节省电费、电力企业移峰填谷的“双赢”局面。     

东北辅助服务市场下热电厂配置电锅炉调峰的经济性分析

热电机组配置直热式电锅炉进行电热解耦改造,是提高机组下调峰能力并消纳弃风的有效手段。为分析主流机组改造的经济性,以东北调峰辅助服务市场为背景,建立了热电机组和电锅炉协调运行模型、消纳弃风的节煤量模型、下调峰的运行成本与效益模型,以及以投资回收期为指标的投资经济性评价模型。以实际数据为基础,对当前东北电网典型热电机组在不同场景下的经济性进行了计算分析。结果表明,在当前调峰机制下,在供热中期热负荷较大时,对于中小规模弃风,热电厂没有启动电锅炉消纳的动力;而为在大规模弃风时获取正收益,机组需要配置较大容量电锅炉,这又给热电厂带来了很大的投资风险。通过分析表明,降低机组最小出力可减小电锅炉的配置容量,从而提高投资经济性以降低风险。     

Assessment of the efficiency of hydrogen cycles on the basis of off-peak electric energy produced at a nuclear power station

The main factors influencing the efficiency of using off-peak electric energy to run hydrogen cycles at a nuclear power station are considered. Indicators characterizing the efficiency of using a hydrogen cycle at a nuclear power station during its operation with superheating live steam in a steam-hydrogen mode are presented. A comparison between the steam-turbine hydrogen cycle and a pumped-storage hydraulic power station in the efficiency of generating peak electric energy (power) and capital investments is given.     

电网调峰电源的设置

目前，国内我电网削峰填谷的任务日趋繁重，选择合理的调峰方式已成为需要认真探讨的一个问题，采用调峰改造的火电机组和建设一批大容量的联合循环机组作为调峰方式，能够取得良好效果.300MW机组调峰改造投资省、见效快，而大容量联合循环机组具有优越的调峰性能，是电网调峰电源的最佳选择.在机组参与电网调峰运行工况下，应关注机组的寿命损耗和使电厂获得良好的经济效益。     

Deep Heat?New Concept in Electric Space Heating

An electric "deep heat" system, a new concept for Good- year, has been installed in the warehouse at the new Goodyear Air Springs Plant in Greensburg, OH. The deep heat concept converts low-cost off- peak electrical energy into heat and stores it in a giant natural reservoir directly beneath the building. This reservoir supplies radiant heat to the building over an entire 24-h day but need only be replenished during the off-peak hours when electrical rates are lowest.     

新磷矿化公司矿山排水系统的调荷技术改造

矿山企业是用电大户,地下开采的排水电能消耗量占矿山采矿总用电量的50%以上,排水电费约占采矿总成本的30%。以排水系统改造为实例,利用低谷时段排水,解决水仓总容积、水泵排水能力及排水管路排水能力3个问题。改造后,系统实现了利用低谷电力,减少排水费用,达到避峰目的。     

高背压双抽热电联产机组联合运行特性及负荷分配

大型汽轮机组采用高背压方式进行供热能够尽可能多利用排汽余热,节能效果显著,在热负荷允许的条件下,已成为越来越多火电厂供热改造的首选。针对某电厂2×330 MW高背压抽汽热电联产机组进行建模,分析其理论供热能力,结合热网供回水温度分析其调峰能力与经济性投运条件,研究了采用抽凝-抽背方式(EC-EHBP)、双抽凝方式(EC-EC)运行时的抽汽与负荷分配问题,确定了抽汽分配和电负荷分配原则,明确了不同环境温度下的背压运行方式。研究结果对电厂实际运行具有指导意义。     

高背压双抽热电联产机组联合运行特性及负荷分配

大型汽轮机组采用高背压方式进行供热能够尽可能多利用排汽余热,节能效果显著,在热负荷允许的条件下,已成为越来越多火电厂供热改造的首选。针对某电厂2×330 MW高背压抽汽热电联产机组进行建模,分析其理论供热能力,结合热网供回水温度分析其调峰能力与经济性投运条件,研究了采用抽凝-抽背方式(EC-EHBP)、双抽凝方式(EC-EC)运行时的抽汽与负荷分配问题,确定了抽汽分配和电负荷分配原则,明确了不同环境温度下的背压运行方式。研究结果对电厂实际运行具有指导意义。     

利用蓄热式电采暖提高电网风电接纳能力的研究

电能的特点是易传输不易存储,热能的特点是易存储不易传输,热力系统的时间常数远大于电力系统,对电供热系统功率的短期调整不会明显影响供热效果。下面结合蓄热式电采暖的特点和风电出力特性,提出利用蓄热式电采暖技术提高电网接纳风电能力,解决了部分地区冬季热电厂因供热影响发电出力、系统调峰容量减少与风电接入后对系统调峰容量需求增加的矛盾,提高电网运行的安全性。     

隔膜碱电解槽移峰填谷自动控制技术

氯碱企业中使用传统隔膜法生产的电解槽本身不具备移峰填谷的技术能力,提出采用现代计算机技术和自动控制技术对电解槽进行改造的技术方案。改造后,隔膜碱电解槽通过移峰填谷运行可以有效降低烧碱电费成本,利厂利网。试验证明,对电解槽进行移峰填谷技术改造具有可行性和经济性。     

A Heat Pump Driven Optimal Heating System

Optimizing a heat pump driven forced-air domestic heating system utilizing solar/thermal energy storage and off-peak storage from the electric power network is discussed. The system proposed is modeled and simulated on the digital computer. An optimal controller is then developed to maximize comfort and minimize conventional energy consumption. The controller is then simulated with the heating system for the University of Toledo experimental electric/solar house, Toledo, OH, and shown to be truly optimal and able to control the system in a desirable manner.     

居民阶梯电价执行过程中争议问题及解决措施探讨

经剖析,“居民生活用电执行阶梯电价指导意见”在执行过程中可能出现分档电量计算争议,免费档电量执行困难,预付费电卡表用户结算有争议,不具备峰谷电价嵌套阶梯电价的条件,用户认定困难,电费通知单、收据及发票不明确等争议问题,结合蒙西电网的实际情况,提出严格按分档量和抄表例日设置结算、免费电量采取先征后返、严格预付费电卡表抄核收管理、暂缓出台峰谷电价、制定合理的用户认定原则、提供清晰明确的收费凭证等便于阶梯电价机制顺利推行的解决措施.     

Something new in power technology

The use of compressed-air energy storage (CAES), in which off-peak electricity is used to compress air and store it in a cavern underground, is described. To supply electricity during peak load, the compressed air is released to a combuster where it mixes with oil or gas. The operation of the 110-MW McIntosh plant of the Alabama Electric Cooperative is explained. The fact that three-fourths of the area of the US contains potential sites for CAES power plants, together with the excellent performance of the McIntosh plant, makes CAES a leading candidate for energy storage in the future     

探讨电网中调峰电源的设置

目前,我国电网削峰填谷的任务日趋繁重,选择合理的调峰方式已成为需要认真探讨的一个问题,采用调峰改造的火电机组和建设一批大容量的联合循环机组作为调峰方式,能够取得良好效果.300 MW机组调峰改造投资省、见效快,而大容量联合循环机组具有优越的调峰性能,是电网调峰电源的最佳选择之一（气源充足、有保障的地区）.在机组参与电网调峰运行工况下,应关注机组的寿命损耗和电厂获得的经济效益.     

Electric power generation at the ebb tide

In this paper, a method is proposed to generate electric power from buoyancy and weight at the ebb tide. The proposed method can be applied anywhere with changing water level such as coast, dams and the upper reservoirs of pumped-storage plant. The dominant contribution of this research is that the power generation capacity in the off-peak period can be shifted to the peak period. In addition, the capital cost of the proposed method is lower than the traditional tidal power plant because a barrage is not required.     

实时电价下含V2G功能的电动汽车理性充放电模型及其分析

为了利用实时电价实现电动汽车理性充电,以电动汽车运营收益最大化为目标,以满足电动汽车动力电池充放电容量及电动汽车行程需求为约束条件,构造了一个电动汽车充放电收益最大化模型,该模型较好地表示电动汽车充放电决策。以美国家庭出行调查为依据,根据用户充出行规律,采用蒙特卡洛模拟法模拟用户行程需求,对电动汽车充放电运行的经济效益进行仿真计算和分析。研究结果表明,通过响应电网实时电价,理性充放电模型可显著提高电动汽车的经济效益。同时,由于夜间电价相对便宜而白天相对较高的电价激励,电动汽车多在配电系统负载率较低时充电,在系统峰荷附近反向放电,从而起到削峰填谷的效应。     

An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on theelectric utility distribution system

The impact of electric vehicle charging on the energy and power demand is determined not only by the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in use and their usage pattern, but also by the number of EVs being charged at an instant and the charging profile of the battery module. Case studies that reveal several important issues regarding the impacts EV load may have on utility distribution systems are examined. First, it is not adequate to have only sufficient generation capacity during off-peak hours to assure a system's ability to absorb EV loads without adverse effects. The constraints at the distribution level must be properly studied. Second, a sizable EV load can introduce a new peak in the early off-peak period. This may have scheduling implications and can completely throw any load management programs off balance. Third, at the present state of EV technology, including that of battery modules and chargers, a typical distribution system may not be able to supply EV loads beyond 20% penetration level. This constraint is created by the long (up to 12 hours) charging cycle of batteries     

电动汽车参与电网调峰的分析研究

将电动汽车作为可移动储能元件并入电网,进行统一的管理和调度,在电网负荷低谷期充电,在负荷高峰期进行放电,可对电网进行调峰,拉平负荷曲线。提出一种电动汽车与电网互联V2G模型,及其参与电网调峰的分析模型,以分析电动汽车参与电网调峰的效果。该模型通过将每天的负荷曲线分段,按照电动汽车的所存储的能量和负荷曲线,采用粒子群寻优算法对其充放电时间进行优化计算。通过仿真实验分析,本文所提出的控制模型对电网调峰分析有良好的效果,可用于将来电动汽车并网控制的分析。     

Cost benefit of a cooling energy storage system

Since the air conditioner (A/C) load contributes 30% of the peak demand of Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) system during the summer season, load management by A/C load clipping has become one of the most important topics in the Taipower system. Since the eutectic salt is a complete inorganic compound with a freezing point of 47°F and latent heat of 41 Btu/lb, it is a good medium for an energy storage system. An A/C system with an 1800 RT-HR eutectic salt energy storage tank was built on the campus of the National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU) for demonstrating the cooling energy storage (CES) system. By computer simulation, it is found that 41.1% of the electric peak demand has been reduced and 56% of the energy consumption has been shifted from peak hours to off-peak hours by the CES-system. In this paper, the mathematical model of the eutectic salt CES-system has been developed for computer simulation of the energy storage system. It is found that the optimal capacity of the storage tank is determined by the off-peak time period and the largest annual electricity charge saving could be obtained by applying the smallest nominal chiller size under the optimal operating conditions